欧洲文化入门(七)

Divisionseven

Romanticism

WhatisRomanticism?Literature,philosophy,music,art.Inthelate18thandearly19thcentury.individualvaluesandaspirations.Directcontactwithnature.Promotethenationalliberation.Romanticism(literature)Theterm“romantic”originallymeans“romancelike”—resemblingthefancifulcharacterofmedievalromances.Origin

Bythelate18thcenturyinFranceandGermany,literarytastebegantoturnfromclassicalandneoclassicalconventionstoRomanticism.twogreatforerunners:RousseauGoethe-Storm&StressStormandStressMovement

狂飙运动

StrongGermanyAgriculturalandeconomicreformsEducationalsystemimprovementTherulerencouragethedevelopmentofartandscience(Salon).Classicism古典主义

Classicisminthearts,refersgenerallytoahighregardforclassicalworks,assettingstandardsfortastewhichtheclassicistsseekstofollow.Theartofclassicismtypicallyseekstobeformalandrestrained.古典主义要求简洁、洗练、明朗、精确的文风，反对烦琐、枝蔓、含糊、晦涩，崇尚与模仿古希腊罗马经典。英国在17世纪后期形成了古典主义流派，但直到18世纪初期才得到发展；约翰·德莱顿是古典主义的倡导者和实践者。《论戏剧体诗》（1668）等阐述了古典主义法则。蒲伯的创作使英国古典主义达到高潮。

Neo-Classicism新古典主义

Thistermreferstotherevivaloftheattitudesandstylesofexpressionofclassicalliterature.Itbeginsinthelate17thcenturyandlastinguntilabout1800.Initspurestform,Neoclassicismmarkedareturntoorder（整齐）,proportion（协调）,restraint（克制）,logic,accuracy,anddecorum（得体）.

RomanticismVSNeo-classicismInamoregeneralsense,RomanticismoftenstandsincontrastwithNeo-classicism.TheleadingRomanticistsinEnglandWilliamBlakeWordsworth,ColeridgeByron,ShelleyandKeatsScottinFranceHugoSandinGermanyHeine,Goethe,SchillerinRussiaPushkinI

think

of

you,

when

I

see

the

sun's

shimmer

Gleaming

from

the

sea.

I

think

of

you,

when

the

moon's

glimmer

Is

reflected

in

the

springs.

I

see

you,

when

on

the

distant

road

The

dust

rises,

In

deep

night,

when

on

the

narrow

bridge

The

traveler

trembles.

我想起你，每当太阳从大海上

辉煌照耀；

我想起你，每当月亮在泉水中

抖动彩笔。

我看到你，每当在大路的远方

扬起灰尘；

每当深夜，浪游者在山间小路

哆嗦战栗。

ClosenessofBeloved—Goethe歌德I

hear

you,

when

with

a

dull

roar

The

wave

surges.

In

the

quiet

grove

I

often

go

to

listen

When

all

is

silent.

I

am

with

you,

however

far

away

you

may

be,

You

are

next

to

me!

The

sun

is

setting,

soon

the

stars

will

shine

upon

me.

If

only

you

were

here!

我听见你，每当大海掀起狂涛

发出咆哮；

在沉静的林苑中，我常去倾听

万籁俱寂。

我伴着你，即使你在天涯海角

犹如身边；

太阳西沉，星星很快将照耀我

呵，愿你也在这里。海涅

亨利希·海涅（1797——1856）是19世纪德国伟大的革命民主主义诗人、杰出的散文家和政论家，也是19世纪前期浪漫主义文学和批判现实主义文学范畴在德国的主要代表人物。III.RomanticisminEngland(1)1.WilliamBlakeTwoearlycollections:SongsofInnocence(1789)SongsofExperience(1794)2.TheLakers–WordsworthandColeridge

TheLakers:WordsworthandColeridgeLyricalBallads3.GeorgeGordonByronIslesofGreeceDonJuanWilliamBlake(1757-1827)

Englishpoet,painterHecreatedauniqueformofillustrated有插画的verse.Hispoetryisinspiredbymysticism神秘主义andcomplexsymbolism

象征主义.Hispoetryisconsideredoneofthemostoriginal原创性的,lyric抒情的,andprophetic预言性的.MajorWorksBlakeexploredissuesofdivineloveinthecollectionSongsofInnocence(1789)《天真之歌》,whileheconsideredthenatureofevilinSongsofExperience(1794)《经验之歌》.InnocenceandExperience,“thetwocontrarystatesofthehumansoul,”arecontrastedinsuchpoemsas“TheLamb”and“TheTiger.”TIGERTIGER,tiger,burningbright

Intheforestsofthenight,

Whatimmortalhandoreye

Couldframethyfearfulsymmetry?

