专四语法一语法解构

第一讲：语法解构五个基本句型

Ⅰ.主语+动词(SV)

Everybody

laughed.

大家都笑了。

Ⅱ.主语+动词+补语

(SVC)

His

eyes

are

blue.

他的眼睛是蓝色的。Ⅲ.主语+动词+宾语

(SVO)

I

love

apples.

我喜欢苹果。Ⅳ.主语+动词+宾语+宾语(SVOO)

I

gave

him

my

address.

我告诉他我的地址。Ⅴ.主语+动词+宾语+补语(SVOC)

I

found

the

box

empty.

我发现盒子是空的。一个特殊的句型There

+

be

+

主语

+

介词短语“There

+

be

+

主语

+

介词短语”又叫存在句。表示“在某地有某物，在某时有某事”There

is

a

vase

on

the

table.

桌子上有一个花瓶。There

will

be

a

meeting

tomorrow.

明天有一场会议。存在句的句型转换

一.

肯定陈述句

There

is

a

dictionary

on

the

desk.

桌子上有一本字典。

二.

否定陈述句There

isn’t

a

dictionary

on

the

desk.

桌子上没有字典。

三.

一般疑问句Is

there

a

dictionary

on

the

desk?

桌子上有一本字典吗？四.

特殊疑问句How

many

dictionaries

are

there

on

the

desk?

桌子上有几本字典？What’s

there

on

the

desk?

桌子上有什么？五.

反意疑问句There

is

a

dictionary

on

the

desk,

isn’t

there?

桌子上有一本字典，是吗？主语从句一以what等连接代词引导的主语从句

What

you

need

is

more

practice.你需要的是更多的练习。Whatever

was

said

has

left

us

much

to

think.这里说的话都应当保密。Whoever

wants

it

may

have

it.谁要都可以给他。同类的连接代词还有：what,

who,

whom,

whose,

which,

whatever,

whoever,

whichever二以that,whether从属连词引导的主语从句

It

was

strange

that

he

had

made

a

mistake.

真奇怪，他竟然错了。That

we

need

more

equipment

is

quite

obvious.我们需要更多的设备，这是很明显的。Whether

he

will

join

us

won't

make

too

much

difference.(It's

won't

take

too

much

difference

whether

he

will

join

us.)他是否加入我们，没有太大的差别。三主语从句的引导词that什么时候可以省略

当主语从句不太长时，引导词“that”可以省略。如：It's

clear

(that)

he

has

done

his

best.很明显他已经尽力而为了。It's

a

wonder

(that)

he

didn't

fail.真奇怪，他没有失败。四以when等连接副词引导的主语从句

When

they

will

come

hasn't

been

made

public.他们什么时候来还没有公布。Where

she

has

gone

is

not

known

yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。How

the

prisoner

escaped

is

a

mystery.(It's

mystery

how

the

prisoner

escaped.)犯人是如何逃跑的是个迷。Why

he

did

it

will

remain

a

puzzle

for

ever.为什么他做那件事将永远是个谜团。

用来引导主语从句的连接副词有：

when,

where,

how,

why五虚拟语气：主语从句（一）

形容词为necessary,

important,

impossible,

strange,

natural,

essential时，在“It

+

be

+

形容词或过去分词

+

主语从句”中，主语从句要虚拟。It

is

necessary

that

the

problem

(should)

be

discussed

at

once.立刻讨论这个问题很有必要。It

is

strange

that

he

(should)

have

so

many

friends.太奇怪了，他有那么多的朋友。It

has

been

decided

that

the

meeting

(should)

be

put

off.已经决定推迟这个会议。六虚拟语气：主语从句（二）

It

is

a

pity

that（表出乎意料的遗憾，要虚拟）It

is

a

pity

that

he

should

miss

such

a

golden

opportunity.真可惜，他竟会失去这样一个绝好的机会。It

is

a

pity

that

there

should

be

so

little

charity

abroad.外间竟然这么缺少仁爱，这是很可惜的。（以下是不需采用虚拟语气的例句，因为没有表示出乎意料之意）It

is

a

pity

that

we

shall

have

to

leave

tomorrow.我们明天必须离开，真是遗憾。It

is

a

pity

that

he

didn't

come

to

the

party.遗憾的是他没来参加晚会。I

think

it

is

a

pity

that

you

could

not

come.你不能来，我深深惋惜。It

is

a

pity

that

he

does

not

wish

more

often

to

write

the

letter.可惜的是他不愿更经常写信。It

is

a

pity

that

you

missed

the

party.你未能参加聚会，真是遗憾。It

is

a

pity

(that)

he

lost

so

much

money.他损失这么多钱，真是遗憾。同类的句型还有：It

is

a

shame

that...It

is

incredible

that...It

is

strange

that...It

is

no

wonder

that...分裂句与主语从句的区别

注意事项：1.

