《锅炉原理》课件PPT-01 绪论brief introduction

Chapter1Introduction

第一章绪论第一节锅炉设备的作用、构造和工作原理1.1TheFunction,ConfigurationandworkingprocessofBoiler第二节锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype第三节锅炉分类1.3Boilerclassification第四节锅炉的安全和经济指标1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex第五节工业锅炉房设备的组成1.5Industrialboilerroomsystem第六节锅炉发展简史1.6ThegeneraldevelopingsituationofboilerEnergysource:ElectricpowerIndustry:chemical,paper,Energysaving:heatrecoveryEnvironmentalprotection:de-SO2,de-NOxMonticelloSteamElectricStationMartinLakeSteamElectricStation860MWTaxes,USAmericanmap1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理Energyconversioninapowerplant

火电厂中能量转换过程Steamgenerator(Boiler)SteamturbineGenerator锅炉：化学能－热能汽轮机：热能－机械能发电机：机械能－电能1.火力发电厂生产过程

Theworkingprocessofapowerplant锅炉系统(西交大)Energyconversioninapowerplant

火电厂中能量转换过程Let’swatchaflashArizonaStateUniversity1.火力发电厂生产过程

Theworkingprocessofapowerplant1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理What’stheBoiler(Steamgenerators)什么是锅炉?Aboilerisadeviceforheatingwaterandgeneratingsteamaboveatmosphericpressure. 生产蒸汽或热水的换热设备Workingfluid(waterorotherfluid)inaclosedvesselisheated.Theheatedorvaporizedfluidexitstheboilerforuseinvariousprocessesorheatingapplications.

工质在封闭容器中加热，并供给各种热用户What’stheBoiler(Steamgenerators)Theboilerconsistsofacompartmentwherethefuelisburnedandacompartmentwherewatercanbeevaporatedintosteamforavarietyofapplication. 锅炉包括锅和炉两部分：炉子燃烧，锅用于加热工质Steamerisaclosedvesselwithhightemperature,highpressure

汽锅是一种高温高压设备Furnaces:firingdifferentfuels:Fossilfuels(coal,oil,naturalgas),biomass,etal.

可供炉内燃烧的燃料有：化石燃料(煤、油、天然气)、生物质等1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理thermodynamicsSimplekettleboiler2.ThefunctionofBoiler锅炉的作用PrimaryfunctionistoconvertchemicalornuclearenergyboundinthefueltoheatandproduceHigh-T,High-Psteam.

使燃料在炉内燃烧放热，并将锅内工质由水加热成具有足够数量和质量(T,P,纯净度)的过热蒸汽，供汽轮机使用。Primaryamongtheseareelectricpowergenerationandindustrialprocessheating主要用途发电和工业加热.Energysource:electricpower能源：电力Industry:chemical,paper工业：化学、造纸Energysaving:heatrecovery节能：余热利用Environmentalprotection:De-SO2,De-NOx

环保ChemicalenergyThermalenergySteam1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理3.Boilershape锅炉的型式Inordertoaccomplishthesedifferenttasks,differenttypesofboilersweredeveloped:开发了不同型式的锅炉Smallpackageboiler(fig.1-1):factory-assembled,fullyautomatedgas-firedboiler,whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital.快装锅炉750t/d

mass-firedrefusepowerboiler(fig.1-4)废物锅炉Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity(fig.1-2)高参数发电锅炉Thelargefield-erectedutilityboiler(Fig.3)散装锅炉Circulatingfluidized-bedcombustionboiler(fig.1-5)循环流化床锅炉PCStockerCFBC1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理Fig.1-1Smallpackageboiler快装锅炉

factory-assembled,fullyautomatedgas-firedboiler,whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital.Fig.1-2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity电站锅炉Fig.1-2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity电站锅炉Fig.1-3Largefield-erectedcoal-firedutilityboilerFig.1-4750t/dmass-firedrefusepowerboilerFig.1-5Circulatingfluidized-bedcombustionboiler循环流化床锅炉Fig.6Bubbledfluidized-bedcombustionboiler

