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中国古典十大名曲平沙落雁逸士胸怀鸿鹄之志——《平沙落雁》

据说《平沙落雁》是近三百年来流传最广的古琴曲，现存的琴谱就达五十余种。《平沙落雁》最早的版本载于明代崇祯七年（1634）刊印的《古音正宗》。《古音正宗》这样解题《平沙落雁》：逸士胸怀鸿鹄之志——《平沙落雁》“盖取其秋高气爽，风静沙平，云程万里，天际飞鸣。借鸿鸪之远志，写逸士之心胸也。……通体节奏凡三起三落。初弹似鸿雁来宾，极云霄之缥缈，序雁行以和鸣，倏隐倏显，若往若来。其欲落也，回环顾盼，空际盘旋；其将落也，息声斜掠，绕洲三匝，其既落也，此呼彼应，三五成群，飞鸣宿食，得所适情：子母随而雌雄让，亦能品焉。”借鸿鸪之远志，写逸士之心胸孔子云：“天下有道则见，无道则隐。”孟子曰：“穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。”“大隐隐于朝，中隐隐于市，小隐隐于野”。从这个角度来看，《平沙落雁》的曲中之音和曲外之意，包涵了对怀才不遇而欲取功名者的励志，和对因言获罪而退隐山林者的慰藉。8.TheLegalistschoolHanFeiHanFei(280—233B.C.),anativeoftheStateofHanandaformerstudentofXunZi,synthesizedthethoughtsoftheLegalistSchoolofthepre-Qinperiod.《韩非子·奸劫弑臣》夫安利者就之，危害者去之，此人之情也。《韩非子·备内》医善吮人之伤，含人之血，非骨肉之亲也，利所加也。故舆人成舆，则欲人之富贵；匠人成棺，则欲人之夭死也。非舆人仁而匠人贼也，人不贵则舆不售，人不死则棺不买。情非憎人也，利在人之死也。ThethoughtsofHanFeiHanFei’sentireworkiscollectedinHanFeizi,abookcontaining55chapters.HanFeiadoptedanddevelopedaprogressivesocialandhistoricalviewputforwardbyearlierlegalists(ShangYang,forinstance)andfurtherproposedhisnotionsofsocialdevelopmentandhistoricalevolution.Hepointedoutthat“onedoesnothavetofollowancientpracticesinordertogovern”and“asconditionsintheworldchange,differentprinciplesshouldbeappliedaccordingly.”《韩非子》治世不法古世异则事异，事异则备变。ThethoughtsofHanFeiHisdoctrinesservedasthetheoreticalbasisfortheStateofQin’sunificationofChinaandtheestablishmentofafeudalandautocraticempire.ThethoughtsofHanFeiHealsoheldthattheimpetusofsocialdevelopmentliesinthematerialfoundationandinnerconflictsofthesociety.HanFei’sideaofrulingastateinvolvesthreeconcepts:fa(thelaws),shu(techniques)andshi(power).Anintelligentrulermusthaveshu(techiques)tocarryoutfa(laws),andhemusthaveshi(power)tousethetechniquesandenforcethelaws.Fa,aboveall,isthemostfundamentalconceptofthethree,thoughtheyarecomplementaryinfunction.《韩非子》凡治天下必因人情。人情者有好恶，故赏罚可用。