在主语从句中，把It

was

…

that去掉之后，就已经完全不像一个句子了。2.

在强调句中，把It

was

…

that去掉之后，还基本上像个句子。3.

主语从句有以下的引导词：what,

who,

whom,

whose,

which,

whatever,

whoever,

whichever4.

强调句的引导词只有：that,

who。主语从句：It

was

strange

that

he

had

made

a

mistake.

如果把，It

was

…

that

去掉以后，剩下strange

he

had

made

a

mistake.就不算是句子了。真奇怪，他竟然错了。It's

not

yet

known

what

she

did她做什么还不得而知。It

is

immaterial

where

or

when

he

goes.他去何处或何时去是无关紧要的。It

is

said

that…,

和It

is

reported

that…这样的结构，后面接的是主语从句：It

is

said

that

he’s

got

married.听说他已经结婚了。强调句：It

was

she

that

had

been

wrong.（强调主语）如果把，It

was

…

that

去掉以后，剩下she

had

been

wrong.还勉强算的上是一个句子。错的是她。It

was

this

novel

that

they

talked

about

last

night.（强调宾语）他们昨晚谈论的是这部小说。It

was

in

London

that

I

first

saw

her.（强调地点状语）我是在伦敦第一次见到她的。宾语从句

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。一宾语从句：短语动词

Please

go

and

find

out

when

the

train

will

arrive.请去弄清楚火车什么时候到。The

teacher

pointed

out

that

Tom

hadn't

studied

hard

enough.老师指出汤姆学习不够努力。That

depends

on

how

you

do

it.那得看你怎么做的。二宾语从句：及物动词

Everybody

knows

that

money

doesn't

grow

on

trees.谁都知道钱不是长在树上。Do

you

know

where

I

can

find

her?你知道在什么地方可以找到她？Have

you

decided

where

you

will

go

for

a

holiday?你有没有决定到什么地方去度假？三宾语从句：介词的宾语

I

am

curious

as

to

what

they

are

going

to

do

next.我对他们下一步打算做什么很感兴趣。The

twin

sisters

differ

only

in

that

one

is

a

bit

fatter

than

the

other

one.这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。I

am

interested

in

what

she

is

doing.我对她做的事感兴趣。四宾语从句：否定的转移

有些表示思想和感情的动词之后的宾语从句中的否定式可以注意到这些动词之前。I

don't

suppose

you're

used

to

this

diet.=

I

suppose

you

aren't

used

to

this

diet.我想你不习惯这种饮食。I

don't

imagine

she

will

win

the

championship.=

I

imagine

she

won't

win

the

championship.我认为她得不了冠军。

I

didn't

expect

she

would

pass

the

entrance

examination.I

expected

she

wouldn't

pass

the

entrance

examination.我以为她不能通过入学考试。以下括号内的句子比较不自然，但是也是可能出现的。I

don't

think

we

have

got

enough

time.(=

I

think

we

haven't

got

enough

time.)我觉得我们的时间不够。I

don't

believe

she'll

arrive

before

8.(=

I

believe

she

won't

arrive

before

8.)我相信她8点之前不会到。五虚拟语气：宾语从句（一）

一些含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用should+原形动词结构,should往往可以省略。这类动词有:advise,

arrange,

command,

demand,

desire,

insist,

order,

propose,

require,request,

suggest等。I

suggested

that

he

study

harder.我建议他用功一些。（这一题要特别注意：为什么study用原形。）I

insisted

that

he

(should)

go.我强调他应当去。She

commanded

that

we

(should)

