Introduction to Quality Assurance and Software Testing QA与软件测试简介

QualityAssuranceandSoftwareTestingObjectivesDescribeQualityAssuranceDefineQualityAssuranceTerminologyListanddefineQAsystemcomponentsDescribeanddiscusstheCostsandBenefitsofQADescribethedifferencebetweenQualitycontrolandqualityassurance?WhatisQuality?InWebster’sDictionary,qualityisdefinedas“theessentialcharacterofsomething,aninherentordistinguishingcharacter,degreeorgradeofexcellence.”质量是事物的一种本质特征，是与生俱来的，它有别于事物的其他特征，能够表明事物的优秀程度或级别.Definition_WikipediaQualityAssurance(QA)isawayofpreventingmistakesordefectsinmanufacturedproductsandavoidingproblemswhendeliveringsolutionsorservicestocustomers.ISO9000definesqualityassuranceas"Apartofqualitymanagementfocusedonprovidingconfidencethatqualityrequirementswillbefulfilled".Itthusdifferssubtlyfromqualitycontrol.Definition_wiseGEEKQualityassurance(QA)isaprocess-centeredapproachtoensuringthatacompanyororganizationisprovidingthebestpossibleproductsorservices.Itisrelatedtoqualitycontrol,whichfocusesontheendresult,suchastestingasampleofitemsfromabatchafterproduction.Althoughthesetermsaresometimesusedinterchangeably,qualityassurancefocusesonenhancingandimprovingtheprocessthatisusedtocreatetheendresult,ratherthanfocusingontheresultitself.AmongthepartsoftheprocessthatareconsideredinQAareplanning,design,development,productionandservice.Definition_MerriamWebsterTheactivityofcheckinggoodsorservicestomakesurethattheyaregood.AProgramforthesystematicmonitoringandevaluationofthevariousaspectsofaproject,service,orfacilitytoensurethatstandardsofqualityarebeingmet.ListthethreekeypointsofQA.(toreadmaterial1)SoftwareQualityAssuranceSoftwareQAinvolvestheentiresoftwaredevelopmentPROCESS-monitoringandimprovingtheprocess,makingsurethatanyagreed-uponprocesses,standardsandproceduresarefollowed,andensuringthatproblemsarefoundanddealtwith.Itisorientedto‘prevention’.Furtherexplain(threekeypoints)seeModuleA-Readingmaterial1.SoftwareQualityAssuranceComponentsWhyisQualityAssuranceaconcern?

Background__WhatIsaBug?TermsforSoftwareFailuresDefectVarianceFaultFailureProblemInconsistencyErrorFeatureIncidentBugAnomalyAFormalDefinition_furtherunderstandingseechapter1Thesoftwaredoesn'tdosomethingthattheproductspecificationsaysitshoulddo.Thesoftwaredoessomethingthattheproductspecificationsaysitshouldn'tdo.Thesoftwaredoessomethingthattheproductspecificationdoesn'tmention.Thesoftwaredoesn'tdosomethingthattheproductspecificationdoesn'tmentionbutshould.Thesoftwareisdifficulttounderstand,hardtouse,slow,orinthesoftwaretester'seyeswillbeviewedbytheenduserasjustplainnotright.SoftwareComponentsBackground__WhyDoBugsOccur?

Specificationsarethelargestbugproducer.Thenextlargestsourceofbugsisthedesign.Background__TheCostofBugsThecostsarelogarithmicthatis,theyincreasetenfoldastimeincreases.AchievingqualityAchievingqualityresultsrequiresapplyingahigh-qualityprocessthroughoutdevelopment,integration,andtesting.

TheBusinessValueofSoftwareQuality

__readingmaterial2DefiningqualityDoesitmeetstakeholderrequirements?Isitusable?Secure?Scalable?Reliable?Easilymaintained?Easilyextended?Simpletomonitor?Juran’sdefinition:“fitnessforuse”aproductisnothighqualityunlessitaddsvalueforboththeconsumerandthemanufacturer.TheBusinessValueofSoftwareQuality

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QualityenablesresponsivenessandinnovationQualitysystemsarewhatenablebusinessestoreact,adapt,deploynewsolutionsquickly,andmaintainacompetitiveedge.QualityisadifferentiatorHigh-qualityinternalsystems,internalhumanresources,financial,andcustomerrelationshipmanagementsystems,canbeabusinessdifferentiator.TheBusinessValueofSoftwareQuality

__readingmaterial2QualityisfreesoftwaredefectscosttheU.S.economyalmost$60billionannually.about80percentofdevelopmentfundsareconsumedbysoftwaredevelopersidentifyingandcorrectingdefects.canceledsoftwaredevelopmentprojectscostorganizationsUS$55billiondollarsannuallyTheBusinessValueofSoftwareQuality

__readingmaterial2Poorsoftwarequalityandpoorsoftwaredevelopmentprocessesareamajordrainonbusinessprofitability.Why?Ideally,asoftwaredevelopmentorganizationwouldhavethesecharacteristics:Awell-definedprocesswithunanimousbuy-infromteammembers.Teammemberswhofocusattentiononvalue-addedfeatures,detail,andqualityacrossthelifecycle.Managerswhoconstantlyevaluateend-userfeedbacktoensurereinvigorationoftheproductlineandsatisfied,repeatcustomers.Achievingquality

