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实用标准美国侵权法(中英文)RestatementoftheLaw ,Third,TortsbyTheAmericanLawInstitute美国法学会《侵权法 第三次重述》PartOne:IntoductionofTorts 侵权法概述PartTwo:ApportionmentofLiability (RuleSections )第一部分:责任分担PartThree: ProductsLiability 产品责任PartOne:IntoductionofTorts 侵权法概述在美国,侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴, 而且主要由判例法组成。侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为(intentionaltort) 、过失侵权行为(negligenceornegligenttort)和严格责任侵权行为 (strict liability tort). 对侵权行为的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿, 在涉及交通事故等领域的侵权赔偿已广范采用了保险赔偿的方式。PartOne:Introduction 基本概念1.ThelawoftortisstillthesourceofmostcivilsuitsintheUnitedStates,文档实用标准with damage claims for automobile accidents taking first place. Manycircumstancescontributetothis:(a)theplaintiffinanAmericancivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloften--andunderstandably--relymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations,forinstance when achild hasbeen injured inanautomobile accident orthroughadefectiveproductofalargeenterprise;(b)Compensationanddamagesincludenotonlytheactuallossbutalsotheintangibledamage.Aplaintiffcanthereforeoftenplayonthehumanreactionofthejury:forinstance, what isappropriate compensation forapermanent disabilitysuchasthelossofalimb?(c)Americanlawpermitstheparticipationofthe attorney in the plaintiff ’srecovery (contingent fee) which notuncommonlyamountsto25to33percentoftheverdict.Asaresultofallofthesefactors,atortactionmaybealengthyproceeding,resultinlargeexpenses,forinstancethroughhonorariaforexperts(whichmaydeterthe"small"plaintifffromsuingatall),andmayendintheawardofaverylargeverdict.Itisnolingeruncommonthatajurywillawareaverdictinexcessof $100,000. These conditions have been the touchstone forseveralreformendeavorswhichwillbediscussedinmoredetailbelow.在美国,侵权行为法产生的诉讼仍是大多民事诉讼案件的主要来源, 其中基于交通事故产生的损害赔偿案件居于首位。很多因素造成了这一现象:( a)在美国民事诉讼案件中的原告通常利用法律赋予他的诉讼权利主张赔偿, 因为陪审团更多的是基于可以理解的人性考虑而非法律考虑, 例如当一个孩子在一起交通事故文档实用标准或因购买大公司的瑕疵产品而受到伤害往往能得到陪审团的同情理解。( b)补偿费和损害赔偿金不仅包括实际的损害而且包括了无形损害。 原告经常可以利用陪审团的人性反应:比如,当永久的失去肢体时怎样才算是一个适当的赔偿金额。c)美国法律允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金(胜诉酬金)。这种酬金达到法院判付赔偿金金额的百分之二十五到百分之三十的情况并非罕见。由于以上所有因素的存在,在侵权案件中若想获得巨额的赔偿金必将经历一个冗长的审判过程。这方面的一个例子是在陪审团对一个重大的侵权案件做出裁决后,专家(证人)的酬金可能是“渺小”的原告所获得的损害赔偿金的全部。陪审团做出一个超过100,000美元的裁决已不再是不可能的,而是极其常见的。这些因素都将成为若干改革努力的试金石,我们将在下文中更多的讨论其细节。2.Tortlawandthelawofcontractsoftenoverlapsinceaninjuredpartyfrequently has the choice between a tort claim(for instance,unauthorizeduseofproperty--conversion--orpersonalinjury)andasuitincontract,forinstance,inimpliedcontractor,inthecaseofpersonalinjuries, for breach of warranty. Since the law of torts permits therecoveryofintangibledamage(whichisusuallynotthecasewithrespecttocontractclaims),theplaintiffwillordinarilychoosethetortclaimforpersonalinjurieswhenthefactssopermit.侵权行为法常常与合同法产生竞合, 受损害的一方也常常在侵权之诉 (例如将未经授权使用的财产转移和因非法占有他人财产所造成的个人损害) 和违约之诉中做出选择。