2023年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案

雅思索试阅读模拟试题及答案(一)Publishedonline：Nov9thFromTheEconomistprinteditionHowshopscanexploitpeople’sherdmentalitytoincreasesales1.ATRIPtothesupermarketmaynotseemlikeanexerciseinpsychologicalwarfare—butitis.Shopkeepersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyhadintended.Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.Nowresearchersareinvestigatinghow“swarmintelligence”(thatis，howants，beesoranysocialanimal，includinghumans，behaveinacrowd)canbeusedtoinfluencewhatpeoplebuy.2.AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome，Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani，acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology，describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted：forinstance，byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore，forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.MrUsmaniandRonaldoMenezes，alsooftheFloridaInstituteofTechnology，setouttoenhancethistendencytobuymorebyplayingontheherdinstinct.Theideaisthat，ifacertainproductisseentobepopular，shoppersarelikelytochooseittoo.Thechallengeistokeepcustomersinformedaboutwhatothersarebuying.3.Entersmart-carttechnology.InMrUsmani’ssupermarketeveryproducthasaradiofrequencyidentificationtag，asortofbarcodethatusesradiowavestotransmitinformation，andeverytrolleyhasascannerthatreadsthisinformationandrelaysittoacentralcomputer.Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods，ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh，heismorelikelytoselectittoo.4.MrUsmani’s“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.Anditgivesshoppersthesatisfactionofknowingthattheyboughtthe“right”product—thatis，theoneeveryoneelsebought.Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld，mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaandTescoinBritainareinterestedinhiswork，andtestingwillgetunderwayinthespring.5.Anotherrecentstudyonthepowerofsocialinfluenceindicatesthatsalescould，indeed，beboostedinthisway.MatthewSalganikofColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkandhiscolleagueshavedescribedcreatinganartificialmusicmarketinwhichsome14，000peopledownloadedpreviouslyunknownsongs.Theresearchersfoundthatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhadbeendownloaded，theyfollowedthecrowd.Whenthesongswerenotorderedbyrank，butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed，theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Peoplethusfollowtheherdwhenitiseasyforthemtodoso.6.InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.Theshopssellonlythemostpopularitemsineachproductcategory，andtherankingsareupdatedweekly.Icosystem，acompanyinCambridge，Massachusetts，alsoaimstoexploitknowledgeofsocialnetworkingtoimprovesales.7.Andthepsychologythatworksinphysicalstoresisjustaspotentontheinternet.OnlineretailerssuchasAmazonareadeptattellingshopperswhichproductsarepopularwithlike-mindedconsumers.Evenintheprivacyofyourhome，youcanstillbepartoftheswarm.Questions1-6Completethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromthereadingpassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.1.Shopownersrealizethatthesmellof_______________canincreasesalesoffoodproducts.2.Inshops，productsshelvedatamorevisiblelevelsellbettereveniftheyaremore_______________.3.AccordingtoMr.Usmani，withtheuseof“swarmintelligence”phenomenon，anewmethodcanbeappliedtoencourage_______________.4.Onthewaytoeverydayitemsatthebackofthestore，shoppersmightbetemptedtobuy_______________.5.Ifthenumberofbuyersshownonthe_______________ishigh，othercustomerstendtofollowthem.6.Usingthe“swarm-moves”model，shopownersdonothavetogivecustomers_______________toincreasesales.Questions7-12Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Forquestions7-12writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNOifthestatementcontraictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage7.RadiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasbeeninstalledexperimentallyinbigsupermarketslikeWal-Mart.8.Peopletendtodownloadmoreunknownsongsthansongstheyarefamiliarwith.9.Songsrankedhighbythenumberoftimesbeingdownloadedarefavoredbycustomers.10.Peoplefollowtheotherstothesameextentwhetheritisconvenientornot.11.ItemssoldinsomeJapanesestoresaresimplychosenaccordingtothesalesdataofothershops.12.Swarmintelligencecanalsobeobservedineverydaylife.Answerkeys：1.答案：(freshlybaked)bread.(第1段第2行：Shoppersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyintended.)2.答案：expensive.(第1段第4行：Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.)3.