初中英语非谓语动词-动词不定式

一对一个性化讲义本次授课内容授课标题非谓语动词一一动词不定式学习目标掌握动词不定式作宾语、作宾语补足语及作目的状语重点难点动词不定式作宾语补足语及一些相关句型的运用本次课课堂教学内容一、动词不定式的构成及句法功能.动词不定式的构成不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形。有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号，本身没有意义，动词不定式的否定形式是“not（+to）+动词原形”。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语或状语。.动词不定式的句法功能（1）不定式作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为，其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。当作主语的不定式（短语）较长时，用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句末。例：TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.学好英语不容易ItisimportantforstudentstolearnEnglishwell.学好英语对学生们来说是重要的。 1 （2）不定式作宾语有些及物动词后用不定式作宾语，常见的这类及物动词有：begin、choose、continue>decide>expect、fail、forget、hate、help、hope、learn、manage>mean、need、offer、plan、prefer、pretend、promise>refUse、try、wait、want、wish、determine>dare、attempt、afford、agree、start、like。例：Shepromisedtocomeatnineo,clock.她答应九点来的。如果作宾语的不定式有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。例：Ifounditimportanttogetupearlyinthemorning.我发现早上早起很重要。（3）不定式作定语①不定式有时起形容词的作用，修饰名词、代词，在句中作定语。不定式作定语时，它的位置是在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。例：Hewasthefirsttocometotheclassroom.他是第一个来到教室的人。②若不定式是不及物动词，或不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面就应有必要的介词。例：Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.那个女孩没有什么好担心的。③不定式修饰something、anything>nothing时，放在它们的后面，如果something、anything>nothing有形容词修饰，词序是“something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式”。例：Ihadsomethingcoldtodrink.我喝冷饮了。（4）不定式作表语动词不定式可以踉在连系动词后作表语，表示主语的具体内容、目的等。动词不定式作表语通常可以跟主语进行位置互换。例： 2 Mydreamistobe.becomeafamousscientist.我的梦想是成为一名著名的科学家。（5）不定式作宾语补足语常见的踉带to的不定式作宾语补足语的（短语）动词persuade、allow、order、teach、ask、want、invite、forbid、wish、encourage>tell、warn、advise、expect、wouldlike例：Motherasksmenottoplaycomputergamesbeforefinishingmyhomework.在我写完作业前妈妈不让我玩电脑游戏。（6）不定式作状语①作目的状语常用结构：onlytodo（仅仅为了），inordertodo，soastodo。例：Heranfastsoastocatchthefirstbus.他跑得很快，为的是赶上第一班车。②作结果状语常用结构：so...asto，too...to...，enough...to...，onlytodo例：Iawokeonlytofindmyluggagegone.我醒来后发现我的行李不见了。③作原因状语例：I,monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格了，我非常高兴。（7）不定式用作独立成分不定式用作独立成分，往往是用作评注性状语。Tobehonest,itwasoneoftheworstbooksI,veeverread.说实话，那是我读过最差的书之一。拓展：常用作独立成分的不定式短语：tobefrank坦率地说、tobehonest老实说、tobeginwith首先、tostartwith首先、totellyou 3 thetruth说实话二、使用动词不定式的主要句型.不定式的否定式（1）不定式的否定式为：not+不定式例：Theteachertoldusnottoreadthebook.老师告诉我们不要读那本书。（2）比较不定式的否定式和否定句的区别例：Ididn,taskhimtoopenthedoor.我没让他把门打开。Iaskedhimnottoopenthedoor.我让他别把门打开。.疑问词+不定式不定式可以和疑问代词who，what，which及疑问副词when，how，where连用构成不定式短语，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例：Thequestioniswhentostart.问题是什么时候开始。.too...to...和enoughto...（1）“too+adj./adv.+todosth”意为“太......（以至于）不能......”。例：It,snevertoooldtolearn.活到老学到老。此句型还可以是：too..forsb./sth.todosth.Theboxistooheavyformetocarry.这个箱子对我来说太重了，我搬不动。此句型也可以是：so…that+主语+can,t/couldn'tHewastootiredtomoveon.=Hewassotiredthathecouldn,tmoveon.他太累了，不能继续走了。（2）“adj./adv.+enoughtodosth”意为“足够 能做 ”。例：Thegirlisoldenoughtogotoschool.这个女孩已到上学的年龄了。此句型也可转换为so...that+主语+can句型。Thegirlissooldthatshecangotoschool..Itbe+adj.of/forsb.+todosth.（1）forsb.句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词，如easy、difficult、hard、important、possible、interesting。