研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson2课后习题答案

UnitOneEfficientReadingLessonTwoDevelopingYourReadingFlexibilityGenerally,theabilitytoadjustyourreadingrateandmethodstosuitthetypeofmaterialyouarereadingandyourpurposeofreadingiscalledreadingflexibility.Becomingaflexiblereaderinvolvesmakingdecisionsabouthowyouwillreadagivenpieceofmaterial.Howyouwillreaddependsonwhyyouarereadingandhowmuchyouintendtoremember.Rateandcomprehensionarethetwomostimportantfactors.Yourgoalistoachieveabalancethatsuitsthenatureofthematerialandyourpurposeofreading.PrinciplesofEfficiencyandFlexibilityEachofthefollowingstatementsexpressesoneofthemajorprinciplesofreadingefficiencyandflexibility.1.Youdonotalwayshavetoreadeverything.2.Noteverythingonapageisofequalimportance.3.Thereareshortcutsthatcansavevaluabletimeandmakereadingorlearningeasier.4.Itispossibletoincreaseyourreadingratewithoutlosingcomprehension.5.Noteverythingthatappearsinprintistrue.Lesson2TheNewschoolChoiceReadingSelectionACATALOGUEWarm-upActivitiesAbouttheAuthorBackgroundInformationLanguagePointsKeystextWarm-upActivitiesWhatdoyouthinkofqualityeducation?Willitbesuccessful?AbouttheAuthorMaryLordisacontemporaryAmericanfreelancewriterfornewspapersandmagazinessuchasU.S.News&WorldReport,AssociatedPressWrite.ShehaswrittenmanyarticlesaboutAmericaneducation.BackgroundInformationOverviewoftheAmericanEducationSystem1.PrimaryschoolAmericanchildrenstartschoolattheageoffiveyears.Thefirstyearatschooliscalledkindergarten.ItisrequiredofallAmericanchildrenenrolledintheAmericaneducationsystem.Thesecondyearatschoolisconsideredthefirstyearofprimaryschoolandisreferredtoasfirstgrade.Primaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsoffiveyearsofeducation,referredtoasfirstthroughfifthgrades.BackgroundInformation2.SecondaryschoolUponcompletionoffifthgrade(thelastyearofprimaryschool),AmericanchildrenenrolledintheAmericaneducationsystemadvancetosecondaryschool.Secondaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsofatotalofsevenyears,referredtoassixththroughtwelfthgrades.Theninththroughtwelfthgradesaremostcommonlyreferredtoashighschool.Uponcompletionoftwelfthgrade,Americanstudentsareawardedacertificatecalledthehighschooldiploma.BackgroundInformationIntheAmericaneducationsystem,studentsmusthaveobtainedahighschooldiplomabeforetheyareadmittedintocollegeoruniversity.ForeignstudentswhowouldliketoattendanAmericancollegeoruniversitymusthavecompletedcourseworkthatisequivalenttowhatistaughtatanAmericanhighschool.BackgroundInformation3.UndergraduateschoolStudentswhohavecompletedhighschoolandwouldliketoattendcollegeoruniversitymustattendwhatisreferredtoasanundergraduateschool.Theseareschoolsthatoffereitheratwo-yeardegree(calledanassociatedegree)orafour-yeardegree(calledabachelor’sdegree)inaspecificcourseofstudy.Thatcourseofstudyiscalledthemajor.Whilemostschoolsthatofferafour-yeardegreewilladmitstudentswhohavenotyetchosenamajor,allstudentsarerequiredtoselect