鼓泡流化床锅炉LurgiCFBboiler鲁奇型循环流化床1、炉膛furnace2、旋风分离器cyclone3、过热器superheater4、外置式换热器externalexchanger5、煤仓coalsilo6、返料装置Ashrecycle7、石灰石进料口limestoneinlet8、灰冷却器ashcooler9、省煤器economizer10、空气预热airheater11、除尘器dustcollector12、引风机IDfan13、尾部烟道gasduct14、汽包steamdrum4.Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构1)

Boilerproper锅炉本体Vesselswithwaterandsteam,whichincluding: 汽锅：盛水及蒸汽的容器，包括：SteamDrum汽包(锅筒)Downcomer下降管Header联箱Water-cooledWall水冷壁Superheater过热器Reheater再热器Economizer省煤器…

Boiler4pipes锅炉四管1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构1)

Boilerproper锅炉本体Furnace:Combustionsystem--fuelcombustionandreleaseheat,whichincluding: 炉子：提供燃料燃烧，同时放出大量热的设备Burners燃烧器Furnace炉膛Airducts风道Airheaters空气预热器4.Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构1)

Boilerproper锅炉本体Safeauxiliary

安全附件Waterlevelindicators:toshowtheoperatortheleveloffluidintheboiler,awatergaugeorwatercolumnisprovided.

水位计：测量汽包中水位Pressuregauge:toshowthepressureinvessels.

压力表：测量压力Safetyvalve:usedtorelievepressureandpreventpossibleexplosionofaboiler.

安全阀：释放压力，保证安全1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构2)

BoilerAuxiliarysystem锅炉辅助系统Fuelsupplyingsystem燃料供应系统Coalpulverizationsystem煤粉制备系统Feedwatersystem给水系统Draftsystem通风系统Ashhandlingandcollectingsystem除灰除尘系统Water-steampipelinesystem汽水管道系统Measurementandcontrollingsystem测量和控制系统1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration3)BoilerAuxiliary辅助装置Boilerenclosures,casing,insulationandstairs金属钢架及平台扶梯Boilersetting锅炉炉墙Boilerenclosures外壳Casing护板Insulation绝热保温Stairs楼梯Platform平台Buckstay

金属钢架Support支承SHL10型链条锅炉外观1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理5.

Boilerworkingprocess锅炉的工作过程Processoffuelcombustion,whichproduceshightemperaturefluegas,dischargeashes(BAandFA).

燃料的燃烧过程,燃料在炉内燃烧生成高温烟气，并排出灰渣的过程Processofheatreleasefromfuelgastoworkingmedia(waterorsteam) 烟气向工质的放热过程Processofwaterheatedandevaporated 水的加热与汽化过程A和B：燃烧系统的工作过程C：汽水系统的工作过程5.

Boilerworkingprocess锅炉的工作过程Combustionprocessoffuels燃料的燃烧过程Thecombinationofthecombustiblefuelelementsandcompoundsinthefuelwithalloxygenrequires:Temperatures

highenoughtoignitetheconstituents,Mixingorturbulencetoprovideintimateoxygen-fuelcontact,Sufficienttimetocompletetheprocess.在一定的燃烧烧设备内，良好燃烧应具备的条件：高温环境空气与燃料的良好混合足够的停留时间3T1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理§1-1锅炉的基本结构及工作原理

1.1BoilerConfigurationandworkingprocess6.Systemarrangement燃煤电站系统布置Productionofelectricity

发电Thesupplyofprocesssteam

供热Fig.1-9

showsamoderncoal-firedpowergeneratingfacility 现代燃煤电厂系统布置Fig.1-10identifiesthemajorsubsystem,whichincluding: 燃煤电厂子系统包括：Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料处理系统Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽锅炉和燃烧Environmentalprotection环境保护Turbine-generator蒸汽轮机Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排热（含冷却塔）cogenerationcombination热电联产pp.1-5Fig.1-9showsamoderncoal-firedpowergeneratingfacility