attack

at

once.她命令我们必须立刻进攻。I

demand

that

John

go

there

at

once.我要求约翰必须立刻到那儿去。六虚拟语气：宾语从句（二）

请注意：易错点。insist：坚持认为（不虚拟）She

insisted

that

he

was

wrong.她坚持认为他错了。insist：坚决主张,坚决要求（要虚拟）He

insisted

that

we

(should)

accept

these

gifts.他一定要我们收下这些礼物。Jane

insisted

that

he

be

present.珍坚持要他出席。suggest：暗示，表明（不虚拟）Opinion

polls

suggest

that

only

10%

of

the

population

trusts

the

government.民意测验表明只有百分之十的人口信任政府。I'm

not

suggesting

that

is

what

is

happening.我并不是在暗示那意味着发生了什么事。

suggest：建议,提议（要虚拟）I

suggest

that

you

tear

up

the

composition

and

start

over

again.我建议你把这篇作文撕掉，再从头开始写。I

would

suggest

that

we

should

appeal

science

to

put

us

straight.我觉得我们应该用科学进行整顿。宾语从句的省略引导宾语从句的that之后接的从句不长时，可以省略。如果that后面的宾语从句较长时，that不能省略。I

hope

(that)

you'll

be

fine

soon.我希望你尽快康复。Now

scientists

warn

that

if

not

under

control,

the

unseen

energy

waves,

"electric

smog",

may

be

hazardous

to

our

health.现在科学家警告说，有一种肉眼看不到的能波，即"电子烟尘"，如果不加以控制，可能危害人类的健康。定语从句

定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。先行词和引导词

被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。关系代词和关系副词

关系代词有：who,

whom,

whose,

that,

which,

as。关系副词有：when,

where,

why。注意：关系副词里面没有

how。如果要修饰方式

way

，用

that

或

in

which

引导，或者不用引导词。I

don’t

like

the

way

(that,

in

which)

he

eyed

me.

我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。先行词是人：多用who（一）

先行词是人而关系代词在限制性定语从句中做主语时，下列情况多用who，也可用that，但是用who更常见。Is

he

the

man

who/that

wants

to

see

you?

他就是你想见的人吗？

A

friend

who/that

helps

you

in

time

of

need

is

a

real

friend.患难之交才是真朋友。先行词是人：多用who（二）一、先行词是人称代词he,

they,

one(s)或指示代词those时，引导词多用who。Those

who

want

to

go

to

the

Great

Wall

sign

up

here.要去长城的人在这儿签名。Time

goes

fast

for

one

who

has

a

sense

of

beauty.对一个有美感的人时间总是快速而过的。

二、先行词是指人的序数词或是被序数词修饰时。The

first

man

who

talks

to

me

will

receive

a

surprising

present.第一个和我对话的人将获得一份惊喜的礼物，引导词多用who。

They

were

the

first

who

were

here.

他们是第一批到达这儿的人。先行词是人：多用whom

先行词是人而关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语时，下列情况多用whom，也可用that，但是更多的情况下是采用省略关系代词。关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语：whom/

that，更多省略He

is

the

man

(whom/

that)

I

saw

yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。The

students

(whom/

that)

you

teach

are

now

doing

experiments.你任教的学生这时在做作业。Then

I

telephoned

the

doctor

(whom)

Mr.

White

recommended.然后我打电话给怀特先生推荐的那个医生。先行词是人：只能用whom的情况先行词是人而关系代词在限制性定语从句中做介宾时，只能用whom。This

is

the

man

to

whom

I

referred.这就是我提到过的那个人。The

people

with

whom

he

worked

thought

he

was

a

bit

strange.和他一起工作的人认为他有点奇怪。先行词是人：只能用that的情况先行词是人时，在以下情况下，只能用that。一、主句中包含疑问代词who或which时。

Who

is

the

man

that

is

standing

by

the

door?站在门边的那个人是谁呀Who

that

has

ever

worked

with

him

doesn’t

admire

him?曾经和他一起工作过的人谁不称赞他？Which

of

us

that

knows

anything

does

not

know

this?我们中凡是稍有常识的人哪一个不懂得这个？二、关系代词在从句中做表语时。He

is

no

longer

the

simple-minded

man

that

he

was

five

years

ago.他不是五年前那个头脑简单的人了。三、关系代词在从句中做宾补时。He

is

not

the

fool

(that)

you

thought

him.他并不像你想象的那样傻。四、有两个先行词，而一个是人，另一个是物时。

He

spoke

largely

of

the

men

and

the

things

that

he

had

seen.