Inwhatdistantdeepsorskies

Burntthefireofthineeyes?

Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?

Whatthehanddareseizethefire?

Andwhatshoulderandwhatart

Couldtwistthesinewsofthyheart?

Andwhenthyheartbegantobeat,

Whatdreadhandandwhatdreadfeet?

Whatthehammer?whatthechain?

Inwhatfurnacewasthybrain?

Whattheanvil?Whatdreadgrasp

Dareitsdeadlyterrorsclasp?

Whenthestarsthrewdowntheirspears,

Andwater'dheavenwiththeirtears,

DidHesmileHisworktosee?

DidHewhomadethelambmakethee?

Tiger,tiger,burningbright

Intheforestsofthenight,

Whatimmortalhandoreye

Dareframethyfearfulsymmetry?

老虎译：卞之琳老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌，

烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽，

什么样非凡的手和眼睛

能塑造你一身惊人的匀称？

什么样遥远的海底、天边

烧出了做你眼睛的火焰？

跨什么翅膀胆敢去凌空？

凭什么铁掌抓一把火种？

什么样工夫，什么样胳膊，

拗得成你五脏六腑的筋络？

等到你的心一开始蹦跳，

什么样惊心动魄的手脚？什么样铁链？什么样铁锤？

什么样熔炉里炼你的脑髓？

什么样铁砧？什么样猛劲

一下子掐住了骇人的雷霆？

到临了，星星扔下了金枪，

千万滴眼泪洒遍了穹苍，

完工了再看看．他可会笑？

不就是造羊的把你也造了？

老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌，

烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽，

什么样非凡的手和眼睛

敢塑造你一身惊人的匀称

TheLakers/theLakePoetsWilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridgeRobertSoutheyTheylivedintheLakeDistrict,hencegettingthenametheLakers.TheprefacetothesecondeditionofLyricalBallads(1800)《抒情歌谣集》,byWordsworthandColeridgewasthemanifesto宣言ofliteraryromanticism.Thetwopoetsaffirmedtheimportanceoffeelingandimaginationtopoeticcreationandrejectedconventionalliteraryformsandsubjects.Theory:“poetryisthespontaneous自发的overflow流溢ofpowerfulfeelingsrecollected回忆intranquillity宁静.”

IWanderedLonelyasaCloudIwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;我独游于天际，如一朵流云凌空于谷峰，飘然然悠闲忽然间我看见一群一簇簇金黄色的水仙Besidethelake,beneaththetreesFlutteringanddancinginthebreeze.ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkyway,看——在树之荫，湖之缘在微风中，她们舞姿翩翩她们似银河星钻，连延不断在银河里闪闪发光

Theystretchedinnever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabay;TenthousandsawIataglanceTossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance沿着湖湾的水缘线延伸成无穷无尽的一行一瞥去便是一万朵在欢舞之中起伏颠簸Thewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOutdidthesparklingwavesinglee:Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany:波光里的涟漪也舞弄清影，却怎比得水仙的欢快伴有这等喜悦诗人如何不快

Igazed—andgazed—butlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroften,whenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,我---久久凝视---但毫无答复可知这景致给予我多少财富每当我久卧不眠心绪空荡，或忧思难抱

TheyflashuponthatinwardeyeWhichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.她们便闪现在心田正如寂寥中的光照于是我的心儿满溢着欢畅同这群水仙起舞歌唱