现代燃煤电厂系统布置Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料处理系统Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽锅炉和燃烧系统Turbine-generator蒸汽轮机Watertreatment水处理Environmentalprotection环境保护DeNOx(LowNOxburner,fuelreburning,SCR,etc.)FlueGasDesulphurization,FGD脱硫Particulatecollector(ElectroStaticPrecipitorsESP,Baghouse,fabricfilter,etc)除尘Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排热(含冷却塔)Substationtransformer电力传输pp.1-5Fig.1-10Themajorsubsystemofcoal-firedpowerplant

燃煤电厂子系统图1-2themajorsubsystemofaPCboiler

煤粉锅炉及其辅助系统示意图Notshow:Turbine-generator1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Coalcombustionsubsystem燃煤系统原煤仓燃烧器制粉系统煤闸门链条炉排给煤机炉膛煤粉炉链条炉流化床炉磨煤机CoalsiloBurnerPulverizerCoalgateGrateCoalfeederFurnacePCBoilerStockerFBCPulverizer7.

schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Airsupplyingsubsystem送风系统送风机高温级空气预热器热风道风室布风板炉膛低温级空气预热器ForceddraftfanHightempAirpreheaterDuctsAirroomDistributorFurnaceLowerTempairheater1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Fluegasflowsubsystem引风系统炉膛中高温烟气高温过热器低温过热器省煤器空气预热器除尘器烟囱凝渣管引风机脱硫HighTfluegasHTsuperheaterLTsuperheaterEconomizerAirheaterESPStackScreenIDfanDeSO2radiationradiation+convectionconvectionconvectionWater-cooledwall1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Water-steam

subsystem水汽系统(1)原水凝结水泵化学水处理软水除盐水低压加热器除氧器高压加热器省煤器汽包给水泵RawwaterPumpWatertreatment软水除盐水LPheaterDeaeratorHPheaterEconomizerSteamdrumPump1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1锅炉的作用、结构及工作原理§1-1锅炉的基本结构及工作原理

1.1Boilerconfigurationandworkingprocess7.

schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Water-steam

subsystem水汽系统(2)SaturatedSTDowncomerHeaderWater-cooledwallSteam-WaterConnectingTubes

SteamdrumSeparationSH/Application补给水饱和蒸汽下降管下降管集箱水冷壁管上集箱汽水连接管汽锅汽水分离过热和应用补给水Make-upwaterNextpage§1-1锅炉的基本结构及工作原理

1.1BoilerconfigurationandworkingprocessWater-steam

subsystem水汽系统(2)1.

Boilercapacity锅炉容量(出力),De(t/h,kg/s)Boilercapacity:steamflowrateperhourproducedbysteamboiler(t/h). 蒸发量：蒸汽锅炉每小时所生产的蒸汽流量。Nominalcapacity(Boilerratedload,BRL)

(t/h) 额定蒸发量：蒸汽锅炉在额定蒸汽压力、额定蒸汽温度、额定给水温度、燃用设计燃料和保证的锅炉效率条件下所规定的蒸发量。Boilerspecifiesevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteampressure,nominalsteamtemperature,nominalfeedwatertemperature,burningdesignfuelandguaranteeofboilerefficiency.1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1.

Boilercapacity锅炉容量(出力),De(t/h,kg/s)Boilermaximumcontinuousrating(BMCR) 锅炉最大连续蒸发量：在额定蒸汽参数、额定给水温度和燃用设计煤种时，长期连续运行时所能达到的最大连续蒸发量(t/h)。Boilermaximumcontinuousrating:Boilerevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteamparameter,nominalfeedwatertemperatureandburningdesignfuelandlong-termcontinuousoperation.1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号2.

Nominalsteamparameters锅炉额定蒸汽参数额定蒸汽压力和额定蒸汽温度的总称。额定蒸汽压力

Nominalsteampressure,P(MPa,Psi)蒸汽锅炉在规定的给水压力和负荷范围内，长期连续运行时，应保证的锅炉主汽阀出口处的蒸汽压力(absolutepressure

绝对压力)Boilersshouldguaranteethemainsteamvalvepressureattherangeofspecifiedfeedwaterpressureandload.额定蒸汽温度Nominalsteamtemperature,T(℃,F)蒸汽锅炉在规定的负荷范围内，额定蒸汽压力和额定给水温度下，长期连续运行时应保证的锅炉主汽阀出口处的蒸汽温度。

1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号Industrialboilerswhichproducesaturatedsteam,andjustindicatethesaturatedsteampressure.