他主要讲了他所见到的人和物。五、先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。

He

is

the

bravest

man

that

I

have

ever

seen.他是我所见过的最勇敢的人。六、先行词被all,

any,

no,

only,

same,

very等修饰时。

Ask

Tom

or

any

other

student

that

was

there.问问汤姆或是任何一位当时在那儿的学生。He

is

the

very

boy

that

I

am

looking

for.他就是我在找的那个男孩。先行词是人：不能用that先行词是人时，在以下情况下，只能用who/whom，不用that。一、定语从句中的引导词和谓语动词被其他成分所分隔。He

was

a

man

who,

if

had

been

properly

supported,

would

have

worked

wonders.如果当时给与适当的支持，他是一个本该创造出奇迹的人。二、当先行词是集体名词被看作一群个体时。The

crew

who

were

all

asleep

forgot

to

hoist

the

lantern.熟睡的船员们全都忘了挂灯。注意：当先行词是集体名词被看作一个整体时，关系代词要用which。先行词是人：多用which一、当先行词指婴幼儿、小孩时。He

made

a

face

to

the

child

which

was

in

the

mother's

arm.

他对抱在母亲怀中的婴儿做了个鬼脸。二、当先行词是集体名词被看作一个整体时。The

group

which

is

made

up

of

ten

members

is

responsible

for

this

decision.由10人组成的那个小组负责这项决定。注意：当先行词是集体名词被看作一群个体时，关系代词要用who。三、当先行词强调人物的身份（特征）、地位时。He

talked

like

a

foreigner

which/

that

he

hardly

was.

他说起话来像个外国人，而他根本就不是。四、当先行词强调个人的性格（特征）时。He

is

the

man

which/

that

he

was.

他还是象过去那个老样子。Bonny

is

quite

different

from

the

girl

which/

that

I

thought

her

to

be.

邦妮完全不是我曾认为的那种女孩。五、当先行词强调人的品德（特征）时。He

is

a

gentleman

which/

that

his

little

brother

isn't.

他很有绅士风度，他弟弟却没有。状语从句

在句子中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导。时间状语从句：

When

Susan

goes

to

town,

she

will

visit

her

grandma.苏珊每次进程，总要去看望她奶奶。地点状语从句：

I

will

go

where

I

am

needed.哪里需要我，我就到哪里去。方式状语从句：

I

have

changed

it

as

you

suggest.我已经按照你的建议作了改变。原因状语从句：

Mary

didn’t

go

shopping

because

I

advised

her

not

to.玛丽没有去购物，因为我劝她不要去。目的状语从句：

They

worked

hard

in

order

that

they

might

succeed.他们努力工作，以便能够获得成功。结果状语从句：

Waste

must

be

treated

so

that

it

does

not

become

a

danger

to

life.废物必须进行处理，这样它才不会成为危害生命的东西。条件状语从句：

If

he

works

hard,

he

will

surely

succeed.如果努力工作，他肯定会成功。让步状语从句：

Though

we

are

all

different,

we

need

never

be

separate.比较状语从句：I

was

happier

than

I

had

ever

been

in

my

life.这是我一生中最快乐的时光。时间状语从句：after时间状语从句由下列连词引导：after,

as,

before,

once,

since,

till,

until,

when,

whenever,

while,

as

soon

asLet's

wait

till

the

rain

stops.

咱们等到雨停再说吧。Once

the

train

is

moving,

there's

no

way

to

stop

it.火车一旦开动就没办法让它停下来。They

were

scolded

whenever

they

were

late

for

school.每次他们上学迟到都挨骂。时间状语从句：themoment

有一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句：

the

minute,

the

moment,

every

time,

the

first

timeThe

moment

he

reached

the

country,

he

started

his

search.他一到达这个国家，就开始他的探寻工作Every

time

I

saw

the

straw

hat,

it

reminded

me

of

the

tour

I

made

years

before.

每当我看到那顶草帽，它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。I

thought

her

nice

and

honest

the

first

time

I

met

her.