比如,在格式合同及在个人损害赔偿案件中或因为违反保证诺言的案文档实用标准例中。因为侵权行为法还将赔偿无形损失 (而违约责任往往不赔偿无形的损失) ,因为侵权行为法如此的规定,在现实生活中原告往往选择它提起个人损害赔偿。3.Everyone isliable for histortious act,inlimited form also children(however,parentsonlythenwhentheyactedasthechild ’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise),butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.每个人都要对其侵权行为承担责任, 在有限的形式下儿童亦然(但是,父母仅当其作为该儿童之代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责任) ,但国家不在此例,除非法律明确规定取消了国家的豁免权。4.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousacts,includingtheembryo.Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction).ThestatutesofsomeStatesprovideprotection,andatortclaim,tothirdpartiesforinjuriesarisingoutoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor;undertheseso-called"dram-shopacts",apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor'sintoxication.每个人包括婴儿都受到侵权法的保护。 继承人或近亲属可以提起损害赔偿之诉,当其被继承人或近亲属被故意或过失导致死亡时 (非正常死亡之诉)。一些州的法律规定,对于第三方的行为使侵权行为人醉酒从而导致受害人受伤的可以提起文档实用标准侵权之诉,这些规定被称为“小酒店法令”,作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的一方有权向那些造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。5.Finallyitshouldbeemphasizedagainthatthelawoftortsis,inthemain,StateLaw.最后需要强调的是侵权行为法主要是各州的立法。PartTwo:IntentionalTorts故意侵权Thecaselawcontainstheusualcatalogueofintentionaltorts.Forinstance:battery,assault,conversionofproperty,falseimprisonment,trespasstopersonalandrealproperty.Sometorts,forinstance,alienationofaffectionhavebeenabolishedbystatuteinmanyStates.Others,suchasdefamation,haverecentlybeenmodifiedsignificantlythroughconstitutionalcaselaw.Newtorts,unknowntothetraditionalcommonlaw,havealsobeenintroducedbythecaselaw;particularlyimportantamongthemarethetortsforinvasionofprivacyandforproductsliability.以往的判例包含了各类故意侵权。例如殴打、故意伤害、非法占有他人财产、非法拘禁和对动产和不动产权的侵犯。 一些侵权行为,例如破坏他人夫妻关系在很多的州的法律中都被废除了。 另外一些,例如诽谤,最近就在宪法判例法中得到显著的修改。判例法也增加了一些传统的普通法所未包含的新的侵权行为; 其中特别重要的是侵犯隐私权的行为和产品责任侵权行为。文档实用标准PartThree:LiabilityforNegligence过失侵权责任Tortliabilityfornegligencepresupposescausalitybetweenthenegligentactandtheinjurytopersonorproperty.Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis"dutyofcare"and,seenobjectively,hasnotactedas"areasonableandprudentman."Thelattertesttakesintoaccountthespecialprofessionalqualificationofthetortfeasor.Thus,differentcriteriaapply,say,toanarchitectthanforaconstructionworker,thecaselawhasgivenarestrictiveinterpretationtotheconceptof"dutyofcare”.Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff:thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.Thus,alesserdutyofcareisowedtohimwhotrespassesonpropertythantoanincitedguest.SomeStatestatutesgoevenfurtherandexclude,forinstance,adutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle--towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously(gueststatutes).Evenifadutyofcareexistsandhasnotbeenobserved,theinjuredpartymaystillnothaveaclaimforcompensation.Thiswillbethecase,forinstance,whenhehasbeenguiltyofcontributory.Thiswillbethecase,forinstance,whenhehasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligenceorhasassumedtherise,theharshnessofthecontributorynegligencedefense,theresultofwhichwouldnotonlybeadeductionfromthecompensationbutexcludeanyliabilityonthepartofthetortfeasorhasbeensoftenedinsomeStatesbyadoptionofthe文档实用标准"comparativenegligence"doctrine.Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly. The bar of the contributory negligence defense to arecoverymayfurthermorebeexcludedbythedoctrineofthe"lastclearchance",accordingtowhicheventhecontributorynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe"lastclearchance"topreventthedamage.过失侵权责任以过失行为和对人身或财产的侵害之间的因果关系为前提要件。一个人若没有尽到其注意义务就被认为是有过失的。 客观地讲,他没有像一个理性且谨慎的人那样行为。最新的修正案中包含了特殊行业侵权行为所该承担的责任。这样,比方说对一名建筑师就要适用不同于一名建筑工人的标准。 判例法已经对“注意义务”给出了限制性解释。这种责任必定属于特殊的原告而非普通的社会大众。这样,一个人对于非法进入其土地者所负有的照看义务就小于其邀请的客人。一些州的侵权立法发展得更加迅速, 例如,对于免费搭乘乘客的司机的照看义务做出了规定。即使司机未尽到小心与观察的义务, 受害一方仍不能主张赔偿请求。下面就是一个因共同过失或承担风险而获罪的案例。 共同过失辩护的严格性,其结果并不是减少赔偿数额而是完全排除侵权行为人的责任, 已经因一些州采用了“比较过失”原则而得到减弱。比较过失原则又可译为相对过失原则,即通过比较双方的过失来确定双方的责任。 该原则要求共同过失的双方基于造成的损害程度来确定赔偿数额。 该法令的贡献在于过失侵权的赔偿责任可能因为“最后明显机会”原则得到排除,有过失的原告可能得到赔偿,如果它能够证明被告因“最后明显机会”原则而避免损害。文档实用标准Theextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligence--withitsdifficultiesofproofinajurytrialandthepossibilitythatajurysympathetictotheplaintiffwilllethimwindespitehiscontributorynegligencebutconsiderthelatterinitscalculationofdamages--todayleadstotwo,sometimesinconsistent,effortsofreform.Onewouldprovideforstrictliabilityinmanycases,theotherwouldintroduceasystemofcompensationfortheinjuredwithoutregardtofault,resemblingaformofinsurance.Thefollowingsectionbrieflyreviewsthesetwotrends.过失侵权法极其复杂,因为在庭审过程中很难避免陪审团对原告产生同情从而不考虑原告的过错也不考虑接下来的损失计算。 如今对此现象可以从两方面努力进行改革,尽管有时这两者不相一致。 一方面可以在很多案件中规定严格责任, 另一方面可以创设一种不考虑过错的赔偿制度, 例如类似保险制度的形式。下面的章节将简要评论这两种立法趋势。PartFour:TortLawReform:StrictLiabilityand “No-Fault”侵权法改革:严格责任和无过错责任a.StrictLiability 严格责任Originally,strictliabilityexistedonlyinafewspecialcases,forinstancewithrespecttothemaintenanceofdangerousanimals,defamation,and文档实用标准bywayofarebuttablepresumption,knownasthedoctrineofresipsaloquitur,whichdeducedfaultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself,suchasdefectiveconstructionornegligentuse.首先,严格责任只存在于几种特殊情形,比如饲养危险动物、诽谤,通过一个被称之为“不言自明法则”的可反驳之推定,从事实或行为本身的性质推定过错或者过失,例如施工缺陷或者是疏忽使用。Beginningwiththeuseofcontractlawconcepts,particularlythatofwarrantywhichpermitssuiteitherbasedoncontractorontortandthusobvioustheneedtoshownegligence,themorerecentcaselawrecognizesstrictliabilityintheareaofproductliability.Thisnewtortclaimnolongerderivesfromcontractlawnotionsbuthasbecomeindependent;theliabilityofasellertodayextendstoall"dangerousproducts”,withoutregardtowhethertheissueconcernstheproductitselforitspackaging.”Dangerousproducts”includeproducts”inadefectivecondition”whichare"unreasonablydangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty ”,Inthiscontext,"defective"meansthattheproduct does not meet the reasonable expectations of the ordinaryconsumer concerning thesafety ofthe product. Everyone isprotectedwhom the seller "should expect to be endangered by the product'sprobable use”.Inview of the extensive interstate commerce intheUnitedStates,thisformula,forallpracticalpurposes,extendsprotection文档实用标准tothepublicingeneral.