DrivingqualityfromthetopdownAchievingqualitywiththerightprocessandplatformAnalysisDesignDevelopmentTestingDeploymentAchievingqualityAnalysisqualitystartswithanalyzingthebusinesstoensurethatsystemrequirementsclearlyandaccuratelyreflectbusinessandcustomerneeds.DesignIndesign,theprimaryqualityfocusisonarchitecture,the"soul"ofsoftware.Developmentdevelopersmake100to150errorsforeverythousandlinesofcodetheywrite.ImportantTerminologyforQualityAssurance

_readingmaterial3BusinessProcessQualityAssuranceConfigurationManagementChangeManagementBusinessProcessManagement…QualityControl&QualityAssurance

_readingmaterial4QualityControlreferstoqualityrelatedactivitiesassociatedwiththecreationofprojectdeliverables.Qualitycontrolisusedtoverifythatdeliverablesareofacceptablequalityandthattheyarecompleteandcorrect.Examplesofqualitycontrolactivitiesincludedeliverablepeerreviewsandthetestingprocess.QualityControl&QualityAssuranceQualityAssurancereferstotheprocessusedtocreatethedeliverables,andcanbeperformedbyamanager,client,orevenathird-partyreviewer.Examplesofqualityassuranceincludeprocesschecklistsandprojectaudits.Describetheexampleyoureadfromthematerial.Ifyouarethesponsor,whatwouldyoudotomakesure

thebusinessrequirementsseemedcompleteandcorrect?SoftwareQualityAssuranceQualityIsFreeTestingandQualityAssuranceintheWorkplaceSoftwareTestingQualityAssuranceASoftwareQualityAssuranceperson'smainresponsibilityistoexamineandmeasurethecurrentsoftwaredevelopmentprocessandfindwaystoimproveitwithagoalofpreventingbugsfromeveroccurring.SoftwareQualityAssuranceWhatitcoststocreatequalitysoftwareHowsoftwaretestingvariesfromsoftwarequalityassuranceWhatdifferentwaysasoftwaretestingorqualitygroupcanfitintoaprojectteamHowthesoftwareCapabilityMaturityModelisusedTheISO9000standardSoftwareTestingWhatExactlyDoesaSoftwareTesterDo?Thegoalofasoftwaretesteristofindbugs,findthemasearlyaspossible,andmakesuretheygetfixed.WhatMakesaGoodSoftwareTester?Theyareexplorers,troubleshooters,relentless,creative,perfectionists,exercisedgoodjudgment,tactfulanddiplomatic,persuasive.SoftwareProjectStaff

Projectmanagers,programmanagers,orproducersArchitectsorsystemengineersProgrammers,developers,orcodersTestersorQA(QualityAssurance)StaffTechnicalwriters,userassistance,usereducation,manualwriters,orillustratorsConfigurationmanagementorbuilderTheSoftwareDevelopmentProcessSoftwareDevelopmentLifecycleModelsBig-BangCode-and-FixWaterfallSpiralSoftwareTestingSoftwaretestingisapopularriskmanagementstrategy.Itisusedtoverifythatfunctionalrequirementsweremet.TheSoftwareTestingTestDocumentsThetestplanTestcasesBugreportsTesttoolsMetrics,statistics,andsummariesTheRealitiesofSoftwareTestingTestingAxiomsIt'sImpossibletoTestaProgramCompletelySoftwareTestingIsaRisk-BasedExerciseTestingCan'tShowThatBugsDon'tExistTheMoreBugsYouFind,theMoreBugsThereAreThePesticideParadoxNotAlltheBugsYouFindWillBeFixedTheRealitiesofSoftwareTestingSoftwareTestingTermsandDefinitionsPrecisionandAccuracyVerificationandValidationQualityandReliabilityTestingandQualityAssurance(QA)SoftwareQualityAssuranceTestManagementandOrganizationalStructuresCapabilityMaturityModel(CMM)

ISO9000

ISO9000isafamilyofstandardsonqualitymanagementandqualityassurancethatdefinesabasicsetofgoodpracticesthatwillhelpacompanyconsistentlydeliverproducts(orservices)thatmeettheircustomer'squalityrequirements.ISO9000workswellfortworeasons

Ittargetsthedevelopmentprocess,nottheproduct.It'sconcernedaboutthewayanorganizationgoesaboutitswork,nottheresultsofthework.ISO9000dictatesonlywhattheprocessrequirementsare,nothowtheyaretobeachieved.ISO9001andISO9000-3ThesectionsoftheISO9000standardthatdealwithsoftwareareISO9001andISO9000-3.ISO9001isforbusinessesthatdesign,develop,produce,install,andserviceproducts.ISO9000-3isforbusinessesthatdevelop,supply,install,andmaintaincomputersoftware.SomeoftherequirementsinISO9000-3Developdetailedqualityplansandprocedurestocontrolconfigurationmanagement,productverificationandvalidation(testing),nonconformance(bugs),andcorrectiveactions(fixes).Prepareandreceiveapprovalforasoftwaredevelopmentplanthatincludesadefinitionoftheproject,alistofthepro