我第一次见到她就觉得她诚实而友善。时间状语从句：directly

有一些表示时间的副词也可用来引导时间状语从句：

Directly

the

master

came

in,

everyone

was

quet.

校长一进来，

大家就安静下来。The

young

lady

rushed

into

the

room

immediately

she

heard

the

noise.

那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。时间状语从句：as的用法

一.

某事一发生，另一事立即发生As

the

sun

rose

the

frog

dispersed.太阳一出来雾就消散。They

strolled

into

the

garden

as

the

music

ceased.音乐声一停，他们就走进花园。二.

在某事发生的过程中另一事发生I

heard

the

murmur

of

their

voices

as

I

crossed

the

hall.我走过大厅的时候听到他们在嘀咕什么。（两个动作都是一般时态）Just

as

he

was

speaking

there

was

a

loud

explosion.正当他在说话的时候，一声巨响。（从句用进行时态）三.

两个动作同时发生He

smiled

as

he

passed.他路过的时候笑了一下。（两个都是短暂动作）As

she

sang,

the

tears

ran

down

her

cheeks.她一边唱歌，眼泪一边从脸颊淌下。

Helen

heard

the

story

as

she

washed.海伦一边洗衣服一边听故事。He

saw

that

she

was

smiling

as

she

read.他看到她一边看着书一边笑。（两个都是延续性动作）We

get

wiser

as

we

get

older.我们随着年龄的增长而变得聪明起来。（随着时间的变化而变化）时间状语从句：when的用法

以when引导的时间状语从句中，既可用短暂性动作也可用延续性动作。I

bought

the

car

when

I

received

my

first

salary.（短暂性动作）我是在领第一笔薪水的时候买的车。Don’t

get

excited

when

you

talk.（延续性动作）说话的时候不要激动。when容易与时间状语从句混淆的例子

请注意：此项中when引导的都不是时间状语从句。She

had

just

finished

dressing

when

her

guests

came

in.她刚刚穿戴完毕，这时她的客人进来了。这里的when不是从属连词，而是并列连词。所以它引导的是并列句。象这类问题有以下主要特征：1.

when

后面的分句动词必须是瞬间动词，用于表示突然性：We

were

about

to

start

when

it

began

to

rain.正当我们要出发的时候，突然下雨了。

2.

when

前面的分句是过去进行时：He

was

still

smiling

when

the

door

opened

and

his

wife

came

in.他正笑着，突然门开了，他的妻子走了进来。

3.

when

前面的分句含有be

about

to,

be

on

the

point

of:He

was

on

the

point

of

leaving

when

someone

knocked

at

the

door.他正要出发的时候，突然有人敲门。

4.

when

前面的分句采用过去完成时或是过去完成进行时：We

had

just

fallen

asleep

when

the

telephone

rang.我们刚刚入睡，突然电话铃声响了。The

plane

had

been

planting

seed

for

nearly

a

month

when

it

began

to

rain.飞机播种了近一个月，这时天才下雨。时间状语从句：while的用法以while引导的时间状语从句中，只能用延续性动作。They

arrived

while

I

was

sunbathing.当我正在进行日光浴时，他们来了。We

must

strike

while

the

iron

is

hot.我们必须趁热打铁。While

the

discussion

was

still

going

on,

Mr

Zhang

came

in.当讨论还在进行的时候，张先生进来了。原因状语从句because,

as,

since,

用来引导原因状语从句。for虽然也是表示原因，但是它不是从属连词，而是并列连词。1.

because

表示最强的因果关系，表达听话者未知的原因，because引导的从句通常放在后面，表示强调时也可放在前面。because引导的从句可以用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。He

got

the

job

because

he

was

the

best

candidate.他得到那份工作，因为他是最佳人选。

Just

I

didn’t

complain,

they

thought

I

was

satisfied.就因为我没有发牢骚，他们以为我很满意。“Why

can’t

I

go?”

