L2 翻译的贯通术

句子的联缀-------翻译的贯通术2014-03何为贯通术？--成竹在胸惟法独尊，融会贯通

语言的连贯性句子各部分意义上的连贯（意群的整合）句子部分之间结构上的连贯（逻辑关系的勾连起、承、转、合）词义的选择；同义词、近义词的呼应；句子时体态的一致；长短句的错落；逻辑连词的勾连英语贯通术汉语重意合parataxis，一盆散葡萄；英语重形合hypotaxis，一串葡萄。英语重形合hypotaxis:特别注重过渡连接词的运用汉语重意合parataxis：特别强调上下文之间的内在联系英语贯通术英语句子主谓宾结构鲜明、语法要求严格。相对英语句子而言，汉语句子复杂多变，显得较松散。英语句子讲究形合，句意围绕主语展开；汉语句子重意合，组句方式相对灵活，整个句子以所要表达的思想为中心构建。中文句子经常出现多个并列短语和“一逗到底”的现象，层次感不太明显，逻辑关系经常隐含在句子里面英文句子往往更注重框架的搭建英语贯通术在中译英时，翻译前必须透彻理解原文，挖掘出句子与句子之间的逻辑关系。否则，译文容易偏离英语“形合”的要求，产生过多单个的句子，结构松散，意思不明。连贯（Coherence）连贯指一个段落中，句子与句子之间的连接自然流畅，前后脉络清晰，使读者读后有行云流水的感觉。要使段落具备连贯性，段落的内容关系必须清楚，句子之间的过渡和发展要顺畅，前后应相互照应。连贯的两个方面:“形连”、“神连”。连贯之“形连”常见的衔接手段有：指代、替代、省略、各种转折过渡词语和词汇衔接。指代、替代、省略等通过语法手段实现段落的自然衔接；转折过渡词语是充分利用表示各种不同关系（如时间、递进、对比、举例、空间、总结、因果、让步等）的转折词语，达到承上启下的目的；词汇衔接则是利用词汇（同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、一般词和具体词的形式）的复现和词汇的搭配实现段落的前后连贯一致。连贯之“神连”根据不同的题材、内容和目的，使用时间顺序、空间顺序、渐进顺序、演绎顺序和归纳顺序等把段落的内容有机地组织起来，段落句子前后自然顺畅，表达的意思无任何歧义。通常采取下列几种办法：1)使用平行结构；2)重复一个词语或短语；3)在复指上一句提到的名词时使用代词；4)动词时态、人称和数等保持一致；5)使用过渡词语。段落纽带(ParagraphContinuity)

连句成篇的手段是多种多样的，大体可以分为三类：第一类是表示时间顺序、方位顺序、因果顺序等逻辑概念的过渡词语，统称为“逻辑纽带”；第二类是通过一定时、体形式以及省略、替代、照应等句法手段所表示的承接关系，这一类连句手段统称为“语法纽带”；第三类是通过词汇的重复，同义词、近义词、反义词的使用所表示的承接关系，统称为“词汇纽带”，这三类连句手段在语篇中通常是交织使用的。（1）逻辑纽带

并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照比较关系，转换关系等等。过渡词（transitionalwords）在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨。语义连贯（1）一般来说，句与句之间或段与段之间存在着下列10种语义连贯：例举、附加、对比、让步、重复、结论、时间、地点、和强调等语义联系。1.例举：forexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,inparticular,ingeneral,significantly,frequently,occasionally.

2.附加：again,inaddition,too,besides,furthermore,aswell,nestto

3.比较：similarly,likewise,atthesametime,inthesameway,likewise

4.对比：but,however,nevertheless,still,conversely,whereas,though,onthecontrary,bycontract,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand.

5.让步：doubtless,surely,grantedthat,althoughthismaybetrue,nodoubt,Iconcede,Iadmit

语义连贯（2）6.重复：again,ashasbeenpointedout,torepeat,inotherwords,asIhavesaidabove,onceagain.

7.结果：therefore,thus,hence,so,consequently,asaresult,allinall.

8.结论：thus,finally,hence,inconclusion,tosumup,tosummarize,toconclude,inshort.