工业锅炉：生产饱和蒸汽，参数只标锅炉出口的饱和蒸汽压力。

Powerstationboilerswhichproducesuperheatedsteam,andshowthetemperatureandpressureofsuperheatedsteam. 电站锅炉：过热器出口的过热蒸汽压力和过热蒸汽温度。1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号3.

Feedwatertemperature给水温度Thetemperatureattheeconomizerinlet给水在省煤器入口处的温度tgs,(℃,F),表1-1我国电站锅炉蒸汽参数及容量系列ParametersBMCR(t/h)Electricitypower(MW)P(MPa)T(ºC)FWT(ºC)2.5低压4001052033.9中压450145~15535,656,12165~175130259.9高压540205~225220,41050,10013.8超高压540/540220~250420,670125,20016.8亚临界540/540250~280102530017.5亚临界540/540260~2901025,2008300,60025超临界545/545260~2901000,2650300,8001.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号4.Boilertypes锅炉型号的表示方法1)Industrialboiler工业锅炉由三部分组成：Boilerproper/combustionequipment/capacity本体/燃烧设备/蒸发量Steamparameters蒸汽参数Fuel/designnumber燃料/设计次数 Forexample:SHL10-1.3/350-W2型锅炉2)Powerstationboiler电站锅炉至今没有标准化，同一型号，结构可能不同。由三部分组成:Manufacturer生产厂家Steamparameters蒸汽参数Designnumber设计次数 Forexample:BG-75/3.8-1;

SG-670/13.7-540/540-2型锅炉1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1)Industrialboiler工业锅炉型号的表示方法SHL10-1.25/350-WIISHL10-1.3/350-W2型锅炉2)Hotwaterboiler热水锅炉型号的表示方法QXW2.8-1.25/90/70-AII1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号3)powerstation

boiler电站锅炉型号的表示方法DG-670/13.7-540/540-5SG-670/13.7-540/540-2HG-1021/18.2-540/540-YM41.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类1.bycombustionmethod按燃烧方式分类Gratefiringboiler层燃炉Travelinggrateboiler链条炉排炉Spreaderstokerfiredboiler

抛煤机链条炉排炉Shakinggrateboiler振动炉排炉Suspensionfiringboiler室燃炉Pulverizedcoalfiredboiler煤粉锅炉Coal-waterslurryfiredboiler水煤浆锅炉Oilfiredboiler燃油锅炉Gasfiredboiler燃气锅炉Fluidizedbedcombustionboiler流化床Bubbledfluidizedbedcombustionboiler鼓泡流化床锅炉Circulatingfluidizedbedcombustionboiler循环流化床锅炉Pressurizefluidizedbedcombustionboiler增压流化床锅炉1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类2.Bysteamparameter按蒸汽参数Atmosphericpressurehotwaterboiler常压热水锅炉:P=0