从合同法概念的作用说起,尤其是在合同或侵权中提供担保可以避免出现过失,更多的近期判例法承认在产品责任领域的严格责任。 这一新的侵权主张不再依据合同法主张从而独立存在:销售商的责任如今扩大到所有“危险产品”,而不在乎是产品本身的问题还是包装问题。“危险产品”包括产品“在有缺陷的条件”下对使用者或消费者或其财产有不合理的危险。在此, “缺陷”一词意指该产品未达到一般消费者关于该产品安全性能的合理期望标准。 销售商“应该预见到会由于对该产品的恰当使用而带来危险的” 每一个人均受保护。纵观美国各州,在所有现实目的中这个定律总体扩大了对社会公众的保护。b.No-Fault无过错责任Thetrendtostrictliabilityintheareaofproductsliabilityshouldbecontrastedwithanotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence,particularlywithrespecttothegreatnumberofautomobileaccidents.Thesereformendeavorswhicharebased,inthemain,ontheplanofProfessorsKeetonandO'Connellseektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlawandtoawardcompensationwithoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.ThisnotionhasalreadyprovedverysuccessfulinthoseStateswhichsofarhaveadoptedNoFaultstatutes.Experienceinthosejurisdictionsshowspersonscouldbecompensated.Nevertheless,compensationforlossesresultingfromautomobileaccidentsandproductsliabilityremains文档实用标准aproblemofoverwhelmingdimensions:lossesamounttooverfivebilliondollarsayearbutonly800milliondollarsininsuranceproceedsareavailablefortheircompensation.Asclaimsarisingoutofproductsliabilityhavesteadilyincreased,thecostofliabilityinsurancetomanufacturersalsoincreasedfrom25millionin1950to125millionin1970.Furtherreformmovements,albeitatthistimeonlyintheirinfancy,seektoextendtheNo-Faultprincipletoalmostallclaims,principallytoproductsliability,butalsotootherkindsofliabilitysuchasmedicalmalpractice.InaNo-Faultsystem,amanufactureragrees--andinsureshimselfaccordinglytograntcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffault."Compensation ”inthiscontextmeanscompensationforactuallosses,butnotforintangibledamage.Thus,liabilitywillbelimitedfor the manufacturer and will therefore require a relatively lesserinsurance premium to cover the rise.On the other hand, the injuredpersonwillbeinabetterpositon,comparedtotraditionaltortlaw,sincehewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactualloss(expenseslossofprofitsorwages)withoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.产品责任适用严格责任的趋势应当与另外一种改革努力相比较, 就是为了因过失提起的主张,特别是大量的机动车事故, 力求寻找更多解决措施。这些主要建立在基顿和奥康内尔两位教授之方案基础上的改革努力试图取消侵权法中的过错责任原则并按照保险原则在不要过错证明(“无过错”)的情况下给予与赔偿。文档实用标准在目前采用无过错责任制度的国家, 已经证明了这一主张非常成功。 司法实践表明,当很大部分受害者能得到赔偿时可以降低保险费。 然而,机动车事故和产品责任引起的损害赔偿仍然是压倒性多数的严重问题。每年超过 50亿美元的损失数额却只有8亿美元保险收益可以用来赔偿。鉴于因产品责任引起的侵权主张稳定增长,生产者的保险责任花费(保险费)也从 1950年的2500万美元增加到1970年的1.25亿美元。进一步的改革运动,尽管目前只在初步阶段,试图将无过错责任原则扩大到几乎所有的诉求,主要是产品责任,但是也包括其他的责任,例如医疗事故。在无过错责任体系中,生产者同意并且据此保证其自身在某些伤害中无须证明过错而承认赔偿。