二词的基本构成

第二单元

英语

基本构词法第2单元教研室：外语系专业英语教研室教师姓名：肖玉凌课程名称:英语词汇学讲授内容及时间分配:2hours授课专业及班次13级授课内容Wordtheformation

授课方式及学时Lecture：2h目的要求1)What’smorpheme?WhatisFree/Boundmorpheme?

2)

Theclassificationofmorphemes.3)What’sderivation?Whatsuffixationandprefixation?

4)

Thepurposesofaffixationandtheirorigins重点与难点:Thefunctionandcharacteristicsofprefixesandsufixes参考资料:1.英语词汇学.张维友.外语教学与研究出版社1996.2.现代英语词汇学.陆国强.上海外语教学出版社1998.3.现代汉语词汇研究.曹炜.北京大学出版社2004.4.英语词汇学.汪榕培.上海外语教学出版社2008.本章基本概念1Wordcanbemadeofoneormoremorpheme2AmorphemeisthesmallestunitofmeaninginawordFreemorpheme(自由词素)3BoundAllomorph(词素变体)Morpheme(粘着词素)本章基本概念4root(词根)stem(词干)affix(词缀)5inflectionalaffix(曲折词缀)——数,格,体derivationalaffix(衍生词缀)6Derivative(派生词)7Compound(复合词)MorphemesMorpheme:thesmallestunitofmeaninginaword.Morph:Thephysicalformamorpheme.Allomorph:Avariantofamorpheme.

Freemorphemes:Somemorphemeslikeboy,desire,gentle,andmanmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.

(identicalwithwords)Boundmorphemes:mustappearwithatleastonedifferentmorpheme,

chieflyfoundinderivedwords.toperformaparticulargrammaticfunctioneg：-ly,-ness,-ish,dis-,trans-,andun-aspartsofwords.

MorphsandAllomorphsmorpheme

﹛would﹜

morph

morphmorphmorphallomorphs/wud//wəd//əd//d/8MorphsandAllomorphsThedefinitionofmorphs：[mɔːf]

Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。

Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.

形素是口语中最小的意义载体。MorphsandAllomorphsWhatisanallomorph?[‘æləmɔːf]Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。Eg：Whenthepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofmorpheme{s}.SimpleandcomplexwordsSimplewordsword,and,if,we,thus,that,these,the,have,come,go,end,us,sum,sound,meanComplexwordsdevelopment,freely,different,differently,basically,meaning,misunderstand,misunderstanding,commonly,speakerblackboard,classroom,textbook,viewpoint,go-between,sportsman,sportsmanship,sportwomanMorphemeandWord-formationmorphemefreemorphemefreerootboundmorphemeaffixderivationalaffixprefixsuffixinflectionalaffixboundrootBoundmorphemeincludes:boundrootandaffix(缀词）TheEnglishlanguagepossessesamultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorpheme,e.gantecedent,whichcanbebrokendownintoante-,-ced-and-ent.

Amongthem,-ced-isarootmeaning"approach","goto",

ante-,aprefixmeaning"before,and

-entanounsuffixmeaning"aperson,athing".=="somethingthatgoesbefore"root是一个单词的基本形式,表达该词的意思,而且不论是加上前缀或者后缀都不会改变root的意思.准确的说,root是当一个单词去掉所有的词缀（前缀和后缀）后剩下的那一部分.如：unusefully,去掉-un,-ful和-ly后,词根就是use.stem是指在root或者stem上加上词缀后的形式,如：unhappy,其root是happy,如果在unhappy后加上-ness,那么unhappy就可以认为是添加新的词缀的stem.也就是说,stem是某个单词去掉所有的曲折词缀（不是派生词缀）后剩下的部分.Ps:例子详见P40基本构词方法词缀法affixation/derivation复合法compounding/composition转化法conversion

功能转换法functionalshift

转移法transmutation1词缀法(affixation/derivation)

byaddingderivationalaffixestostems.(alsoknownasderivation(派生法).)词缀法(affixation/derivation)

itcontainstwoparts:1)inflections2)derivationsWordformationDerivationshowstherelationshipbetweenrootsandaffixesInflectionaffix:-s,-es,-ed,-’s…