Lowpressureboiler低压锅炉：P<2.5MPaMediumpressureboiler中压锅炉:P=2.9~4.9MPa,3.8MPa,450℃。Highpressureboiler高压锅炉:P=7.8~10.8MPa,9.8MPa,540℃。Superhighpressureboiler超高压锅炉:P=11.8~14.7MPa,13.7MPa/538℃/538℃。Subcriticalpressureboiler亚临界压力锅炉:p=15.7~19.6MPa,最常用的蒸汽参数为16.7MPa/538℃/538℃。Supercriticalpressureboiler超临界压力锅炉:P>22.1MPa,常用的蒸汽参数为23.5~26.5MPa，538~543℃/538~566℃。Ultrasupercriticalboiler超超临界锅炉:P≥24.2~28MPa，过热汽温和再热汽温≥580~600℃。3.byapplicationfieldIndustrialboiler工业锅炉Powerstationboiler电站锅炉Hotwaterboiler热水锅炉Domesticboiler生活锅炉Marineboiler船用锅炉4.ByassembledtypePackageboiler快装锅炉Shop-assembledboiler组装锅炉Field-assembledboiler散装锅炉220吨高压电站煤粉锅炉1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类5.ByWatercirculationNaturalcirculationboiler自然循环锅炉Forcedcirculationboiler强制循环锅炉Once-throughboiler直流锅炉Combinedcirculationboiler复合循环锅炉Lowcirculationboiler低倍率循环锅炉6.ByheattransfermethodShellboiler锅壳式锅炉Firetubeboiler火管锅炉Water-firetubeshellboiler水火管锅壳式锅炉Watertubeboiler水管锅炉1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类7.ByfueltypesSolid-fuelfiredboiler固体燃料锅炉Liquid-fuelfiredboiler液体燃料锅炉Gas-fuelfiredboiler气体燃料锅炉Exhaustheatboiler(heatrecoveryboiler)余热锅炉Electricboiler电热锅炉Solarboiler太阳能锅炉Nuclearboiler核能锅炉Biomassfiredboiler生物质锅炉1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类8.BypressureofcombustionchamberPressurefiredboiler微正压锅炉Superchargedboiler增压锅炉9.Byash-dischargemethodBoilerwithdry-ashfurnace固态排渣锅炉Boilerwithslag-tapfurnace液态排渣锅炉1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类10.OthertypesMultifunctionboiler(steamandhotwater)汽水两用锅炉Coiltubeboiler盘管式锅炉Vacuumphase-changeboiler真空相变锅炉Organicheattransfermaterialheater有机载热体炉Horizontalinternal-combustionboiler卧式内燃锅炉Cornertubeboiler角管式锅炉Verticalboiler立式锅炉Low-capacityboiler小型锅炉Cast-ironboiler铸铁锅炉Universal-pressureboiler通用压力锅炉1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3锅炉的分类1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4锅炉的安全和经济指标经济技术指标Economictechnicaltargetsofboiler锅炉的效率：指锅炉输出热量（即有效利用热量）占输入锅炉热量的百分数,

Boilerefficiency:thepercentageofboileroutputheat(theeffectiveheat)tothetotalinputheat.锅炉耗电率：生成一吨蒸汽所耗用的电量,kW·h/t

Boilerelectricalconsumptionrate:Boilersconsumeelectricalpowerforproducingonetonofsteam.锅炉钢材耗用率：锅炉单位蒸发量所耗用的钢材吨数。t/h

Boilersteelconsumptionrate:tonofsteelforunitcapacity.

锅炉容量越小、参数越高，钢材耗用率大。1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4锅炉的安全和经济指标安全技术指标Safetytechnicaltargetsofboiler连续运行小时数continuousoperatinghours事故率accidentrate可用率availabilityrate利用率utilizationrate额定容量利用率nominalcapacityutilizationrate1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4锅炉的安全和经济指标1.

Boilerefficiency锅炉效率Thepercentageofboilerheatoutput(effectivequantityofheat)tothetotalheatinput.现代大型电站锅炉的热效率都在90%以上。工业锅炉热效率为50%～80%1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4锅炉的安全和经济指标2.

Boilerefficiency(netefficiency)锅炉净效率Boilernetefficiency:thepercentageofeffectivequantityofheatdeductingtheheatforsteamandelectricityusedbyitself

tototal

inputheatoffuels.锅炉净热效率：锅炉输出有效利用热量扣除锅炉自耗汽和自用电后与输入锅炉总热量的百分比。B:燃料消耗量Qzy:锅炉自用热b:电厂发电标准煤耗量∑P:电厂辅助设备实际消耗功率1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4锅炉的安全和经济指标3.

Boilersafetyindex锅炉安全性指标1)Boilercontinuousoperatinghour

锅炉连续运行小时数两次被迫停炉进行检修之间的运行小时数。2)Boileravailabilityrate

锅炉可用率锅炉总运行小时数及总备用小时数之和，与该统计期间总小时数的百分比1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4锅炉的安全和经济指标3.