在此“赔偿”意指实际损失赔偿,而不包括无形的损害。因此,生产者的责任将会受到限制, 这样就要求相对较少的保险费以涵盖这种风险。另一方面,相较传统的侵权法,受害者能处于更有利的地位,因为其有权因其实际损失(花费、收益损失或者薪资)取得立即赔偿,而不用通过长时间的诉讼,也没有证明过错的困难。PartTwo:ApportionmentofLiability (RuleSections)第二部分:责任分担第一题:比较责任的基本规则 Topic 1- Basic Rules of ComparativeResponsibility1IssuesandCausesofActionAddressedbyThisRestatement第一条 本重述所涉及的问题与诉因ThisRestatementaddressesissuesofapportioningliabilityamongtwoor文档实用标准more persons. It applies to all claims[3] (including lawsuits andsettlements )fordeath,personalinjury (includingemotionaldistressorconsortium ),orphysicaldamagetotangibleproperty,regardlessofthebasisofliability.本重述讨论在两位或多位责任人之间分配责任的问题。本重述适用于关于死亡、人身损害[2](包括精神损害或配偶权),或对有形财产的物理伤害的所有主张(包括法律诉讼与和解),无论其责任基础如何。2ContractualLimitationsonLiability第二条责任的合同性限制Whenpermittedbycontractlaw,substantivelawgoverningtheclaim,andapplicablerulesofconstruction,acontractbetweentheplaintiffandanotherpersonabsolvingthepersonfromliabilityforfutureharmbarstheplaintiff,srecovery[4]fromthatpersonfortheharm.Unlikeaplaintiff,snegligence,avalidcontractuallimitationonliabilitydoesnotprovideanoccasionforthefactfindertoassignapercentageofresponsibilitytoanypartyorotherperson.在合同法、诉讼请求的实体法规则和可适用的解释规则允许的情况下,原告与他人之间免除该他人对未来伤害负责的合同, 将阻碍原告从该他人处获得对该伤害的赔偿。与原告的过失不同,一项有效的合同性责任限制并不构成事实调查人向任何当事人或他人分配责任份额的理由。3AmeliorativeDoctrinesforDefiningPlaintiff ’sNegligenceAbolished文档实用标准第三条 定义原告过失的各种严格学说均已被废止Plaintiff,s negligence is defined by the applicable standard for adefendant,s negligence. Special ameliorative doctrines for definingplaintiff,snegligenceareabolished.原告的过失应依据适用于被告过失的标准来定义。 特别适用于定义原告过失的各种严格学说均已被废止。4ProofofPlaintiff ’sNegligenceandLegalCausationThedefendanthastheburdentoproveplaintiff,snegligence,andmayuse any of the methods aplaintiff may use to prove defendant,snegligence.ExceptasotherwiseprovidedinTopic5,thedefendantalsohastheburdentoprovethattheplaintiff,snegligence,ifany,wasalegalcauseoftheplaintiff,sdamages.第四条 对原告过失和法律原因的证明被告负有证明原告过失的举证责任, 并可采用原告为证明被告过失可以采用的任何方法。除本重述第五题另有规定外,被告亦负有举证责任证明原告过失——如果原告存在任何过失——构成原告所受损害的一项法律原因。5NegligenceImputedtoaPlaintiff 第五条可归责于原告的过失Thenegligenceofanotherpersonisimputedtoaplaintiffwheneverthenegligence of the other person would have been imputed had the文档实用标准plaintiff been adefendant, except thenegligenceof anotherperson isnotimputedtoaplaintiffsolelybecauseoftheplaintiff,sownershipofamotorvehicleorpermissionforitsusebytheotherperson.假设原告是被告的角色,他人的过失便可以归责于他的话, 那么该他人的过失可归责于原告。除非该他人的过失不是仅仅因为原告对机动车享有的所有权, 或对该他人使用该机动车的许可而归责于原告。6NegligenceImputedtoaPlaintiffWhenthePlaintiff,sRecoveryDerivesfrom aClaim That the Defendant Committed aTort Against aThirdPersonandinClaimsUnderSurvivalStatutes第六条 当原告获得的赔偿派生于一项被告对第三人实施了侵权行为的主张和包含于基于遗存诉因法的主张时,过失可归责于原告a)Whenaplaintiffassertsaclaimthatderivesfromthedefendant,stortagainstathirdperson,negligenceofthethirdpersonisimputedtotheplaintiffwithrespecttothatclaim.Theplaintiff,srecoveryisalsoreducedbytheplaintiff,sownnegligence.