”Because

you

are

too

young.”为什么我不能去？因为你年纪太小。

2.

as

所表示的原因通常是听话者已经知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

As

all

the

seats

were

full,

he

stood

up.由于所有的座位都满了，他只好站着。Perhaps

she’ll

need

some

help,

especially

as

she’s

been

ill.她可能需要帮助，尤其是因为她一直有病。

3.since所表示的原因通常也是听话者已经知道的。同样since也不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。Since

you

are

going,

I

will

go

too.既然你要去，我也去吧。

4.

for

从语法分析的角度来说，它不是引导状语从句，而是构成一个并列句。

for

通常用于书面语，它通常不表示因果关系，而是对前面的分句进行补充说明。for-分句通常放在句末，for

之前有逗号。He

laughed

little,

for

he

was

a

sad

man.他很少发笑，因为他是个多愁的人。She

was

clearly

upset,

for

her

eyes

were

filled

with

tears.她显然心烦意乱，因为她眼眶里饱含泪水。地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where，wherever引导。Where

he

made

mistakes,

he

admitted

these

willingly.他在什么地方做错了事，他都乐于承认这些错误。Put

it

where

we

can

see

it.把它放在我们能看得见的地方。Wherever

there

is

injustice,

we’ll

try

to

help.凡有不公正的地方，我们都会尽力帮助。Let’s

go

wherever

this

path

will

take

us.

我们就顺着这条小路走，走到哪儿就算哪儿。表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。What

the

police

want

to

know

is

when

you

entered

the

room.警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。as

if,

as

though,

because也可用来引导表语从句。

She

seems

as

if

she

had

done

a

great

thing.她看起来好像做了一件大事。It

is

because

you

eat

too

much.那是因为你吃得太多了。虚拟语气：表语从句主语是idea,

notion,

proposal,

suggestion,

request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。My

suggestion

is

that

we

(should)

go

and

help

him.我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。Our

only

request

is

that

this

should

be

settled

as

soon

as

possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。同位语从句

同位语从句：whetherwhether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。He

hasn’t

made

the

decision

whether

he

will

go

there.他还没有做出决定是否去那里。I

have

small

doubt

whether

he

is

suitable

for

the

job.他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。同位语从句：that有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句：We

came

to

the

decision

that

we

must

act

at

once.我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。He

made

a

proposal

that

the

meeting

be

postpone.他提议会议延期。

There

was

little

hope

that

he

would

survive.他幸存的希望很小。在非正式语体中that可以省略。以下名词常用于以上句型：advice,

announcement,

argument,

belief,

claim,

conclusion,decision,

evidence,

explanation,

fact,

feeling,

hope,

idea,

impression,

information,knowledge,

message,

news,

opinion,

order,

probability,

promise,

proposal,remark,

reply,

report,

saying,

statement,

suggestion,

thought,

treat,

warning,

wish,

word同位语从句：what

what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词I

have

no

idea

what

he

is

doing

now.我不知道他现在在干什么。同位语从句：howhow可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词It’s

a

question

how

he

did

it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。同位语从句：who等

who,

whom,

which,

when,

where,

why用来引导同位语从句The

question

who

should

do

the

work

requires

consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。She

raised

the

question

where

we

could

get

the

fund.她提出这个问题：我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。同位语从句和定语从句的区别（1）同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。（2）that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。（3）whether,

what,

how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。（4）从词义角度看问题

who,

whom,

which,

when,

where,

why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义；它们用来引导定语从句时，不具有疑问词的含义。

从搭配角度看问题

who,

whom,

which,

when,

where,

why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强，如：先行词是“人”，引导词用“who”等，而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question,