可转化为Todosth.+be+adj.+todosth.例：ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishwell.=TolearnEnglishwellwashardforhim.对他来说学好英语太难了。（2）ofsb.句型一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good、kind、nice、clever、foolish、right、wrong、careful。可转化为sb.+be+adj.+todosth.例：It,skindofyoutosayso.=Youarekindtosayso.你能这样说真好。.其他句式1）It,sone,sturntodosth.轮到某人做某事了。2）Ittakes/tooksb.sometimetodosth.某人花多长时间做某事。3）It,stimetodosth.=It，stimeforsth.是该 的时候了。4）sb.+be+adj.+todosth.某人因 而 。）find/think/feelit+adj.+todosth.发现/认为/感到做某事是 的。三、动词不定式符号to的省略.使役动词后省略to的情况在let，make，have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。例：Shealwaysmakesmelaugh.她总是让我大笑。.感官动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to例： 5 Iwatchedhergetintothecar.我看着她上了车。.动词help后省略to的情况在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。例：CanIhelp（to）carrythisheavybox？我可以帮忙搬这个重箱子吗？.why（not）...后省略to的情况why（not）...之后的不定式不能带to。例：Whynotasktheteacher？为什么不问问老师？.跟在表示“除.....之外”意义的but，except之后的动词不定式，若but，except之前有实义动词do的任何形式，通常省略动词不定式符号to。例：Hismothercoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.他妈妈除了等着医生到来之外别无他法。提示：后跟省略to的不定式作宾语的动词一“感"feel二“听"hear，listento三“让”make，let，have四“看"watch，notice，see，lookat“半”帮助help（可省略，亦可不省略）当堂练习.——Couldyouteachmehowcakes?---Sorry,Idon'tknow.AmakeBmakingCtomakeDmade2.Ourteachertolduscarefullyinclass.AlistenBtolistenClistenedDlistens 6 4.——Whatdoyouexpectfromyourhardwork?---Nothing,Ijustwanttotrymybest.AgetBgotCgettingDtoget.Thedoctorwarnedusmorefruitandvegetablesinsteadofmeat.AtoeatingBtoeatCeatDeating.Myparentsalwaystellmemorevegetablesandfruit.AeatBeatingCeatsDtoeat.Mycousinwillcomeheretomorrow.Iexpecthim.AtoseeBseeCseeingDsaw.Thegirlexpectedallherclassmatestoherparty.A.comeB.tocomeC.coming D.came.Let'sanoise;someoneissleeping.AnotmakeBnomakingCnottomake.Westopped,buttherewasnotanysound.A.tolistenB.listensC.listenD.listening.---Ithinkyoushouldstopnoise.---Sorry.Iwon'tdothatagainA.tomakesomuchB.makingsomuchC.tomakesomanyD.makingsomany11.---Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforbreakfast?---Iusedtodumplings,butthesedaysI,musedtobreadandmilk.Aeat:haveBeat:havingCeating:haveDeating:having.VivianrefusesherchildrentotheweekendtrainingcentreforextraclassesAtosendBsendingCsentDsends.Afterlongyearsofwar,manypeopleinSyriaarehomeless.IthinkitimportantpeacefulworldA.buildB.notbuildC.tobuildD.nottobuild.LarryhopeshisEnglish,sohekeepspracticingiteveryday.toimproveB.improvingC.improvedD.nottoimprove15.SometimesyouhavetostoptoomuchandjustgowhereyourhearttakesyouA.thinkB.tothinkC.thoughtD.thinking本次课课后练习.theseedsandtheywillgrow.A.WaterTowaterC.WateringD.WateredA.WaterThepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbutworkforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.providedHearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingsetPleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow,smeeting一I,vegottoomuchwork.A.todotocomeB.doingcomingC.todocomingD.todocomingWelookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhereA.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfoundAfterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewentonhowmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplainedTotesteggs,theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey,rebad,iftheysinkthey,regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputtingPleaseremembertheplantswhileI,maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwateringwine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.MakeI'veneverbeensopoorabletoaffordameal.A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbeIdon,tknowwhethertostayinteachingoranotherjob.A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.trygetI,llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout-Idon,twantlikethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseenInfact,shewasthefirstwomantosuchapost.A.toelectB.tobeelectingC.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelectedI,dlikeovertheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.A.flyingB.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflyingI,mlearningacake.Canyouexplainone?A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomakeC.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,makingWhomwouldyouratherwithyou,JimorJack?A.havegoB.havetogo C.havegoneD.hastogoThehusbandadvisedtothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhimuptheidea.A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”'Tdprefer,thankyou.”A.nottoB.tonotC.notD.can,tIwouldmendyourradio,butIdon,tknow.A.howB.toC.howtoD.tohow“Ihaven,theardfromHenryforalongtime.”“Whatdoyousupposetohim?”A.washappeningB.tohappenC.hashappenedD.hadhappenedWhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson.A.tosendB.forsendingitC.tosendittoD.forsendingitto“Doyouknowthegirlinred?”“Sheseemsmeatlastmonth,sparty.ButI,mnotsure.A.tointroduceto B.tobeintroducedtoC.beingintroducedtoD.tohavebeenintroducedtoWeallagreedforanotherday,butJimdisagreedA.towait,todosoB.to亚@让,不填C.waiting,doingsoD.waiting,不填Hemadeuphismindtodevotehislifepollutionhappily.A.toprevent,toliveB.toprevent,fromlivingC.topreventing,toliveD.topreventing,fromlivingIwishI,dbeenthere-Iwouldlikeherfacewhenhishusbandcamein.A.toseeB.tohaveseenC.seeingD.havingseenWehavetworooms,butIcan'tdecide.A.tolive,tochoosewhichone B.lived,choosewhichoneC.tolivein,whichonetochoose D.live,whichoneHe,llusewhathehasheranewdress.A.boughtB.tobuy C.buying D.beenbought-Mum,canIhavesomething?-Oh,dear.Youcanonlydrinksomewater.Thereisinthekitchen.A.todrink;nothingelse B.drinking;somethingelseC.toeat;somethingelse D.eating;nothingelse-moreabouttomorrow,sweather,call121. -OK,Iwill.Thankyou.A.Know B.KnowingC.ToknowD.KnownPleasedon,tforgettheroomwhileIamawayinBeijing.A.clean B.tocleanC.cleanedD.cleaningWemustdoeverythingwecanwastewaterfromrunningintorivers.A.keep B.kept C.tokeepD.keepingThewomanmadehissonfinallyaftershetoldhimsomejokes.A.laughedB.tolaughC.laughD.laughingMumknowsmakeabananamilkshake. 9 A.howA.howB.whattoC.howtoMoreandmoreyoungpeoplearetryingtodosomethingtheold.A.servedB.toserveC.serve D.serves-Shallwegoshopping? -Sorry,Ihavelotsofhomework.A.do B.todo C.doing D.doesTheteacheraskedBenadifficultquestioninclass.A.answer B.answering C.toanswer D.answered-Haveyoumadeupyourmindthesickkids? -Bysingingsongs.A.whattotell B.howtocheerupC.whentohelp D.wheretolookafterDon,tyouthinkimportanttoprotectourearth?A.that B.how C.it D.thisShewassupposedinhospital,butpeoplefoundherintheoffice.A.