动词不定式讲解、专项练习及答案

初中英语语法（动词不定式）.不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形（如towrite）所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成侬如上tobewriting，tohavewritten），也有被动态（如tobewritten），所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。.不定式的用法1）不定式结构作主语.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago..Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语（形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替），而将不定式放到后面。如：1.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过forsb.todosth.结构表达：1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容词（如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等）作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.2）不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，另一种是及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构：只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem..Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway..Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.动词+疑问代（副）词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard初中英语语法总结，remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。常见的疑问代（副）词有：what,when,where,which,how,whether等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart..Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词（如find,think,consider,feel等）+it+形容词+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o,clock.3）不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式（表示条件）；表语也是不定式（表示结果）：.Toseeistobelieve..Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如：.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture..Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice..WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4）不定式作定语不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：.Therewasreallynothingtofear..Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith..Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout..Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento..Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect..Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish等。例如：.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.havenowishtoquarrelwithyou.3.NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.5）不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea..Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea..Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark..Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.作目的状语：.Sheraisedhervoicetobeheardbetter.2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter..WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam..WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.作结果状语：.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians..TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians..Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone..Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带to,在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have,let,make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：oftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard．.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions.3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：.Helptheoldlady(to)carrytheheavybox.在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如：1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehavior.5)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,1etfall,1etfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：.Theyletgooftherope.他们松开了绳子。.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.I'veheardtellofhim.我听说过他。4.Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents.由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。6）在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to,反之则必须带to,表示“不得不初中英语语法总结，只能“。例如：.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm..Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender..Thespywasbothhungryandcold；therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7）紧跟在why或whynot之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who,what,which,whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.4.不定式的完成式和进行式1）构成完成式：to+havedone进行式：to+bedoing2）用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结，那么不定式就要用其完成式。进行式：如果主要谓语动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：1.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline..TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica..Whenyoucalledmelastnight, Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer..不定式的被动形式当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：.Fortwelveyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca'snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished..Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain.6.不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain.2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout.单项选择theseedsandtheywillgrow.A.WaterB.TowaterC.WateringD.WateredThepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbutworkforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.providedHearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingsetPleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow,smeeting—I,vegottoomuchwork.A.todotocomeB.doingcomingC.todocomingD.todocomingWelookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhereA.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfoundAfterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewentonhowmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplainedTotesteggs,theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey,rebad,iftheysinkthey,regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputtingPleaseremembertheplantswhileI,maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwateringwine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.MakeI,veneverbeensopoorabletoaffordameal.A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbeIdon,tknowwhethertostayinteachingoranotherjob.A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.trygetI,llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout一Idon,twantlikethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseenInfact,shewasthefirstwomantosuchapost.A.toelectB.tobeelectingC.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelectedI,dlikeovertheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.A.flying B.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflyingI'mlearningacake.Canyouexplainone?A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomakeC.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,makingWhomwouldyouratherwithyou,JimorJack?A.havegoB.havetogoC.havegoneD.hastogoThehusbandadvisedtothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhimuptheidea.A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”'Tdprefer,thankyou."A.nottoB.tonotC.notD.can,tIwouldmend