机电专业英语第2版22Unit22机器人技术

RoboticsUnit22

机器人技术RoboticsRoboticsTranslationReadingMoreTranslatingSkillsText

Robotsarenotonlythestuffofspacemovies.Rightnow,allovertheworld,robotsareonthemove.They’repaintingcarsatFordplants,assemblingcookiesforPepperidgeFarms,walkingintolivevolcanoes,drivingtrainsinParis,anddefusingbombsinNorthernIreland.Today’srobotsaredoingmoreandmorethingswecan’t—ordon’twantto—do,becausetheyaretougher,nimbler,andsmarternow.Whatisarobotthen?There’snoprecisedefinition,butbygeneralagreementarobotisaprogrammablemachinethatimitatestheactionsorappearanceofanintelligentcreature—usuallyahuman.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects[1].Ascomputersmarter.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation[2].Traditionally,robotsareappliedanywhereoneofthe3Dsexistsinanyjobwhichistoo:Dirty,Dangerous,and／orDullforahumantoperform.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium:1.Safety:Roboticshavebeendevelopedtohandlenuclearandradioactivechemicalsformanydifferentusesincludingnuclearweapons,powerplants,environmentalcleanup,andtheprocessingofcertaindrugs.2.Unpleasantness:Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork.3.Repetitionandprecision:Assemblylineworkhasbeenoneofthemainstaysoftheroboticsindustry.Robotsareusedextensivelyinmanufacturingand,moreglamorously,inspaceexploration,whereminimummaintenancerequirementsareemphasized.Nowadaysrobotsarealsousedforentertainmentofcourse.defuse[,di:'fju:z]vt.平息；去掉…的雷管；使除去危险性tough[tʌf]adj.艰苦的，困难的；坚强的；强壮的n.恶棍adv.顽强地nimble['nimbl]adj.敏捷的；聪明的；敏感的precise[pri'sais]adj.精确的；明确的；严格的manipulate[mə'nipjuleit]vt.操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改sensor['sensə;-sɔ:]n.感受器；传感器；敏感元件；探测装置device[di'vais]n.装置；策略；图案function['fʌŋkʃən]n.功能；函数；职责；盛大的集会vi.运行relieve[ri'li:v]vt.解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；换……的班；使放心tedium['ti:diəm]n.冗长乏味，单调，沉闷handle['hændl]n.[建]把手；柄；手感；口实vt.处理；运用；触摸radioactive[,reidiəu'æktiv]adj.放射性的；有辐射能的weld[weld]vt.焊接；使结合；使成整体vi.焊牢n.焊接；焊接点janitor['dʒænitə]n.房屋管理员(负责维修供暖系统等)；[古语]看门人mainstay['meinstei]n.支柱；中流砥柱；主要的依靠；主桅支索glamorous['ɡlæmərəs]adj.富有魅力的，迷人的，有诱惑力的；刺激性的maintenance['meintənəns]n.维护，维修；保持；生活费用emphasize['emfəsaiz]vt.强调，着重1.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical--suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.

译文：为证明一个机器人的合格性，它应当至少可以做到两件事：1)从它周边的环境中获取信息；2)做一些实际工作，比如移动物体或操作物体。说明：qualifyas（使）（某人）具有资格；（使）合格又如：AnyexternalpowersupplymeetingtheperformancerequirementsforlevelVandabovewouldqualifyasENERGYSTAR(Version2.0).

符合V级或以上等级要求的外部电源可通过“能源之星（2.0版）”认证。2.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.译文：要有一个根据设备所处情形处理传感器输入的系统，并能够根据情况指挥设备去完成(相应)动作。说明：inthecontextof在……情况下；在……背景下又如：Inthecontextofthemodernaerospaceindustrytheseproblemsareseldomsimpleorroutine.在现代空间工业范畴内，这些问题很少是简单的或常规的问题。I.Answerthefollowingquestions.

Toqualifyasarobot,whichtwothingsdoesamachinehavetobeabletodo?2.

Whyarerobotsgettingsmarterandsmarter?Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.Ascomputerprocessorsaregettingfasterandcheaper,robotsaregettingsmarterandsmarter.KeyKeyI.Answerthefollowingquestions.3.Basicallywhatdoesarobotconsistof?

Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.