(ordeclare)amajorbytheirsecondyearatschool.Studentswhocompleteanassociatedegreecancontinuetheireducationatafour-yearschoolandeventuallycompleteabachelor’sdegree.BackgroundInformation4.GraduateschoolStudentswhohaveobtainedabachelor’sdegreecancontinuetheireducationbypursuingoneoftwotypesofdegrees.Thefirstisamaster’sdegree.Thisisusuallyatwo-yeardegreethatishighlyspecializedinaspecificfield.Studentsaresometimesadmittedtoamaster’sdegreeprogramonlyiftheyhaveabachelor’sdegreeinacloselyrelatedfield.However,therearemanyexceptionstothis,suchaswithstudentswhowanttopursueaMaster’sinBusinessAdministration(MBA)degree.Studentswhowanttoadvancetheireducationevenfurtherinaspecificfieldcanpursueadoctoratedegree,alsocalledaPhD.BackgroundInformationAPhDdegreecantakebetweenthreeandsixyearstocomplete,dependingonthecourseofstudychosen,theabilityofthestudent,andthethesisthatthestudenthasselected.Thethesisisaveryintensiveresearchpaperthatmustbecompletedpriortoearningthedegree.ItisalwaysrequiredofstudentspursuingaPhD,andmaysometimesberequiredofstudentspursuingamaster’sdegree(dependingontheschool).CertaincoursesofstudyareonlyavailableatthegraduateschoollevelinAmerica.Themostnotableofthesearelaw,dentistry,andmedicine.Studentswhowanttopursueadegreeinoneofthesefieldsmustfirstobtainabachelor’sdegree.BackgroundInformation5.Education,alocalmatterTheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveanationalschoolsystem.Nor,withtheexceptionofthemilitaryacademies(forexample,theU.S.NavalAcademyinAnnapolis,Maryland),arethereschoolsrunbythefederalgovernment.Butthegovernmentprovidesguidanceandfundingforfederaleducationalprogramsinwhichbothpublicandprivateschoolstakepart,andtheU.S.DepartmentofEducationoverseestheseprograms.FromHawaiitoDelaware,fromAlaskatoLouisiana,eachofthe50stateshasitsownlawsregulatingeducation.Fromstatetostate,somelawsaresimilarwhileothersarenot.BackgroundInformationAlthoughthereisnonationalcurriculumintheUnitedStates,certainsubjectsaretaughtinvirtuallyallelementaryandsecondaryschoolsthroughoutthecountry.LanguagePoints1.*setasidesth.suchastimeormoneykeepforaspecialuseorpurpose;reserve留作…之用；抽出…用于…(line3,para.1)①尽量抽出时间来做一些修修补补的活儿。Tryandsetasidetimetodosomemendingjobs.②政府仅留出这笔钱的13%用于卫生和教育。Thegovernmentsetasidebarelythirteenpercentofthismoneyforhealthandeducation.LanguagePoints*setasideabelief,principleorfeelingnotletitinfluenceyouinordertoachievesomethingmoreimportant;disregardordiscardit把…置于一旁；不顾，不理会，不接受①让我们抛开个人情绪。Let’ssetasideourpersonalfeelings.②他不理会我们所有的反对意见。Hesetasideallourobjectionsaside.③他们同意搁置分歧，共同为和平而努力。Theyagreedtosetasidetheirdifferencesandworktogetherforpeace.LanguagePoints*setasideadecisionorjudgementofficiallystatethatitisnotlegallyvalidorhasnolegalforce;quashoroverturnit宣告无效；撤消；驳回①高级法院已经推翻了下级法院的裁决。ThehighCourthassetasidethelowercourt’sruling.②最初的裁定最后被最高法院宣告为无效。TheoriginalverdictwaseventuallysetasidebytheSupremeCourt.LanguagePoints2.hitaparticularplace(informal)reachorarrivethere（非正式）到达某地