idea,

doubt等”。限制性与非限制性从句

一、限制性定语从句是对先行词加以修饰或限制的，就整个句子的完整性来讲，它是不可或缺的。

He

is

the

man

whom

I

saw

in

the

park

yesterday二、非限制性定语从句是对先行词或整个主句加以补充说明，就整个句子的完整性来讲，它并不是必不可少的。She

is

very

fond

of

speaking

English,

which

indeed

she

speaks

well.限定性关系从句

这类从句修饰前面的名词，使其有别于其他同类名词。这类从句对清楚了解所修饰名词的特征是必不可少的：Themanwhotoldmethisrefusedtogivemehisname．告诉我这件事的那个人拒不说出他的姓名。whotoldmethis是关系从句。如果省略，句中所提到的那个人是谁就不清楚了。要注意，在被修饰的名词和限定性关系从句之间不加逗号。限定性关系从句常常跟在the+名词之后，但也可以用于a／an+名词、不加the的复数名词、代词all，none，anybody，somebody等以及those之后。a／an+名词、不带the的复数名词及somebody／someone／some－thing之后的从句有时只是间接地限定这些名词／代词。在这种情况下名词／代词常常是动词或介词的宾语：Imetsomeonewhosaidheknewyou．我碰到了说自己认识你的一个人。Thebookisaboutagirlwhofallsinlovewith…这本书是关于一个女孩，她爱上了……有时这些从句由一个词或短语将它们与名词／代词分开：There’samanherewhowants…这儿有个男人，他想要……Isawsomethinginthepaperwhichwouldinterestyou．我在报上看到了一些你会感兴趣的东西。但是，通常关系从句应该紧跟在它们修饰的名词或代词之后：Thenoisethathemadewokeeverybodyup．他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。ShewasannoyedbysomethingthatIhadsaid．她为我说的某句话而不高兴。用于限定性关系从句的关系代词

词形变化如下：指人的限定性关系从句

A主格用who或that，通常用who：Themanwhorobbedyouhasbeenarrested．抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。Thegirlswhoserveintheshoparetheowner’sdaughters．在店里接待顾客的那几个女孩都是店老板的女儿。Onlythosewhohadbookedinadvancewereallowedin．只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。Wouldanyonewhosawtheaccidentpleasegetintouchwiththepolice？凡亲眼看见发生事故的人请与警方联系。但是在all，everyone，everybody，noone，nobody和those后面，也可用that替代who：Everyonewho／thatknewhimlikedhim．认得他的人都喜欢他。Nobodywho／thatwatchedthematchwilleverforgetit．看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。B动词的宾语用whom，who或that。指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom，但这被认为是十分正规的说法。在口语中经常使用who和that来代替whom（that比who更常用）；更加普遍的是索性把宾格关系代词省略：ThemanwhomIsawtoldmetocomebacktoday．我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。或：ThemanwhoIsaw…ThemanthatIsaw…ThemanIsaw…（省略关系代词）Thegirlswhomheemploysarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay．他雇用的那些女孩子们老是抱怨薪水太低。或：Thegirlswhoheemploys…Thegirlsthatheemploys…Thegirlsheemploys…（省略关系代词）C介词的宾语用whom或that。在正规的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前，这时关系代词必须使用whom这一形式：themantowhomIspoke我跟说话的那个人而在非正式的口语中经常把介词置于句末。这时用that来代替whom，但更加普遍的是索性省略关系代词：themanwho／whomIspoketothemanthatIspoketothemanIspoketo同样：ThemanfromwhomIboughtittoldmetooilit．卖给我这件东西的那个人嘱咐我给它上点油。或：Themanwho／thatIboughtitfrom…ThemanIboughtitfrom…ThefriendwithwhomIwastravellingspokeFrench．和我一起旅行的那个朋友讲法语。或：Thefriendwho／thatIwastravellingwith…ThefriendIwastravellingwith…D所有格关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式：Peoplewhoserentshavebeenraisedcanappeal．那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。Thefilmisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim．这部电影是关于一个被自己妻子出卖的间谍的故事。指物的限定性关系从句

A主语用which或that，而which较正式：Thisisthepicturewhich／thatcansedsuchasensation．这就是那部轰动一时的电影。Thestairswhich／thatleadtothecellarareratherslippery．通向地窖的楼梯相当滑。B动词的宾语用which，that或干脆省略关系代词：Thecarwhich／thatIhiredbrokedown．或：我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。ThecarIhired…一般在all，everything，little，much，none，no，由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which，而常用that。如果这个关系代词是动词的宾语时也可省略：Alltheapplesthatfallareeatenbythepigs．掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。Thisisthebesthotel（that）Iknow．这是我所知道的最好的饭店。C介词的宾语规范的结构是介词+which，但通常都把介词移到从句的末尾，用关系代词which，that或干脆省去关系代词：TheladderonwhichIwasstandingbegantoslip．我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。或：Theladderwhich／thatIwasstandingonbegantoslip．TheladderIwasstandingonbegantoslip．D所有格可以用whose+从句这种结构，但通常是用with+短语这种结构来代替它：ahousewhosewallsweremadeofglass用玻璃做墙的房子ahousewithglasswalls（译文同上）E关系副词用when，where，why。注意：when可以代替用于指时间的in／onwhich：theyearwhen（＝inwhich）hewasborn他出生的那一年thedaywhen（=onwhich）theyarrived他们到达的那一天where可以代替用于指地点的in／atwhich：thehotel／where（=in／atwhich）theywerestaying他们当时住的旅店why可代替forwhich：Thereasonwhyherefusedis…他拒绝的理由是……when，where和why有这种用法时叫做关系副词。非限定性关系从句