Inflectionaffixescan’tchangethewordsclass(excepten+,be+)butderivation(bothY/N)

InflectionalaffixDerivationalaffix1.Inflectionalaffixesveryoftenonlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem.屈折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的语法意义。Derivationalaffixesoftenchangethelexicalmeaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义2.InflectionalaffixesdonotchangetheWordclasstheyattachto.屈折词缀不改变词类。Derivationalaffixesmightchangethewordclass派生词缀可能改变词类3.InflectionalaffixesareconditionedbyNonsemanticlinguisticfactorsoutsidethewordtheyattachtobutwithinthephraseorsentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内。Eg.Theboylikesto…Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。Derivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。例如，clever和cleverness之间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“cleverness”4.Inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分是后缀Derivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀。5.

Wordformation

affix:Prefixes前缀(un-,anti-,bi-,en-,…)

Suffixes后缀(-ion,-ing,-less,…)DifferentaffixeshavedifferentmeaningsandfunctionsDerivativecanchangethewordclassorpreserve1)Wordclasschangedn→v-en→lengthen;-ize→hospitalizen→adj-ish→foolish;-ly→beastlyn→adv-wise→clockwise;-ward→earthwardv→n-er,or→worker;-ee→payeev→adj-able→acceptableadj→n-ness→meanness;-ity→rappidityadj→v-en→deafenadj→adv-ly→exactly2)Preservethewordclassprefix:pre-preamble(导言)precaution(预防)

Compounding复合法Definition(alsocalledcomposition):istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningtwoormorewords.1.在语法上，复合词有两个明显的特点：

a.复合词组合不受英语句法的限制，而且结构特殊。例如：在名词前有动词作修饰成分的复合词，pickpocket（n.扒手）、breakwater（n.防波堤）、又如：将名词和过去分词放在一起组成的复合词，handpicked（a.精选的）、duty-bound（a.义不容辞的）、再如：形容词和过去分词放在一起组合的复合词，low-paid(a.工资低的)，full-grown(a.已经长成的)。这些复合词中的结构在一般自由词组里是不允许的b.复合词作为一个词，在句中充当一个成分，具有独立成分的特点，所以只能在复合词的词尾有变化，而不能在词的中间有变化。复合词的复数形式一般在后一个成分上表示，如mailboxes，blackboards等。但也有例外，例如sons-in-law(女婿)，womenteachers等。在复合词中作为修饰成分的形容词一般没有比较级和最高级。例如：hotdog（热狗）；hotline(热线)；fastfood（快餐）；highschool(中学)……但highereducation（高等教育）、eldersister（姐姐）、eldestsister（大姐）等都是正确的复合词2.在语义上，复合词具有以下几个特点：a.复合词有较为固定的语义。有的复合词可根据两个组成部分的字面意义去理解。例如：blogsphere/blogosphere(博客界、博客领域)acomputergame(电脑游戏)heartfailure（心力衰竭）……而有的复合词意义则并不是原来两个独立词的语义的简单相加。例如：brainchild（脑力劳动的产物，如作品、思想、设想、发现等），whitelie(善意的谎言)b.词的组成成分之间的语义关系是多种多样的。一般来说，第一部分限定或修饰第二部分，如：acoldwinter寒冷的冬天winter-cold像冬天一样寒冷但有些词不是这样，如paper-cut（剪纸）有些复合词受到法语词序的影响，如：secretarygeneral总书记presidentelect当选总统c.有些复合词是运用隐喻、换喻和提喻等手段产生出来的，这些词既形象又生动。如：DreamTeam(梦之队，指由最佳人选组成的团队)light-hearted（心情舒畅的）short-handed（人手短缺的）snow-white(雪白的)3.在语音上：复合词的重音一般落在第一个组合成分上，例如：a'blackboard(教学用的黑板)an'Englishteacher(英语教师)’shorthand(速记)'Whitehouse（美国总统府/白宫）而与它们对应的自由词组的重音一般落在两个组合成分上，例如：a'black'board(黑色的木板)a'white'house(白色的房屋)an'English'teachera'short'hand(钟表的短时针)复合形容词复合动词复合数词ClassificationNouncompoundsAdjectivalcompoundsVerbcompoundsNouncompoundsnoun+nounadj+nounadv+nounv+nounv-ing+nounnoun+vadv+vv+advnoun+v-ingprep+nounincludeBesidesthose,westillhaveothermethods(lessimportant):A.adv+v-ing:uprising(起义)B.v-ing+adv:taking-off(起飞)soon..