(line1,para.2)①到达红绿灯处时向左拐。Whenyouhitthetrafficlights,turnleft.②到了法院大楼向南转，再走两英里就到我们家。Bearsouthafteryouhitthecourthouseandyou’llfindourhousetwomilesfurtheron.③我们终于走上山脚下的山路，大家心里都如释重负。Itwasagreatgriefwhenwefinallyhittheroadatthebottomofthemountain.LanguagePoints3.*jumpshipleaveashipwithoutpermission未经允许擅自离船

(line5,para.2)leaveadifficultsituationwhenyoushouldstayanddealwithit临阵脱逃；潜逃在紧急关头，他会溜之大吉而不去面对危险。Inacrisis,hewilljumpshipratherthanfacedanger.LanguagePpetewitheachothertogetsomethingorforsomethingofteninaroughorundignifiedway争夺，抢夺

(line5,para.4)①外交官们竟相努力阻止战争时，紧张局势进一步升级。Tensionsarerisingasdiplomatsscrambletopreventawar.②游客们抢占最好的位置。Sightseershadscrambledforthebestposition.LanguagePoints5.*wake-upcallIfyousaythatsomethingisawake–upcalltoapersonorgroupofpeople,youmeanthatitwillmakethemnoticesomethingandstarttotakeaction警钟(line3,para.3)①大使说，他希望这一声明能给政府敲响警钟。TheAmbassadorsaidhehopedthestatementwouldserveasawake–upcalltothegovernment.②不佳的测验成绩应该给老师们敲响了重重的警钟。Thelowtestscoresshouldserveasaloudwake–upcalltoteachers.atelephonecallthatyoucanbookthroughanoperatororatahoteltomakesurethatyouwakeupataparticulartime催醒电话

LanguagePdsb.todosthremind,spurorurgesb.todoit催促，督促，激励

(line3,para.3)①国际社会督促冲突个方重新开会。TheInternationalCommunityprodsallpartiesintheconflicttogotoarenewedconference.②这完全是出于他们的主动，我一点也没有从中催促。Thiswasontheirowninitiative,withouttheleastproddingfromme.③你也许得不时激励他一下使他大体上还能符合要求。Youmayhavetoprodhimfromtimeandgenerallykeephimuptothemark.LanguagePoints7.letalonenevermind;stillless更不用说

(line4,para.4)①无人确切知道发生了什么事情，更不用说是如何发生的？Noonewassureexactlywhathadhappened,letalonehow.②我连第一章还没看，别说读完全书了。I’venotevenreadthefirstchapter,letalonefinishedthebook.③英国人自己也常常不能确定什么是俚语，什么不是俚语，更不要说是外国人了。Englishmenthemselves,letaloneforeigners,areoftenuncertainwhatisslangandwhatisn’t.LanguagePoints8.drawlotsorcastlotsdrawstraws;makeadecisionbychoosingoneofseveralpiecesofpaperwithdifferentchoiceswrittenonit抓阄；抽签

(line6,para.4)他们抓阄以决定谁先走。Theydrewlotstodecidewhichofthemshouldgofirst.LanguagePoints9.inarowinsuccession连续地；一连串地；不间断地

(line3,para.6)①她现在已经连续三次荣获冠军。Shehasnowwonthechampionshipthreetimesinarow.②他们连续获得了7场胜利。Theyclockedupsevenwinsinarow.③他的工作允许他连续休几天假。Hisjoballowshimtotakesevendaysoffinarow.LanguagePoints10.*breakoutseparateorbeseparableintocategories,suchasdata把…资料分类

(line5,para.6)①政府要求各州把成绩按种族和收入分类。Thegovernmentrequiresstatestobreakoutscoresbyraceandincome.beginsuddenly爆发

