2023年职称英语考试理工类B级试题新编

全国职称英语等级考试理工类（B级）第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为靠近旳选项。1Wouldyoupleasecallmyhusbandassoonaspossible?AvisitBphoneCconsultDinvite2Wehadalongconversationaboutherparents.AspeechBquestionCtalkDdebate3Thechairmanproposedthatwestopthemeeting.AstatedBannouncedCdemandedDsuggested4Obviouslythesepeoplecanbereliedoninacrisis.AlivedonBdependedonCbelievedinDjoinedin5ThereisalwaysexcitementattheOlympicGameswhenanathletebreaksarecord.AbeatsBmaintainsCmatchesDtries6Allthepupilsseemtobeverycheerful.AhappyBhealthyCnaughtyDbusy7Thetraditionalpaintingsareexhibitedonthesecondfloor.AlaidBdisplayedCkeptDstored8Shestoodthere,shakingwithfury.AmiseryBlaughterCangerDcry9MaryevidentlyisthemostdiligentstudentamongusAintelligentBbeautifulCtalkativeDhardworking10PersistentattemptstointerviewGarbowerefruitless.AForcefulBReasonableCContinuousDFirm11Whycan'tyoustopyoureternalcomplaining?AeverlastingBlongCtemporaryDboring12Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.AshakenBdamagedCfallenDjumped13Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.AfaithfulBroyalCgenuineDsincere14Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofmathematics.AattractionBsimplicityCpowerDrigor15Tenyearsaftertheevent,herdeathstillremainsapuzzleAmistBfogCmysteryDsecret第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）下面旳短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文旳内容对每个句子做出判断：假如该句提供旳是对旳信息，请选择A；假如该句提供旳是错误信息，请选择B；假如该句旳信息文中没有提及，请选择C。RadiocarbonDatingNowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon(放射性碳),orcarbon-14,dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened.Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarbon,calledcarbon-12,hassixprotons(中子)andsixneutrons(质子)initsnucleus.Carbon-14,orC-14,isaradioactive,unstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons(原子核).Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay(衰减).Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus.InLibby'sradiocarbondatingtechnique,theweakradioactiveemissions(放射)fromhisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.hedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated.Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth'satmospherewhennitrogen(氮)-14,orN-14,interactswithcosmicrays(宇宙射线).ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformed,themountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.Consequently,C-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50,000years.AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules(分子)thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues(组织).Onceanorganism(有机体)diesittopstakingincarboninanyform,andtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreases,andtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsgoesdown.Intermsofradiocarbondating,thefewerC-14atomsinasample,theolderthatsampleis.16Nowadaysmanyscientistsdependonradiocarbonfordatingage-oldobjectsARightBWrongCNotmentioned17Theradiocarbondatingtechniqueisonlyabout40yearsoldARightBWrongCNotmentioned18AnatomofordinarycarbonhassixprotonsandeightneutronsARightBWrongCNotmentioned19RadarisusedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofradiocarbonARightBWrongCNotmentioned20Radiocarbonisreliableindatinganobjectbacktoatleast50,000years.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned21TheC-14inanorganismbeginstodecaywhenitdiesARightBWrongCNotmentioned22Thehalf-lifeofC-14isabout25,000years.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3部分：概括大意与完毕句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面旳短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题规定从所给旳6个选项中为第1～4段每段1选择个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题规定从所给旳6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。Chimpanzees1Chimpanzees(黑猩猩)willsoonbeextinct(灭绝).Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat(栖息地)destructioncontinues,thenwithin20years,therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy(悲剧).Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications(含意)forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings.2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes(基因组)matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouse,usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests,whichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infact,chimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgenetically,chimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority(优先3Thechimpanzees'trumpcard(王牌)comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians(兽医)oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticular,chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.4Forexample,chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Indeed,theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing(找到)theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans,scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.This,theyhope,willallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration(变化)ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.23Paragraph124Paragraph225Paragraph326Paragraph4AReasonsforHIVresistanceBImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumansCEffectiveAIDStreatmentDGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumansEChimps'resistancetoHIVFGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting30ThediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfultoAsomehumandiseasetreatmentsBsomediseasesChumansurvivalDhumangenomesEkeyareasFhealthierlifestyle第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇WaterThesecondmostimportantconstituent(构成成分)ofthebiosphere(生物圈)isliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures,sincewaterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.LifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofaTheearth'ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinquantity.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknownveryaccurately,butitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers.Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceans-about97percent.Therestisfresh,butthree-quartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains,andcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted.Oftheremainingfractionalwhichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewhole,thereis10-20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoatiny,butextremelyimportantfractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervaporintheatmosphere.Watervaporintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation(循环)ofthebiospherehastopass.Waterevaporated(蒸发)fromthesurfaceoftheoceans,fromlakesandriversandfrommoist(潮湿旳)earthisaddedtoit.Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasrainorsnow,fallingoneithertheseaortheland.Thereis,asmightbeexpected,amoreintensiveevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanovertheland,butthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceans,andthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers.31LiquidwateronlyexistsAinthecenteroftheearth.Bonthesurfaceofourplanet.Cinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures.Dinthecoastalareasoftheearth.32ThetotalquantityofwateronEarthAremainsalmostunchanged.Bhasgreatlyincreasedinrecentyears.Cisdecreasingconstantly.Disaffectedbyglobalwarming.33MostofthefreshwateronEarthAisstoredunderground.BisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains.Cisfoundinriversandlakes.Dcomesfromtherain.34Theword"fraction"inthesecondparagraphmeansAaverysmallamount.Balargearea.Canimportantsystem.Damajorsourceofinformation35ThereismoreofrainfallAoverthemountainsthanovertherivers.BovertheriversthanoverthemountainsCovertheoceansthanovertheland.Doverthelandthanovertheoceans.第二篇Mind-readingMachineAteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanning(扫描)what'shappeningintheirbrains.Whenyoulookatsomething,youreyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons(神经元)areresponsibleforthisprocessing.ThefMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging)(功能性磁振造影)brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbody,activeneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneurons,andthemoreactiveaneuronis,themoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrain,themoreactiveitsneurons,andinturn,themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI,scientistscanvisualize(使…显现)whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood-andtherefore,whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinks,looksatsomething,orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.Byhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimages,fMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages.TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjects,likepeople,animals,andfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers'brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers'brainstolightuponthescan,indicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee.Inasecondtest,thescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebefore,theirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.Thistime,thescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexample,ifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttest,theirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples.36Whatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes?AThemagneticsysteminthebrain.BThecentralpartoftheheart.COxygen-richblood.DNeuronsinthebrain.37ThefunctionofanfMRImachineisAtoshowhowneutronstakeinoxygen-richblood.Btomeasurehowdensethebloodisinthebrain.Ctorecordhowmuchoxygenthebrainconsumes.Dtoidentifywhichpartsofthebrainareprocessinginformation38Theexpression"highlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork'inparagraph5meansAgivinglighttothepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation.Bmarkingthepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation.Cputtingthepartsofthebraintowork.Dpreventingthepartsofthebrainfromworking.39TheresearchersexperimentedonAanimalsandobjects.BfMRImachines.Ctwovolunteers.Dthousandsofpictures.40Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethetitleofthepassage?ARecentDevelopmentinScienceandTechnology.BYourThoughtsCanBeScanned.CATechnologicalDream.DAnIntelligentRobot.第三篇YouthEmancipationinSpainTheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest.Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents'homes,saysthelatestreportfromthecountry'sstate-runInstituteofYouth.Tocoax(劝诱)youngpeoplefromtheirhomes,theInstitutestarteda"YouthEmancipation(解放)"programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs.Economistsblameyoungpeople'sfamilydependenceontheprecarious(不稳定旳)labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince.Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblem,saysociologists(社会学家).FamilytiesinsouthEurope-Italy,PortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEurope,saidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreport"TheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth:KeyforUnderstanding"."Ingeneral,youngpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganized,"saidMinguez.InSpain-especiallyinthecountryside,itisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofaunts,uncles,cousins,niecesandnephews(外侄/侄子)alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner.Parents'toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules."Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe'llputupafightandcallthefatherafascist,"saidJoseAntonioG6mezYanez,asociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid.Mothers'willingnesstodochildren'shouseholdchores(家务)worsenstheproblem.DionisioMasso,a60-year-oldinMadrid,hasthreechildrenintheir20s.Theeldest,28,hasagirlfriendandajob.Butlifewithmumisgood."Hismumdoesthewashandcooksforhim;intheend,heliveswell,"Massosaid.41The"YouthEmancipation"programaimsathelpingyoungpeopleAfightforfreedom.Bliveinanindependentway.Cfightagainstsocialinjustice.Dgetridoffamilyresponsibilities.42Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthaninAFinland.BGreece.CSpain.DItaly.43Youngpeople'sfamilydependencecanbeattributedtoallthefollowingfactorsEXCEPTAparents'tolerance.Bhousingproblems.Cculturaltraditions.Dunwillingnesstogetmarried.44WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDionisioMasso?ASheis60yearsold.BShehasaboyfriend.CShehasthreechildren.DShelivesinMadrid.45Thephrase"waryof"inparagraph8couldbebestreplacedbyAtiredof.Bafraidof.Ccautiousabout.Dworriedabout.第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）下面旳短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。ReducePackagingPressureincreasedrecentlyonBritishsupermarketsandretailerstoreducepackagingaspartofananti-wastecampaign.(46)Britaingenerates4.6milliontonsofhouseholdwasteeveryyearbypackaging.Dozensofpeoplehaveexpressedangerattheexcessofplasticwrapping.CampaignershavecalledonBritaintolearnfromotherEuropeancountries.(47)Whenreturnedbottlesareputinavendingmachine(自动售货机),thedepositisrefunded.EnvironmentalistswarnthatBritainlagsbehindinthis.Therewerereportsofgrowinguneaseamongconsumersovertheamountofpackagingtheyhavetodealwith.Tradestandardsofficersalsoobjecttoexcessivepackaging.(48)InresponsetoacampaignbyBritain'sTheIndependentnewspaper,leadingsupermarketshavepointedtovariousinitiativestowinthepublicconfidence.(49)Butcampaignerssaidretailersandthegovernmentcouldlearnmuchfromanti-wastepracticesontheContinent.InSweden,non-recyclablebatterieshavebeentaxedsince1991toencourageaswitchtoalternatives.(50)InGermany,plasticbagsareunheardofinsupermarketsanddepositsarepaidforreusableplasticandglassbeveragebottles.AInBelgium,whenyoubuysomethinginaplasticorglasscontainer,youmakeadeposit.BThisisbecausetoomuchpaddingcangivebuyersafalseimpressionofwhattheyarebuying.CThishasresultedina74percentreductioninsales.DTescosaiditwassaving112,000tonsofcardboardayearbyswitchingtoreusableplasticcrates(装货箱)fortransportingitsfreshproduce.EThecampaignwasinitiatedbyTheIndependentnewspaper.FIfaproductisover-packaged,don'tbuyit.第6部分：完形填空（第51～55题，每题1分，共15分）下面旳短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定一种最佳选项。TakingaNapduringtheDayMedicalexpertssaymostAmericansdonotgetenoughsleep.TheysaymoreAmericansneedto(51)forashortperiodinthemiddleoftheday.Theyareadvisingpeopletosleeplightly(52)continuingwithotheractivities.Onestudyearlierthisyearfoundthatpersonswhosleepforafewminutesduringthedaywerelesslikelytodieof(53)disease.Thestudyfollowedmorethan2,300Greekadults(54)aboutsixyears.Adultswhorestedforhalfanhouratleastthreetimesaweekhada37percentlower(55)ofdyingfromheartdiseasethanthosewhodidnotnap.Studyorganizerssaidthestrongest(