eg:bathroom,housewife,spaceship,Website,matchmaker(媒人)，firefighter,bulldog,desktop,schoolteacher,barcode,andsoon...."Noun+noun""Adj+noun"eg:blueprint,compactdisc(激光唱盘)，deadline，oldage;"Adv+noun"eg:offchance,overdose,underclothes,upgrade"V+Noun"

eg:driveway,jumpsuit(跳伞服)，workbook；

“V-ing+noun”

eg:learning

strategy,marketing

campaigh,parkingmeter(停车计时器)。。

“Noun+v”

eg:daybreak,earthquake,haircut,heartbeat,snowfall,weblog;

"Adv+v"

eg:downfall,income,offset,output,uplift;

LOREMeg:get-together(联欢会),handout,makeup,play-off,turnabout"Noun+v-ing"eg:air-conditioning,brainstorming,familyplanning"Prep+noun"eg:afternoon,by-product,overcoat"V+adv"LOREMIPSUMDOLORN+adj:airsick,brand-new,bulletproof,duty-free;Adj+adj:dark-blue,green-blind;icy-cold;Adv+adj:all-mighty,evergreen,overripe;FocusonadjAdj+n:WhiteHouse,short-term,NewYear,easychair,HighCourt;V+n:breakneck,cross-country,cut-price..N+N-ed:chicken-hearted,dog-eared..Adj+N-ed:warm-hearted,bad-tempered,long-haired..FocusonnounN+v-ing:energy-saving,time-consuming;Adj/adv+v-ing:easy-going,well-meaning,good-looking,far-reaching;N+v-ed:poverty-stricken,mass-produced;Adj/adv+v-ed:absent-minded,half-done,newly-built;Focusonv-ingandv-edAdjectivalcompoundsAdv+v:cross-question(盘问),offset（抵消）,outweigh（胜过）,overeat,overwork（过度工作）,undergo,upgrade,uphold,withdraw（撤退）,overcharge,outeat（吃得比。。多）andsoon..另一些由“adj+v”构成：eg:ill-treat(虐待)，whitewash(粉刷)。。。VerbcompoundsConversion

转换法Whatis“Conversion”？Thinkaboutit.Conversion:Byshiftingwordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfromaconcreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution.ThisprocessofawordformationisalsoknownasCLASSSHIFTorZERO-DERIVATION.

lexicalitemscreatednotbyaffixationbutbyCONVERSIONorZERODERIVATION,i.e.withoutanyalteration,theword-formremainsthesame,butrealizesadifferentlexicalitem.

engineer:

1.n,“apersontrainedinabranchofengineering”,

2.V,“toactasanengineer”or“toplay;tomaneuver”