答案：impulsebuying.(第2段第1句：AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome，Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani，acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology，describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.)4.答案：other(tempting)goods/things/products.(第2段第2句：Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted：forinstance，byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore，forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.)5.答案：screen.(第3段第4行：Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods，ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh，heismorelikelytoselectittoo.)6.答案：discounts.(第4段第第1句：MrUsmani’s“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.)7.答案：NO.(第4段第3、4句：Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld，mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaanTescoinBritainareinterestdinhisworkd，andtestingwillgetunderwayinthespring.短语“getunderway”旳意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart旳试验要等到春天才开始)8.答案：NOTGIVEN.(在文中没有提及该信息)9.答案：YES。(第5段第3句：Thereseachersfoundthatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhavebeendownloaded，theyfollowedthecrowd.)10.答案：NO。(第5段最终两句：Whenthesongsarenotorderedbyrank，butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed，theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Pnounced旳词义是“明显旳、明显旳”)11.答案：YES。(第6段第1句：InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.)12.答案：YES。(最终一段最终一句：Evenintheprivacyofyourhome，youcanstillbepartoftheswarm.home应当算是everydaylife旳一部分)雅思索试阅读模拟试题及答案(二)Roguetheoryofsmellgetsaboost1.Acontroversialtheoryofhowwesmell，whichclaimsthatourfinesenseofodourdependsonquantummechanics，hasbeengiventhethumbsupbyateamofphysicists.2.CalculationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)showthattheideathatwesmellodourmoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakessenseintermsofthephysicsinvolved.3.That’sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory，proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin，iscorrect.Butitshouldmakeotherscientiststaketheideamoreseriously.4.“Thisisabigstepforward，”saysTurin，whohasnowsetuphisownperfumecompanyFlexitralinVirginia.Hesaysthatsincehepublishedhistheory，“ithasbeenignoredratherthancriticized.”5.Mostscientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsinthenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules，whichtriggersasignaltothebrain.Thismolecular’lockandkey’processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody’sdetectionsystems：itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders，forexample，andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.6.ButTurinarguedthatsmelldoesn’tseemtofitthispictureverywell.Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols，whichsmelllikespirits，andthiols，whichsmelllikerotteneggs.Andmoleculeswithverydifferentstructurescansmellsimilar.Moststrikingly，somemoleculescansmelldifferent—toanimals，ifnotnecessarilytohumans—simplybecausetheycontaindifferentisotopes(atomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass)。7.Turin’sexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignalinolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodourmolecule’sshape，butbyitsvibrations，whichcanenourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptorinaquantum-mechanicalprocesscalledtunnelling.Thiselectronmovementcouldinitiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.8.Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent：theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.Turin’smechanism，saysMarshallStonehamoftheUCLteam，ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittingalock.9.Vibration-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccur—itisusedinanexperimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations.“Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose，”saysStoneham’scolleague，AndrewHorsfield.10.StonehamsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurin’sidea，whileTurinwashimselfbasedatUCL，“Ididn’tbelieveit”。But，headds，“becauseitwasaninterestingidea，IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldn’twork.Ididsomesimplecalculations，andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight.”NowStonehamandhisco-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly，inapapersoontobepublishedinPhysicalReviewLetters.11.TheUCLteamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthathasanodorantmoleculeboundtoit.Thisratedependsonvariouspropertiesofthebiomolecularsystemthatarenotknown，buttheresearcherscouldestimatetheseparametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.12.Thekeyissueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceissignificantlygreaterthanthatwithoutit.Thecalculationsshowthatitis—whichmeansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.13.ButHorsfieldstressesthatthat’sdifferentfromaproofofTurin’sidea.