A非限定性关系从句位于确定的名词之后。因此它对这类名词不作限定性描述，仅对该词作进一步说明作为补充而已。它不同于限定性关系从句，在句中并非必不可少，即使省略也不会引起意义上的混乱。它不同于限定性关系从句之处还在于它与被说明的名词之间用逗号隔开。非限定性关系从句中的关系代词绝对不能省略。这种句子结构相当正规，在书面语中用得比口语中多。B用于非限定性关系从句中的关系代词：指人的非限定性关系从句

A主语只能用who。注意逗号：Myneighbour，whoisverypessimistic，saystherewillbenoapplesthisyear．我的邻居极为悲观，他说今年苹果将不会有收成。Peter，whohadbeendrivingallday，suggestedstoppingatthenexttown．彼得开了整整一天车，他建议在下一个城镇停留。这一类紧接在句子的主语之后的从句主要见于书面英语。在口语里常常这么说：Myneighbourisverypessimisticandsays…我的邻居很悲观，并说……Peterhadbeendrivingallday，so／andhesuggested…彼得开了整整一天车，因此他建议……但位于句中较后部分的从句，即在主要动词的宾语之后的从句，在口语中是相当普遍的：I’veinvitedAnn，wholivesinthenextflat．我已经邀请了安，她就住在隔壁的套房里。从句跟在介词+名词之后也较为普遍：IpassedthelettertoPeter，whowassittingbesideme．我把信递给了彼得，他就坐在我旁边。B动词的宾语用whom，who。这类宾格代词在句中不能省略。尽管有时在日常口语中用who作宾格关系代词，但正确的形式应是whom：Peter，whomeveryonesuspected，turnedouttobeinnocent．彼得，大家都怀疑他，结果证明是无罪的。如上所示，在这个位置的非限定性关系从句在口语中是不常用的。通常很可能这么说：EveryonesuspectedPeter，butheturnedouttobeinnocent．大家都怀疑彼得，但结果证明他是无罪的。但在口语中常见到非限定性关系从句出现在句中较后的位置，即在主要动词的宾语之后或介词+名词之后：ShewantedTom，whomsheliked，asapartner；butshegotJack，whomshedidn’tlike.她想要她所喜欢的汤姆作为伴侣，可是却得到了她所不喜欢的杰克。Sheintroducedmetoherhusband，whomIhadn’tmetbefore．她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。C介词的宾语用whom。这个代词在句中不能省略，介词常常位于它之前：MrJones，forwhomIwasworking，wasverygenerousaboutovertimepayments．琼斯先生，我当时给干活的那位，常是很慷慨地付给加班加点的报酬。然而把介词移到从句之后也是可以的。这在口语中是非常普遍的，此时who往往取代whom：MrJones，who/whomIwasworkingfor，…如果从句中含有一个表示时间或地点的短语，该短语要留在从句之末：Peter，withwhomIplayedtennisonSundays，wasfitterthanme．彼得，星期天我常跟打网球的那位，身体比我健康。这个句子可改为：Peter，who/whomIplayedtenniswithonSundays，wasfitterthanme．D所有格用whose。Ann，whosechildrenareatschoolallday，istryingtogetajob．安的孩子们整天都在学校，所以她在想办法找份工作。ThisisGeorge，whoseclassyouwillbetaking这一位是乔治，你就要接他的课。在口语中，很可能这么说：Ann’schildrenareatschoolallday，soshe…ThisisGeorge．Youwillbetakinghisclass．

指物的非限定性关系从句

A主格用which，这里不用that：Thatblock，Whichcost￡5milliontobuild，hasbeenemptyfofyears．那个街区，就是花费了500万英镑建起来的那个，已经空置了多年了。The8