9.时间：earlier,formerly,afterwards,later,presently,subsequently,meanwhile,afterawhile,atlast,atthattime,inthemeantime,inthepast,untilnow

10.强调：indeed,equally,chiefly,evenmoreimportant

除此之外，还可通过重复关键词组来实现句与句之间或段与段之间的语义连贯。

（2）语法纽带(GrammaticalContinuity)语法纽带包括应用动词的时、体形式的一致搭配以及照应、替代、省略、平行结构等语法手段。照应一般有人称照应、指示照应和比较照应三种，也就是在行文的过程中通过使用人称代词和物主限定词，或通过指示代词和指示限定词，或通过形容词和副词的比较等级以及其他比较事物的异同或质量优劣等词语而实现的照应关系，使上下文之间衔接起来。Itisdifficultforamantomanagehishomeaffairswellwhileheservesinsociety.Therefore,everymanwishestomarryawomanwhowillhelphiminconductinghisdomesticaffairs.Marriageisnotasport,itisthemostimportantthinginhumanlife.Ifwechooseourwivescarefully,ourfuturelifewillbehappyandsuccessful.Ifwechooseourwivescarelessly,ourfutureliveswillmiserable.（2）词汇纽带(LexicalJoint)关键词的重复(RepetitionofKeyWords)

E.g.Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime,andallofthepeoplesomeofthetime,butyoucannotfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.(Lincoln)

同义词、近义词、反义词的使用(UseoftheSynonymyandAntonym)Howeverteachingisnotaprofessionthateveryonelikes.Itisademandingjob.(同义词、近义词)(5)YoungAmericansalsoregarditasapridetoliveapartfromtheirparents.Theyliketoassertthemselvesbystandingontheirown(15)Marriageisnotasport,itisthemostimportantthinginhumanlife.Ifwechooseourwivescarefully,ourfuturelifewillbehappyandsuccessful.Ifwechooseourwivescarelessly,ourfutureliveswillmiserable.(4)句子的不连贯通常表现出下列几个方面问题：平行结构有缺点(faultyparallelconstructions)代词指代不清楚(pronounswithambiguousrefrence)，修饰语和被修饰语的关系不明确(danglingormisplacedmodifiers)，人称、数、语态、时态或语气上有混乱(confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood)。通常可以采取下列办法加以改正，如：使用同义词、代词、过渡词，重复关键词，使用平行结果等方法。Thereisastiffpenaltyforbreakingthatlaw,anditisafairpunishment.（同义词重复）Television,withtheirwideavailabilityandrichmediawithimageandsound,isdifficulttoignoreandevenseductiveinitsappeal.（使用代词）Alowscoremeansfailure,andthattesttakerwillnotlikelybeadmitted.Therefore,inordertobesuccessful,oneshouldprepareforthetestsandworkhard,becauseagoodeducationwillprovidehimwithagoodjobandanopportunitytoaccomplishsomeofhisgoalsanddreams.（使用过渡词语）Youcanfoolsomeofthepeople

allofthetime,andallofthepeoplesomeofthetime,butyoucannotfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.(-Lincoln)（重复使用关键词）Lifeisamysteryandadventurewhichmanshareswithalllivingthings.（使用平行结构）段落句子的“启、承、转、合”

在一篇文章中，各自然段、句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落间，句子与句子间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头，“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。段落的“启、承、转、合”(1)“启”，常用于引导文章开头的过度词有：

Itisoftensaidthat…

Generallyspeaking…

Astheproverbsays…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…

Itisclear/obviousthat…

Marypeopleoftenask…

…(2)“承”，常用于第一年扩展段开渡词有：

Itistruethat…

Everybodyknowthat…

Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…

Noonecandenythat…

Onethingwhichisequallyimportanttotheabovementionedis…

Thechiefreasonwhy…isthat…

Wemustrecognizethat…

Thereisnodoubtthat…

Iamoftheopinionthat…

Thiscanexpressedasfollows…

Totake…foranexample(instance)…

Thereforeweshouldrealizethat…

Wehavereasontobelievethat…

Weknowthat…

Whatismoreseriousisthat…

(3)“转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有：

Anotherspecialconsiderationinthiscaseisthat…

Besides,weshouldnotneglectthat…

However,…

Buttheproblemisnotsosimple,…

Therefore…

Butitisapitythat…

Ontheotherhand,…

Idonotbelievethat…

Perhapsyou’llaskwhy…

Thismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…

Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…

Thetroubleseemsthat…

Yetdifferenceswillbefound,that’swhyIfeelthat…

Solongasyouregardthisasreasonable,youmany…

(4)“合”，常用结尾段的过度词有：

Inaword,…

Insum,…

Inconclusion,…

Fromthispointofview,…

Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat…

Theresultisdependenton…

Therefore,thesefindingsrevealthefollowinginformation…

Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…

句子的“启、承、转、合”(1)“启”

inthefirstplace，atpresent

currently，itgoeswithoutsayingthat

lately，first

firstofall，now

presently，firstly

generally，recently

inthebeginning，tobeginwith

tostartwith，ingeneral

(2)“承”