KeyII

．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese．1.Rightnow，allovertheworld，robotsareonthemove．2.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.现在，全世界范围内，机器人都在活动着呢!当今流行文化中的机械器人与小说中塑造的那些生物已经没有太大区别。Key

Key

II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese．3.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium：4.Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork．而它们的职能就是将我们从危险和沉闷中解放出来机器人可以完成许多烦闷、无趣但却是必需的工作，比如焊接或守门的工作。KeyKey

英文招聘广告是较常见和实用的应用文之一，它具有一般广告的共同特点，但又有别于产品广告，非商业广告和政治广告，它是一种特定的以招募各种劳动力为目的的文体，因此在语言和结构上也具有自己的特点。英文招聘广告的阅读属于语用性阅读，要达到高效省事的效果，必须掌握英文招聘广告的特点和一些实际的阅读技巧。英文招聘广告具有以下特点：

一、结构清晰，层次分明招聘广告通常由“广告标题”、“公司简介”、“工作职责”、“资格要求”、“薪金待遇”、“联系方式”等六部分组成，虽然某些部分也会省略，但每一部分通常都独立成段，各部分之间的界限清晰明了。

怎样阅读英文招聘广告

二、标题言简意赅，精确具体英语招聘广告往往以招聘单位名称或招聘职位作标题，使求职者一目了然。如：Avon(Shanghai)CompanyLimited

上海雅芳有限公司R&DsoftwareEngineer研发软件工程师Businessadvisor商务顾问

三、多用省略句 为了节省广告的篇幅和广告的费用，同时使读者一目了然，英语招聘广告经常省略句子的主语，动词，定冠词，不定冠词和从句。由于特定的上下文，读者也十分清楚，不会产生误会或歧义。如：ExcellentwrittenandverbalcommunicationskillsinEnglishandmandarin

良好的口头和书面中英文表达能力

(省略了实义动词have)Abilitytoreactquicklyandefficiently

tocrisis能够快速有效地应对危机（省略了冠词the)Qualificationsneeded:

所需资格：（省略了从句whichare)

四、多用各种短语或短句英语招聘广告在描述工作职责和应聘资格时广泛使用名称短语、形容词短语和介词短语以缩短广告的篇幅。短语的使用既方便记忆，又能节约版面，同时突出了关键词，容易引起求职者的注意。如：Goodanalyticskills,problemsolvingandconflictmanagementskills（良好的分析能力、解决问题能力和冲突管理能力）Familiarwithgeneralofficesoftware（熟悉办公软件）Undertheageof40（40岁以下）With2-3yearsexperienceintelecom（2~3年电信行业工作经验）

五、常用祈使句一般用来说明应聘方法。为表示礼貌，使读者感到亲切，开头都用个“请”字。如：PleaseapplyinyourownhandwritingwithfullEnglishresumeandresentphototo:

请亲自誊写详细的英文简历并附上近照寄：Pleasecalorinterviewing.

请致定面试事宜。

六、采用缩略词

为了节省广告撰稿人的撰稿时间与读者的阅读时间，并节省费用，英语广告中能用缩略的词语都尽可能缩略。如：Dept:Department部门

CV:CurriculumVitae

个人简历JV:jointventure

合资

G.M.:GeneralManager

总经理Ad:advertisement

广告

add:address

地址P/T:parttime兼职（的）

refs:references推荐信

exp’d:experienced有经验的

Wpm:wordsperminute打字/每分钟

req:required需要

CAD:computerassisteddesign计算机辅助设计因此，在阅读英文招聘广告时，首先要浏览广告标题，确定招聘单位和招聘职位。然后浏览公司简介，掌握招聘公司的一些基本情况。接下来，要细读工作职责和资格要求，确定自己是否能够胜任这份工作，注意辨别一些省略句和缩略词。最后，要留意联系方式，必要时要动手记下具体的联系方式。

七、英文招聘广告（范例）Sample1Machineoperator

Responsibilities:---Basicoperationofmachine,includingstart-up,shutdownandtesttomachine.---Workaccordingtoproductionplanandprogramorprocessdrawings.---Replaceandmaintainthemachineparts.

Requirements:---Collegedegreeorabove,majoredinmechanicalengineeringorrelevant---Excellentinreadingandinterpretingmachiningworkinstructions---Experienceinanindustrialproductionenvironmentisaplus.---GoodsenseofresponsibilityandworkingattitudeWeofferattractivesalarydependentonqualificationandexperience.Interestedpartiespleasesendfullresumewithexpectedsalary,photo,contactaddressandtel.no.toPersonnelDept.beforeJune18,2011.Theaddressofourcompany:106Fang-yuanRoad,Guangzhou.Ourpostcode:510370招聘机床操作员

工作职责：1.用机床进行基本的操作，包括机床的启动、关闭及调试。2.依据生产计划与加工程序或工艺图纸,进行加工。3.维护及更换机床内部零件。

职位要求：1.机械相关专业大学专科及以上学历2.能看懂机床加工工作指令3.有工厂实际操作经验者优先4.岗位责任心强，工作态度认真我们将根据各人的学历和经验提供富有吸引力的薪酬。有兴趣的人员请将希望待遇、照片、联系地址、电话和简历2010年6月18日前寄到我公司人事部。公司地址：广州市方圆大道106号，邮编：510370。

Sample2

MarketingAssistantResponsibilities:---Responsibleforthelocalmanagementofmarketingandsalesactivitiesaccordingtoinstructionsfromheadoffice.---Collectrelatedinformationfortheheadoffice.Requirements:---CollegedegreeorabovewithgoodEnglish(speakingandwriting).---Developrelationshipwithlocalmediaandcustomers.---Withbasicideaofsalesandmarketing,relatedexperienceispreferred.---Workingexperienceinaninternationalorganizationisamust.---Goodcommunicationandpresentationskills.