Conversion

InEnglishveryoftenlexicalitemsarecreatednotbyaffixationbutbyCONVERSIONorZERODERIVATION,i.e.withoutanyalterationbeingmadetotheshapeoftheinputbase.Theword-formremainsthesame,butitrealisesadifferentlexicalitem.eg:Thewordengineerasanounrefersto“apersontrainedinabranchofengineering”,butitmeans“toactasanengineer”or“toplay;tomaneuver”whenusedasaverb.TheTypesofConversionN.V.(themostproductive)Adj.V.V.N.Adj.N.OtherconversionsN.→V.1.“放入或使处于”e.g.bottle---tobottle,tolist,topocket2.“给予，提供”e.g.Water—towater,tofuel,toman3.“去掉”e.g.skin---toskin,tocore4.”用…去做,去完成”e.g.hammer---tohammer,toeye5.“作为，充当，像…那样”e.g.Ape—toape,topilot6.”使…成为，把…变成”e.g.Cash—tocash,toorphan7.”用…来寄送，乘…前往”e.g.bicycle---tobicycle,tomailAdj.→V.e.g.todry,toblind,tobareV.→N.e.g.cheat(骗子)，cook(厨师)Adj.→N.1.FullConversion”完全转换”:完全具有名词的所有语法特征，如可加-s构成复数，加-“s可构成所有格。e.g.acommunist(共产主义者)，aChinese2.PartialConversion”不完全转化”：这类词前面都要带上定冠词，并且作为复数表示一个整体。e.g.thedisabled(残疾人)，theold(l老人)3.Customsandhabitsoftheancients(古人的习俗)，Knowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong(分清是非)MorphemeandWord-formationmorphemefreemorphemefreerootboundmorphemeaffixderivationalaffixprefixsuffixinflectionalaffixboundrootReviewAminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage______Oneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorpheme_____Amorphemethatoccurswithatleastoneothermorpheme_____Amorphemethatcanstandalone_____Amorphemeattachedtoabase,stemorroot_____Anaffixthatindicatesgrammaticalrelationships____Answer:morpheme,morph,boundmorpheme,freemorpheme,affix,inflectional/grammaticalaffixReviewAnaffixthatformsnewwordswithabase______Whatremainsofawordaftertheremovalofallaffixes______Thatpartofawordthatcantakeinflectionalaffixes______Aformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded______Answer:derivationalaffix,root,stem,base思考题1.Whatisaffixation?Howmanyoriginsisaffixationbasedon?P172.Whatareprefixationandsuffixation?Whataretheirfunctions?3.Pleasenametheclassificationofprefixationonsemanticbasis!Howmanykindsarethere?4.Whatistheclassificationofsuffixationbasedon?Howmanykindsalltogether?OVER1.Definition（派生法）Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Affixation=Derivation?Thereareatleastfiveoriginsthataffixesderivefrom.TheyareGreekaffixes;Latinaffixes;

Normanaffixes;Anglo-SaxonAffixesandRussianones.(P17+P151)Parliament(French),pajamas(Persian),library(Latin),Panic(Greek),tank(ww1),month(oldE),watt(James)词缀主要来自希腊、拉丁、罗曼语1.1希腊词前缀：amphi-（两栖的）,anti-（反抗）,arch-（大、总）,cata-（向下的）,di-,dia-（贯通的）,enne-（每年）hecto-（百的）,hemi-（半的）,hexa-（六角的）,hyper-（超越的）,hypo-（假的）,kilo-,mono-,neo-（新的）,octa-（八角的）,pan-,penta-（五步的）,poly-（多的）,proto-（原始的）,pseudo-假的、伪的）;希腊语后缀：-cracy（名、主义）,-ist,--ite,-ize请举例：英语词缀还在不断变化和发展中1.2拉丁语前缀有：bi-,centi-（百、公分）,counter-（相反）,deci-(十）,demi-（半）,en-,ex-（向外）,in-,infra-（下的）,mal-（恶的，坏的）,milli-（千分之）,mini-,multi-（多的）,nona-（不）,post-,pre-,pro-（向前、代替）,re-,sept-（七）,sub-（下的、次的）,super-,sur-（过多）,trans-,tri-,ultra-（极端）,uni-（一致）,vice-；后缀:-age（名词）,-al（名、形）,-ant（名）,-ate（动、形、名）,-ible,-ive

请举例：ultrasonic,coverage（报道）,survival,revival,talkative,expansive,mal-practice(玩忽职守）,contestant,informant,Otherorigins:computernik(计算机迷--Russian）1.3罗曼语前缀有：de-,dis-,non-；后缀有：-able,-ary,-eer,-ery,-esque,-ess,-ette,-ic,-ify,-ion,-ity,-let,-ment,-or,-ous,-sion,-tion请举例：nursery,dutchess,problematic1.4古英语的前缀有：a-,be-,for-,fore-,mis-,off-,out-,over-,to-,under-,with-;后缀有：-dom,-ed,-er,-fold（倍）,-ful,-hood（状态、时期）,-ing,-ish,-less,-like,-ling,-ly,-ness,-ship（身份）,-some,-ster（小的）,-ward,-wise请举例:withhold,ladylike,forecast,brotherhood,clockwise,freedom,stardom,scholarship,dictatorship,homeward2.词缀有什么特征？2.1多义性：in“不”，“入“：incomplete,include;-ish"有点儿...","民族语”bookish,Danish-ly"相似的，某特性的”，“时间的反复”，“以...方式的”manly,daily,greatly，smoothly请翻译：cooker,minder,browser,computer,onliner,bloggersocialism,feudalism,Darwinism,tourism，euphemism,materialism,patriotism,