“Sofarthingslookplausible，butweneedproperexperimentalverification.We’rebeginningtothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed.”14.Meanwhile，Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis.“AtFlexitralwehavebeendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations，”hesays.“Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthecompetition.”Attheveryleast，heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.(668wordsNature)Questions1-4Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?PleasewriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriterFALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriterNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage1.TheresultofthestudyatUCLagreeswithTurin’stheory.2.ThestudyatUCLcouldconclusivelyprovewhatLucaTurinhashypothesized.3.TurinlefthispostatUCLandstartedhisownbusinessbecausehistheorywasignored.4.Themoleculesofalcoholsandthoseofthiolslookalike.Questions5-9Completethesentencesbelowwithwordsfromthepassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.5.Thehypothesisthatwesmellbysensingthemolecularvibrationwasmadeby______.6.Turin’scompanyisbasedin______.7.Mostscientistsbelievedthatournoseworksinthesamewayasour______.8.Differentisotopescansmelldifferentwhen______weighdifferently.9.AccordingtoAudrewHorsfield，itisstilltobeprovedthat______couldreallyoccurinhumannose.Question10-12AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.10.What’sthenameoftheresearcherwhocollaboratedwithStoneham?11.WhatisthenextstepoftheUCLteam’sstudy?12.WhatisthetheoreticalbasisindesigningodorantsinTurin’scompany?(byZhouHong)AnswerKeysandExplanations1.T见第一段。“givesththethumbsup”为“接受“旳意思。2.F见第三段。“That’sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory，proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin，iscorrect.”意即“目前尚无法证明生物物理学家Luca在九十年代中期提出旳理论与否对旳。”3.NG4.T见第六段“Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols，whichsmelllikespirits，andthiols，whichsmelllikerotteneggs.”“identical”一词是“完全相似”旳意思。这句话是说alcohols和thiols旳分子构造看起来同样，不过它们旳味道却相去甚远。5.LucaTurin文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca旳理论即人类旳鼻子是通过感觉气味分子旳震动来辨别气味旳。6.Virginia见第四段。7.tongue见第五段“Thismolecular’lockandkey’processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody’sdetectionsystems：itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders，forexample，andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.”8.theatoms见第八段“Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent：theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.”9.vibration-assistedelectrontunneling见第九段““Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose，”saysStoneham’scolleague，AndrewHorsfield.”句中旳代词“this”指句首旳“vibration-assistedelectrontunneling”。10.AndrewHorsfield见第九段结尾。11.properexperimentalverification见第十三段。12.theircomputedvibrations见第十四段。雅思索试阅读模拟试题及答案(三)1.Thefailureofahigh-profilecholesteroldrughasthrownaspotlightonthecomplicatedmachinerythatregulatescholesterollevels.Butmanyresearchersremainconfidentthatdrugstoboostlevelsof’good’cholesterolarestilloneofthemostpromisingmeanstocombatspirallingheartdisease.2.DrugcompanyPfizerannouncedon2Decemberthatitwascancellingallclinicaltrialsoftorcetrapib，adrugdesignedtoraiseheart-protectivehigh-densitylipoproteins(HDLs)。Inatrialof15000patients，asafetyboardfoundthatmorepeoplediedorsufferedcardiovascularproblemsaftertakingthedrugplusacholesterol-loweringstatinthanthoseinacontrolgroupwhotookthestatinalone.3.Thenewscameasakickintheteethtomanycardiologistsbecauseearliertestsinanimalsandpeoplesuggesteditwouldlowerratesofcardiovasculardisease.“Therehavebeennoredflagstomyknowledge，”saysJohnChapman，aspecialistinlipoproteinsandatherosclerosisattheNationalInstituteforHealthandMedicalResearch(INSERM)inPariswhohasalsostudiedtorcetrapib.