afterafewdays，afterawhile

also，atanyrate,atthesametime,besides

bythistime,certainly,consequently,forexample

forinstance,forthispurpose,fromnowon,furthermore,inaddition,inadditionto…

infact,inotherwords,inparticular,inthesamemanner,incidentally,indeed

meanwhile,moreover,nodoubt,obviously

ofcourse,particularly,second,secondly

similarly,so,soon,still,then,third

thirdly,truly,unlike…;whatismore

(3)“转”

afterall,allthesame

anyway,atthesametime

but,bythistime

conversely,despite…

especially…fortunately

however,inotherwords

inparticular,inspiteof…

inthesameway,likewise

luckily,nevertheless

nodoubt,notwithstanding…

onthecontrary,ontheotherhand

otherwise,perhaps…

unfortunately,unlike…

whereas…yet

nonetheless,asamatteroffact

(4)“合”

aboveall,accordingly

asaconsequence,asaresult

ashasbeennoted,asIhavesaid

atlast,atlength

byandlarge,briefly

bydoingso,consequently

eventually,finally

hence,inbrief

inconclusion,inshort

onthewhole,therefore

thustospeakfrankly

tosumup,tosummarize

indeed,surely

toconcludeobviously,certainly,truly

例证演示----Passage1语义的贯通污染：pollutecontaminate;besmear;defile;stain，sewage→atmospherepollutionmoralpollutionunderground(water)pollutionradioactivecontaminationindustrialpollutionindustrialdustpollutionchemicalpollutionenvironmentalpollutionspiritualcontaminationairpollutionfloatingdustpollution;airbornedustpollutionwatercontaminationnoisepollutiondebasethestandardsofsocialconductSootfoulstheair；遏制：tokeepwithinlimits;tocontain;tochasten;tostem;tostifle;torestrain；toholdback;withlimits→控制；治理；control

controlover

getcommandof

getahankover

incontrolof

keepdown

mastering

getunder

damup

androcracy

givecontrolover

takecommandof

controls

oversway→todominate;togovern;tomanipulate;tomaster;tobringsth.undercontrol;tolayholdof;tobeatthewheel;toholdincheck;tokeepincheck;togetcommandof→togovern;tomanage；toharness;toholdsth.inleash;toputinorder;tobringundercontrolGiantYangtzeGetsClean-upChina’slongestriver,theYangtze,witnessedamajorreductioninpollutionin2002,expertshaverevealed.About22billiontonsofindustrialwasteanddailysewagewasdischargedintotheriverin2001,1.4billiontonslessthanthepreviousyear,accordingtothelatestcommuniquéfromtheYangtzeRiverWaterResourcesCommittee.AcontributoryfactortothecutinpollutionalongChina’slongestriveristhatitsmajorcentersofpopulation,suchasShanghaiandWuhan,haveenhancedtheircapabilitytoprocesssewageandindustrialwaste.Andthesecitiesareconstructingmoresewagefarms.However,owingtoballooningpopulationsalongtheriverandvigorousindustrialandagriculturalproduction,aswellasspeedymodernization,theYangtzestillfacesseverewaterpollution.Butexpertswereconfidentthat,astheindustrialwasteprocessingcapabilityincreasesstepbystep,theriver’swaterpollutionstillcanbealleviated.语义的贯通逻辑的勾连China’slongestriver,theYangtze,

witnessedamajorreductioninpollutionin2002,expertshaverevealed.About22billiontonsofindustrialwasteanddailysewagewasdischargedintotheriverin2001,1.4billiontonslessthanthepreviousyear,accordingtothelatestcommuniquéfromtheYangtzeRiverWaterResourcesCommittee.AcontributoryfactortothecutinpollutionalongChina’slongestriveristhatitsmajorcentersofpopulation,suchasShanghaiandWuhan,haveenhancedtheircapabilitytoprocesssewageandindustrialwaste.Andthesecitiesareconstructingmoresewagefarms.However,owingtoballooningpopulationsalongtheriverandvigorousindustrialandagriculturalproduction,aswellasspeedymodernization,theYangtzestillfacesseverewaterpollution.Butexpertswereconfidentthat,astheindustrialwasteprocessingcapabilityincreasesstepbystep,theriver’swaterpollutionstillcanbealleviated.learnlearningstudyemulateLearningaforeignlanguagehasbeenamosttryingexperienceforme,butonethatIwouldn’ttradeforanything.Notonlydidlearninganotherlanguageteachmethevalueofhardwork,butitalsogavemeinsightsintoanotherculture,andmymindwasopenedtonewwaysofseeingthings.ThemostwonderfulresultofhavinglearnedaforeignlanguagewasthatIcouldcommunicatewithmanymorepeoplethanbefore.Talkingwithpeop