2.2同一性表示“不良”，“假的”等贬义的前缀有：pseudo-，mal-,表示“时间先后”的有：ante-,ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,表示“观点，看法”的有：anti-,counter,pro（支持）表示“大小，程度“的有：arch-,be-,infra-,macro-,maxi-,micro-,midi-,mini-,out-,over-,表示”小“的有：-c(u)le,-el,-(e)rel,-et,-ette,-ie,-kin,-let,-ling,-ock,-y表示“家”，“员”，“者”等“人”的名词后缀：-ain,-aire,-an,-ant,-ar,,ard,-arian,-ary,-ast,-ate,-ee,-eer,-er,-ican,--ist,-ive,-ling,-or2.3时代性（P20-22)electronic----e-mail,e-cash,e-book,e-shopper,cyber----电缆cyber-crime,cybernaught(网络用户），cyberpunk(黑客）ecolology生态学eco-efficiancy,eco-friendly,eco-sphere(生态圈）eco-cataistrophy(生态灾难）3.PrefixesPrefixation:isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationaffixestostems.

WordsformedinthiswayarecalledDerivatives.Howmanykindsofclassificationofprefixes?3.1.1

Negativeprefixes:

a,dis-,in(il,ir,im),non-,un-;Eg.amoral,disloyal,injustice,illegal,irresistible,immature,non-smoker,unfair…3.1.2Reversativeprefixes:de,dis,un，reEg.decentralize,de-compose,disunite,unwrap，reverse..3.1.3Pejorative(贬损的)prefixes:mal-,mis-,pseudo-Eg.maltreat,misconduct,mistrust,pseudo-friend,pseudo-scientic.3.1.4Prefixesofdegreeorsize:arch,extra,hyper,macro,micro,mini,out,over,sub,sur,ultra,under;Eg.archbishop,extraordinary,hypersonic,macrocosm,microcomputer,minibus,outlive,overweight,surpass,ultra-conservative,under-developed…3.1.5Prefixesoforientationandattitude:anti-;contra-,counter,pro（倾向）;Eg.anti-nuclear,counterpart,contradiction;pro-democracy(支持民主)3.1.6.Locative(方位）

prefixes:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-;Eg.Extramarital,foretell,post-tell,post-election…3.1.7Numberprefixes:bi-,multi-(poly),semi-(hemi-),tri-,uni-(mono-)Eg.bilingual,multi-media,polysyllable,semi-naked,hemisphere,tricycle,uniform(mono)3.1.8Miscellaneous(多样的)prefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,viceEg.Pan-American,neoclassic

3.1.9Conversionprefixes一些转类前缀能将动词变成形容词，或名词变动词aloud,asleep,aglow（发着光）,awash（被淹没）belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitch（使迷惑）endanger,enforce,enable,embody,embed,embitter（使痛苦）,empower（给予权力）3.2Suffixation3.2.

Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostem.Suffixationhaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems(thewordclass).Therefore,weshallclassifysuffixesintonounsuffixes,verbsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,etc.3.2.4–eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-let,arenounsbasestoproduceconcretenouns;and–age,-dom,-ery,-ry,-hood,-ing,-ism,-ship,aretoproduceabstractnouns.Eg.priestess,cigarette,booklet,starlet（未成名的年轻女演员），sportsmanship（运动精神），percentage3.2.5–ant,-ee,-ent,-er(or),combinedwithverbstem,aretocreatenounsdenotingpeople.Ermant,respondent,nominee,appointee3.2.1–ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-al,-esque,-ic,-ousareaddedtonounsandadjectivestoproduceanotheradjectives.Eg.dreamlike,residential,picturesque,economic,heroic,courageous,desirous,smoky,selfish3.2.2

–able(ible),-ive(ative),-siveareaddedtoverbstemtocreateadjectives.Eg.washable,arguable,decisive,permissible.3.2.3–ate,-en,-(i)fy,-ize(ise)areaddedtonounoradjectivestemstoproduceverbsEg.darken,heighten,strengthen,beautify,symbolize,i