战争爆发，他志愿从军。Whenwarbrokeouthevolunteeredforserviceinthearmy.LanguagePoints*breakoutfromaplaceescapefromit逃脱，逃走1946年的春天的一个夜晚他逃了出来，搭便车去了南方。Hebrokeoutonespringnightin1946andhitchedsouth.*breakoutofanundesirableordullsituationorwayofbehavingmanagetochangewhatyoudoorthewayyoubehave摆脱（不快或沉闷的处境或行为方式）①我们必须摆脱这种恶性循环。We’vegottobreakoutofthisviciouscircle.②她已成功地摆脱窠臼，展现独特的风格。Shehadmanagedtobreakoutofthemouldandachievesomethingindividual.LanguagePodoingsth.putalotpressureonsb.inordertomakethemtodoit;pressurizeorinfluence迫使（某人仓促做谋事）(line5,para.6)①他们被迫仓促行事而犯了策略上的错误。Theywerestampededintoerrorsinstrategy.②顾客们被一下子冲入抢购风。Thecustomerswerestampededintoawaveofpanicbuying.LanguagePoints12.stemfromarisefrom起源于，（由…）造成

(line1,para.7)①她的很多问题都源于她的家庭。Manyofherproblemsstemfromherfamily.②他受到欢迎是因为他出生于该地区。Hispopularitystemmedfromthefactthathewasborninthearea.③当前的罢工浪潮起因于底工资雇员的不满情绪。Thepresentwaveofstrikesstemsfromdiscontentamongthelower–paid.LanguagePoints13.*windupendsomething结束

(line3,para.7)①我们现在停止吧。Let’swindupnow.②我想尽快结束这次会议。I’dliketowindupthemeetingsoon.*windupinaparticularplaceorsituationfinishup（以…）告终①要是到头来他进了监狱，才不会让我感到奇怪呢。Itwouldn’tsurprisemeifhewindsupinjail.LanguagePoints②她最后当了教师。Shewoundupasateacher.③如果我连年努力工作，最后会得到什么呢？金钱，地位和他人的尊敬？IfIworkhardforyears,whatwillIwindupwith?Money,positionandrespect?LanguagePoints14.*bailoutofsomethingsuchasaproject,situationorrelationship从…中摆脱出来

(lline3,para.9)*bailouthelpsomeoneoutofadifficultsituation,forexamplebygivingthemmoney;rescue帮助（某人）脱离困境；使从困境中摆脱出来①我要求加薪以便渡过困难。IaskedforarisesoIcouldbailout.②我们总以为科技一定可以救我们脱离困境。Weassumethattechnologywillalwaysbailusoutofourtroubles.③政府被迫出钱帮助这家公司摆脱困境。Thegovernmentwasforcedtobailthecompanyout.LanguagePointshopin/on/out(informal)jumporgetinto,onto,oroutofavehiclequickly,usuallytogoashortdistance匆匆跳上（或跳下）车（尤指到不远的地方）(line4,para.9)①上车吧。我顺路送你进城。Hopin.I’llgiveyoualiftintotown.②大家跳进我的车子来开到那儿去吧。Let’shopinmycaranddriveoutthere.③我决定跳上飞机，尾随他而去。Idecidedtohoponaplaneandgoafterhim.④他一骨碌跳下床。Hehoppedoutofbed.KeysI.READINGCOMPREHENSION1.D2.C3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.B9.C10.AⅡ.VOCABULARYA.1.D2.A3.D4.C5.B6.C7.A8.A9.C10.DB.1.letalone2.drawlots3.inarow4.woundupwith5.bailout6.hopon7.vow8.weigh9.lofty10.briefedⅢ.CLOZE1.livewith2.reassured3.Given4.ranked5.allbut6.generation7.Bycontrast8.inresponseto9.matters10.predictorKeysⅣ.TRANSLATION12002年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来。2002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学,同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。2对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。Keys3“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。”

4一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。Keys5教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监EugeneHickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长RodPaige已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说,即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律”。6Wooten说：“人很容易放弃自我,而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？”

KeysⅤ.ORALPRACTICEANDDISCUSSIONWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewfederallaw?Whatmakesyouthinkso?Theauthorisobjectiveinreportingthenewlawbutispessimisticaboutthepracticalimplementationofit.Theauthorreportsinasmallportionintheselectionaboutthebackground,themandateandthepurposeofthenewlaw,but