Therightcandidatewillreceiveanappropriateandattractivecompensationpackage.InterestedcandidatespleaseapplyinwritinginbothEnglishandMandarinasfollows:1.Qualifications,jobexperiencewithsalaryhistoryandexpectedcompensationpackage.2.Recentphoto.AndsendthemtotheaddressbelowbyJuly31:Room302,InternationalHotel,1S.St.Beijing100088.AllemploymentswillbedonethroughFESCO.Notelephonecallwillbeentertained.招聘销售助理

工作职责：1.根据总公司的要求负责区域销售管理及销售活动2.收集相关信息资料上报总公司职位要求：1.大学及以上文凭，英语口语流利，书面表达能力强。2.开发和维护所负责区域的客户和合作伙伴。3.了解市场，熟悉销售相关业务工作者优先4.外资企业工作经验是必备的条件5.具有良好的沟通及表达能力应聘者将获得合理而富有吸引力的薪酬待遇。有意者请用中英文书写以下应聘材料：包含学历，工作经验，以往工作待遇和期望的工资福利待遇，并准备近照一张。请于7月31日前，将应聘材料寄往：北京南街1号国际宾馆302房间邮编：100088所有招聘都将通过外国企业服务公司进行。恕不接受电话查询。

Robot&itscontrolRobot&itscontrolAtypicalrobot(Fig.22.1)willhaveseveral,thoughnotnecessarilyallofthefollowingproperties:(1)isnot‘natural’,i.e.itisartificiallycreated.(2)cansenseitsenvironment,andmanipulateorinteractwiththingsinit.(3)hassomeabilitytomakechoicesbasedontheenvironment,oftenusingautomaticcontrolorapreprogrammedsequence.(4)moveswithoneormoreaxesofrotationortranslation.(5)appearstohaveintentoragency.Fig.22.1robotThemechanicalstructureofarobotmustbecontrolledtoperformtasks.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—perception,processingandaction.Sensorsgiveinformationabouttheenvironmentortherobotitself(e.g.thepositionofitsjointsoritsendeffector).Thisinformationisthenprocessedtocalculatetheappropriatesignalstotheactuators(motors)whichmovethemechanicalstructure.Theprocessingphasecanrangeincomplexity.Itmaybethefirststeptoestimateparametersofinterest(e.g.thepositionoftherobot’sgripper)fromnoisysensordata.Animmediatetask(suchasmovingthegripperinacertaindirection)isinferredfromtheseestimates[1].Techniquesfromcontroltheoryconvertthetaskintocommandsthatdrivetheactuators.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha“cognitive”model.Cognitivemodelstrytorepresenttherobot,theworld,andhowtheyinteract.Pattenrecognitionandcomputervisioncanbeusedtotrackobjects.Mappingtechniquescanbeusedtobuildmapsoftheworld.Finally,motionplanningandotherartificialintelligencetechniquesmaybeusedtofigureouthowtoact.Controlsystemsmayalsohavevaryinglevelsofautonomy.Directinteractionisusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.Operator-assistmodeshavetheoperatorcommandingmedium-to-high-leveltasks,withtherobotautomaticallyfiguringouthowtoachievethem[2].Anautonomousrobotmaygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Higherlevelsofautonomydonotnecessarilyrequiremorecomplexcognitivecapabilities.Forexample,robotsinassemblyplantsarecompletelyautonomous,perty['prɔpəti]n.性质，性能；财产；所有权intent[in'tent]n.意图；目的；含义adj.专心的；急切的；坚决的perception[pə'sepʃən]n.知觉；感觉；看法；洞察力；获取actuator['æktjueitə]n.操作者，执行机构；驱使者，激励者；传动装置

phase[feiz]n.相；阶段；位相vt.使定相；逐步执行vi.逐步前进range[reindʒ]n.范围；幅度v.平行；延伸；漫游；使并列；归类于parameter[pə'ræmitə]n.参数；系数；参量gripper['ɡripə]n.夹子，钳子；抓器，抓爪infer[in'fə:]vt.推断；推论vi.推断；做出推论sophisticated[sə'fistikeitid]adj.复杂的；精致的；富有经验的cognitive['kɔɡnitiv]adj.认识的；认识过程的；以实际经验为依据的track[træk]n.轨道；踪迹；小道vt.追踪；通过；循路而行vi.追踪1.Atypicalrobotmoveswithoneormoreor2.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—and.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

axesofrotationtranslationperceptionprocessingaction

KeyKey3.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha.4.andcanbeusedtotrackobjects..Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

“cognitive”modelPattenrecognitioncomputervision

KeyKey5.isusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.6.maygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

DirectinteractionAnautonomousrobotKeyKey机器人及其控制典型机器人(图22.1)有以下一些特征，尽管不一定