“Thiscancellationcameasacompleteshock.”4.TorcetrapibisoneofthemostadvancedofanewbreedofdrugsdesignedtoraiselevelsofHDLs，whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestotheliverforremovalfromthebody.Specifically，torcetrapibblocksaproteincalledcholesterolestertransferprotein(CETP)，whichnormallytransfersthecholesterolfromhigh-densitylipoproteinstolowdensity，plaque-promotingones.Statins，incontrast，mainlyworkbyloweringthe’bad’low-densitylipoproteins.Underpressure5.Researchersarenowtryingtoworkoutwhyandhowthedrugbackfired，somethingthatwillnotbecomeclearuntiltheclinicaldetailsarereleasedbyPfizer.Onehintliesinevidencefromearliertrialsthatitslightlyraisesbloodpressureinsomepatients.Itwasthoughtthatthismildproblemwouldbeoffsetbytheheartbenefitsofthedrug.Butitispossiblethatitactuallyprovedfatalinsomepatientswhoalreadysufferedhighbloodpressure.Ifbloodpressureistheexplanation，itwouldactuallybegoodnewsfordrugdevelopersbecauseitsuggeststhattheproblemsarespecifictothiscompound.OtherprototypedrugsthatarebeingdevelopedtoblockCETPworkinaslightlydifferentwayandmightnotsufferthesamedownfall.6.ButitisalsopossiblethatthewholeideaofblockingCETPisflawed，saysMotiKashyap，whodirectsatherosclerosisresearchattheVAMedicalCenterinLongBeach，California.WhenHDLsexcretecholesterolintheliver，theyactuallyrelyonLDLsforpartofthisprocess.SoinhibitingCETP，whichpreventsthetransferofcholesterolfromHDLtoLDL，mightactuallycauseanabnormalandirreversibleaccumulationofcholesterolinthebody.“You’reblockingaphysiologicmechanismtoeliminatecholesterolandeffectivelyconstipatingthepathway，”saysKashyap.Goingup7.Mostresearchersremainconfidentthatelevatinghighdensitylipoproteinslevelsbyonemeansoranotherisoneofthebestroutesforhelpingheartdiseasepatients.ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.Oneapproveddrug，calledniacin，isknowntobothraiseHDLandreducecardiovascularriskbutalsocausesanunpleasantsensationofheatandtingling.Researchersareexploringwhethertheycanbypassthissideeffectandwhetherniacincanlowerdiseaseriskmorethanstatinsalone.Scientistsarealsoworkingonseveralothermeanstobumpuphigh-densitylipoproteinsby，forexample，introducingsyntheticHDLs.“Theonlythingweknowisdeadinthewateristorcetrapib，notthewholeideaofraisingHDL，”saysMichaelMiller，directorofpreventivecardiologyattheUniversityofMarylandMedicalCenter，Baltimore.(613wordsnature)Questions1-7Thispassagehas7paragraphs1-7.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-ixinboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsi.Howdoestorcetrapibwork?ii.Contradictoryresultpriortothecurrenttrialiii.Onefailuremaypossiblybringaboutfuturesuccessiv.Thefailuredoesn’tleadtototallossofconfidencev.Itistherightroutetofollowvi.Whyit’sstoppedvii.Theymaycombineandtheoreticallyproduceidealresultviii.What’swrongwiththedrugix.ItmightbewrongatthefirstplaceExampleanswerParagraph1iv1.Paragraph22.Paragraph33.Paragraph44.Paragraph55.Paragraph66.Paragraph7Questions7-13Matchtorcetrapib，HDLs，statinandCETPwiththeirfunctions(Questions8-13)。。WritethecorrectletterA，B，CorDinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.7.Ithasbeenadministeredtoover10，000subjectsinaclinicaltrial.8.Itcouldhelpridhumanbodyofcholesterol.9.Researchersareyettofindmoreaboutit.10.Itwasusedtoreducethelevelofcholesterol.11.AccordingtoKashyap，itmightleadtounwantedresultifit’sblocked.12.Itproducedcontradictoryresultsindifferenttrials.13.ItcouldinhibitLDLs.ListofchoicesA.TorcetrapicB.HDLSC.StatinD.CETP(byZhouHong)SuggestedAnswersandExplanations1.vi2.ii3.vii本段简介了torcetrapib和statin旳治病原理，不过同步短语“incontrast”与之前第二段后半段旳内容呼应，暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成，是理想旳搭配。第一种选项无法涵盖整段意义，故选择i是错误旳。4.iii本段分析了也许导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败旳原因，后半段指出假如以上推测对旳，那么未来旳药物可借鉴这个试验，设法防止torcetrapib旳缺陷，研制出有效旳药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段旳意思。5.ix见首句。6.v7.A见第二段。题目中administer一词意为“用药”，subject一词为“试验对象”之意。8.B见第四段“…toraiselevelsofHDLs，whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestotheliverforremovalfromthebody.”即HDLs旳作用最终是将choleserol清除出人体：“…forremovalfromthebody”。9.B见第四段“ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.”10.C见第二段“…plusacholesterol-loweringstatin”，即statin是可以减少cholesterol旳。11.D见第六段“SoinhibitingCETP，…mightactuallycauseanabnormalandirreversibleaccumulationofcholesterolinthebody.12.A见第三段。13.C见第四段“Statins，incontrast，mainlyworkbyloweringthe’bad’low-densitylipoproteins.”雅思索试阅读模拟试题及答案(四)TheTriumphofUnreasonA.Neoclassicaleconomicsisbuiltontheassumptionthathumansarerationalbeingswhohaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsandstrivetoextractmaximumbenefit(or“utility”，ineconomist-speak)fromanysituation.Neoclassicaleconomicsassumesthattheprocessofdecision-makingisrational.Butthatcontradictsgrowingevidencethatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.B.Theroleofemotionsindecisionsmakesperfectsense.Forsituationsmetfrequentlyinthepast，suchasobtainingfoodandmates，andconfrontingorfleeingfromthreats，theneuralmechanismsrequiredtoweighuptheprosandconswillhavebeenhonedbyevolutiontoproduceanoptimaloutcome.Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes，evolutionaryandeconomictheorypredictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases.Butdoesthisstillapplywhentheancestralmachineryhastorespondtothestimuliofurbanmodernity?C.OneofthepeoplewhothinksthatitdoesnotisGeorgeLoewenstein，aneconomistatCarnegieMellonUniversity，inPittsburgh.Inparticular，hesuspectsthatmodernshoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencouragespeopletorunupdebt.Toprovethepointhehasteamedupwithtwopsychologists，BrianKnutsonofStanfordUniversityandDrazenPrelecoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，tolookatwhathappensinthebrainwhenitisdecidingwhattobuy.D.Inastudy，thethreeresearchersasked26volunteerstodecidewhethertobuyaseriesofproductssuchasaboxofchocolatesoraDVDofthetelevisionshowthatwereflashedonacomputerscreenoneafteranother.Ineachroundofthetask，theresearchersfirstpresentedtheproductandthenitsprice，witheachsteplastingfourseconds.Inthefinalstage，whichalsolastedfourseconds，theyaskedthevolunteerstomakeuptheirminds.Whilethevolunteersweretakingpartintheexperiment，theresearchersscannedtheirbrainsusingatechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)。Thismeasuresbloodflowandoxygenconsumptioninthebrain，asanindicationofitsactivity.E.Theresearchersfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvolvedatdifferentstagesofthetest.Thenucleusaccumbenswasthemostactivepartwhenaproductwasbeingdisplayed.Moreover，thelevelofitsactivitycorrelatedwiththereporteddesirabilityoftheproductinquestion.F.Whenthepriceappeared，however，fMRIreportedmoreactivityinotherpartsofthebrain.Excessivelyhighpricesincreasedactivityintheinsularcortex，abrainregionlinkedtoexpectationsofpain，monetarylossandtheviewingofupsettingpictures.Theresearchersalsofoundgreateractivityinthisregionofthebrainwhenthesubjectdecidednottopurchaseanitem.G.Priceinformationactivatedthemedialprefrontalcortex，too.Thispartofthebrainisinvolvedinrationalcalculation.Intheexperimentitsactivityseemedtocorrelatewithavolunteer’sreactiontobothproductandprice，ratherthantopricealone.Thus，thesenseofagoodbargainevokedhigheractivitylevelsinthemedialprefrontalcortex，andthisoftenprecededadecisiontobuy.H.People’sshoppingbehaviourthereforeseemstohavepiggy-backedonoldneuralcircuitsevolvedforanticipationofrewardandtheavoidanceofhazards.WhatDrLoewensteinfoundinterestingwastheseparationoftheassessmentoftheproduct(whichseemstobeassociatedwiththenucleusaccumbens)fromtheassessmentofitsprice(associatedwiththeinsularcortex)，eventhoughthetwoarethensynthesisedintheprefrontalcortex.Hishypothesisisthatratherthanweighingthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternatives，asorthodoxeconomicssuggestshappens，peopleactuallybalancetheimmediatepleasureoftheprospectivepossessionofaproductwiththeimmediatepainofpayingforit.I.Thatmakesperfectsenseasanevolvedmechanismfortrading.Ifoneusefulobjectisbeingtradedforanother(hardcashinmoderntime)，thefutureutilityofwhatisbeinggivenupisembeddedintheobjectbeingtraded.Emotionisascapableofassigningsuchavalueasreason.Buyingoncredit，though，maybedifferent.Theabstractnatureofcreditcards，coupledwiththedefermentofpaymentthattheypromise，maymodulatethe“con”sideofthecalculationinfavourofthe“pro”。J.Whetheritactuallydoessowillbethesubjectoffurtherexperimentsthatthethreeresearchersarenowdesigning.Thesewilltestwhetherpeoplewithdistinctlydifferentspendingbehaviour，suchasmiserlinessandextravagance，experiencedifferentamountsofpaininresponsetoprices.Theywillalsoassesswhether，inthesameindividuals，buyingwithcreditcardseasesthepaincomparedwithpayingbycash.Iftheyfindthatitdoes，thencreditcardsmayhavetojointhelistofthingssuchasfattyandsugaryfoods，andrecreationaldrugs，thatsubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthatseempleasurableatthetimebutcanhavealongandmalignaftertaste.Questions1-6DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-6onyouranswersheet.TRUEifthestatementrefletstheclaimsofthewriterFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitispossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis1.Thebeliefofneoclassicaleconomicsdoesnotaccordwiththeincreasingevidencethathumansmakeuseoftheemotionstomakedecisions.2.Animalsareurgedbyemotiontostriveforanoptimaloutcomesorextractmaximumutilityfromanysituation.3.GeorgeLoewensteinthinksthatmodernwaysofshoppingtendtoallowpeopletoaccumulatetheirdebts.4.The