Boilersafetyindex锅炉安全性指标3)Boileraccidentrate锅炉事故率在统计期间，锅炉总停炉小时数与总运行小时数和总事故停炉小时数之和的百分比。目前，我国大中型电站的连续运行小时数在5000h以上，事故率为1％，平均可用率90％。§1-5工业锅炉房设备的组成

1.5IndustrialboilerroomsystemHeatsourcesBoilerroom锅炉房热源:BoilerproperAuxiliaryequipments§1-5工业锅炉房设备的组成

1.5IndustrialboilerroomsystemBoilerproper锅炉本体Steamdrum汽锅Superheater蒸汽过热器Economizer省煤器Airheater空气预热器Furnace炉子Auxiliaryequipments辅助设备Fuelsupplying/ashdischarged燃料供应、排渣及除尘设备Draftequipments通风设备Watertreatmentandsupplyingsystem给水设备MeasurementandControlsystem仪表控制设备Theearlyuseofsteam200B.C.,古希腊叫Hero的人发明了一种供宫廷欣赏的设备，后来成为最早使用蒸汽产生动力的装置。In200BC，aGreeknamedHerodesignedasimplemachinethatusedsteamasapowersource.Hebeganwithacauldronofwater,placedaboveanopenair.Asthefireheatedthecauldron,thecauldronshelltransferredtheheattothewater.Whenthewaterreachedtheboilingpointof212F,itchangedformandturnedintosteam.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史TheearlyuseofsteamThomasSavery’sengine:thefirstcommerciallysuccessfullysteamturbine.ThomasNewcomen’sbeanengine:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史锅炉技术的发展与工业生产的需要和科学技术的进步紧密相关。锅炉沿着两个方向发展：Fire-tubeboiler:在圆筒形锅炉的基础上，在锅筒内部增加受热面，形成烟管锅炉系列Water-tubeboiler:在圆筒形锅筒外部增加受热面，形成水管锅炉系列水管锅炉是锅炉发展的一大飞跃。1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史Fire-tubeboiler:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史Water-tubeboiler:IncreaseheattransferareaoutsidethedrumStraighttubeInclinedstraighttubeBenttube1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史Water-tubeboiler:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史当时产生蒸汽的锅炉为圆筒形，筒外加热1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史ThefirstrealadvancementinboilerdesigncameaboutwiththeinventionofthePlainCylinderBoiler.

Itwasasimpledesignandeasilyconstructed.Asitsnameimplies,thePlainCylinderBoilerisalongmetalcylinderwithconical(round)endssethorizontallyinabrickwork.

Someoftheseboilerswere40feetlong.

Thecylinderwashalffilledwithwaterandafireignitedinfurnaceatoneend.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史TheCornishBoilermadeseveraldesignchanges.First,thefurnacewasplacedinsideametaltubemeasuringthreefeetormoreindiameter(fromsidetoside).

Andthistubewasplacedinsidetheboiler.

Havingallthathotmetalinsidetheboilergreatlyincreasedtheamountofheattransferredtothewater.Atthefrontoftheboilerthehotgassesweredirecteddownwardintoflue#3andtraveledaftbeneaththeboilertothechimney.

1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史

Engineersanddesignersofsteamboilershadlongunderstoodtherelationshipbetweentheamountofheatgeneratedinafurnaceandtheabilityofwatertoabsorbthatheat.

Basically,thelargerwatersurfaceexposedtotheheatthemoreheatistransferredtothewater.Anumberofrelativelysmall(31/2inchdiameter)metaltubespasshorizontallythroughthewatercylinderandactflues.

These“firetubes”werearrangedabovethefurnaces,butbelowthewatersurface.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6锅炉发展简史Sofarinthisshorthistoryofthesteamboilerwehavelookedathowthehorizontalboilerdeveloped.

ButhereImusttakeasidetrackandexplainsomethingaboutthevertical(upright)boilersworked.Thewatertankorboilerisaverticaltanknotahorizontalcylinde