SamuelTaylorColeridge

(1772-1834)AchiefpoetinEnglishRomanticism.Famousworks:LyricalBallads(incollaborationwithWordsworth)“RimeoftheAncientMariner”《古舟子咏》“KublaKhan”《忽必列汗》III.RomanticisminEngland(2)4.PercyByssheShelleyOdetotheWestWindPrometheusUnbound5.JohnKeatsOdetoaNightingaleOdeonaGrecianUrn6.WalterScott

TheHeartofMid-lothianIvanhoeGeorgeGordonByron拜伦SheWalksinBeautyPercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)oneofthegreatestpoetsoftheEnglishlanguageoneofthemostinfluentialleadersoftheromanticmovementIfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

Shelleywroteenthusiasticpoemsnotedfortheirlyricismandromanticism.Heisnotedforhisradical激进的liberalthoughtandrebellionagainsttherestrictionsofEnglishpoliticsandreligion.Hediedinasailingaccidentin1822shortlybeforehis30thbirthday.MajorworksPrometheusUnbound(1820)---aversedramaHisfamecomesespeciallyfromhislyrics抒情诗,includingthefamiliarshortodes“ToaSkylark”(1820)《云雀颂》“OdetotheWestWind”(1819)《西风颂》

“TheCloud”(1820)JohnKeats(1795-1821)AchieffigureinEnglishRomanticism.Heisknownforhismelodious曲调优美的,richverse,andisconsideredoneofthegreatestEnglishpoets.

Majorworks

Famousodes:Odeto

aNightingale（1820）《夜莺颂》OdetoaGrecianUrn（1820）《希腊古瓮颂》OdeonMelancholy《忧郁颂》ToAutumn《秋颂》

WalterScott(1771---1832)ScottishnovelistandpoetHisworkasatranslator,editor,biographer,andcritic,togetherwithhisnovelsandpoems,madehimoneofthemostprominentfiguresinEnglishromanticism.HisdeathmarkedtheendofRomanticisminBritain.Hisnovelsinfluencedmanylaterwriters,andheestablishedanewformofnovel:thehistoricalnovel.Majorworks:Ivanhoe(1820)RomanticisminFranceVictorHugo(1802-1885)Frenchpoet,novelist,andplaywrighttheachieffigureofromanticmovementinFrance.MajorWorks:TheHunchbackof

NotreDame(1831)《巴黎圣母院》LesMisérables(1862)《悲惨世界》

L'hommeQuiRit(TheManWhoLaughs)(1869)《笑面人》RomanticisminRussiaPushkin(1799-1837)thegreatestRussianandthefounderofmodernRussianliteratureoneofthefirstimportantliteraryfiguresinRussiaAchieffigureinRussianromanticismAforerunnerofRussianrealismPushkinwrotepoetry,shortstories,novels,andplays.HisworksestablishedtheRussianliterarytradition.Hislyricpoetry—saidtobedelightfultotheRussianearbutuntranslatable—andhissimple,vividprosewereinvaluablemodelsforthewriterswhofollowedhim.MajorworksHismostfamousworksinclude:thedramaBorisGodunov(1825)《鲍里斯·戈都诺夫

》theepicpoemEugeneOnegin(1823-1831)《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》TheCaptain'sDaughter(1836)《上尉的女儿》“TheQueenofSpades”

《黑桃皇后》“TheTaleoftheFishermanandtheFish”

“Ifbylifeyouweredeceived”Ifbylifeyouweredeceived,Don’tbedismal,don’tbewild!Inthedayofgrief,bemildMerrydayswillcome,believe.Heartislivingintomorrow.Presentisdejectedhere;Inamoment,passessorrow;Thatwhichpasseswillbedear.“假如生活欺骗了你”

（１８２５年）假如生活欺骗了你，

不要忧郁，也不要愤慨！

不顺心时暂且克制自己，

相信吧，快乐之日就会到来。我们的心儿憧憬着未来，

现今总是令人悲哀：

一切都是暂时的，转瞬既逝，

而那逝去的将变为可爱。VI.ArtandArchitecture(1)1.PaintingsGoyaSpanishcourtpainterandetcher(蚀刻家)

BestknownforhisportraitsofroyaltyandnobilityMajorworks:<TheParasol><TheExecutionoftheThirdofMay><FamilyofCharlesIV><SaturnDevouringhisChildren>