(b)The negligence of an estate,s decedent affects the estate[8],srecoveryunderasurvivalstatutetothesameextentthatitwouldhaveaffected the decedent,s recovery had the decedent survived. Thenegligenceofabeneficiaryofthedecedent,sestateisnotimputedtotheestatemerelybecauseofthebeneficiary,sstatusasabeneficiary.文档实用标准a)当原告声称一项派生于被告对第三人实施侵权行为的主张时,在该项主张中该第三人的过失可归责于原告。原告的赔偿额同样因为其自身的过失而被减少。b)根据遗存诉因法,遗产被继承人[7](生前)的过失在其生存时对其赔偿额影响的同样范围内,影响遗产可获得的赔偿额。遗产受益人的过失不能仅仅因为受益人作为受益人的法律地位而归责于财产。7Effect ofPlaintiff’sNegligence When Plaintiff Suffers anIndivisibleInjury第七条 在原告遭受不可分损害时原告过失 [9]的效力Plaintiff,snegligence(orthenegligenceofanotherpersonforwhosenegligencetheplaintiffisresponsible)thatisalegalcauseofanindivisibleinjurytotheplaintiffreducestheplaintiff,srecoveryinproportiontotheshareofresponsibilitythefactfinderassignstotheplaintiff(orotherpersonforwhosenegligencetheplaintiffisresponsible).若原告的过失(或原告应为其过失负责的其他人的过失) 构成原告遭受的不可分伤害的一项法律原因,则原告的所获得的赔偿额将依据事实调查人分配给原告(或原告应为其过失负责的该他人)的责任份额相应比例地减少。8FactorsforAssigningSharesofResponsibility 第八条分配责任份额时应文档实用标准考虑的因素Factorsforassigningpercentagesofresponsibilitytoeachpersonwhoselegalresponsibilityhasbeenestablishedincludea)thenatureoftheperson,srisk-creatingconduct,includinganyawarenessorindifferencewithrespecttotheriskscreatedbytheconductandanyintentwithrespecttotheharmcreatedbytheconduct ;and(b) the strength of the causal connection between the person,srisk-creatingconductandtheharm.向法律责任已被确定的各方分配责任百分比时应考虑的因素包括:a)该方造成风险之行为的性质,包括任何对该行为所造成风险的认识或漠视,以及任何对该行为所造成伤害的意图;及b)该方造成风险之行为与该伤害之间因果关系的强度。9OffsettingJudgments 第九条 判决的抵销Iftwo parties areliable toeach other inthe same suit, each party isentitledtoasetoffofanyrecoveryowedbytheotherparty,exceptthat,incasesinwhichoneorbothofthepartieshasliabilityinsurance,setoffdoesnotreducethepaymentofaliabilityinsurerunlessanapplicableruleoflaworstatute[10]soprovides.如果同一诉讼中的双方当事人都相互负有责任, 那么各方都有权抵消对方享有的任何(相应)赔偿额;除非一方或双方都有责任保险,那么抵消不会减少责任保文档实用标准险人应支付的金额,适用的法律规范或制定法另有规定的除外。Topic2-LiabilityofMultipleT ortfeasorsforIndivisibleHarm第二题:数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任10EffectofJointandSeveralLiability 第十条 连带责任的效力When,underapplicablelaw,somepersonsarejointlyandseverallyliabletoaninjuredperson,theinjuredpersonmaysueforandrecoverthefullamount ofrecoverable damages from anyjointly and severally liableperson.当依据适用的法律,有多人对某一受害人承担连带责任时, 该受害人可以起诉任一负连带责任者并从该人处获得可获得的全部损害赔偿 [12]。11EffectofSeveralLiability 第十一条 单独责任的效力When, under applicable law,aperson isseverally liable toaninjuredpersonforanindivisibleinjury,theinjuredpersonmayrecoveronlytheseverallyliableperson,scomparative-responsibilityshareoftheinjuredperson,sdamages.当依据适用的法律,某人对受害人的不可分损害承担单独责任时, 该受害人仅可以获得该负单独责任者在该受害人应得赔偿额中的比较责任份额。12IntentionalTortfeasors 第十二条 故意侵权行为人文档实用标准Eachperson who commits atort that requires intent isjointly andseverally liable for anyindivisible injury legally caused bythe tortiousconduct.每个实施以故意为要件的侵权行为的人, 均应对该侵权行为作为法律原因造成的任何不可分损害承担连带责任。13VicariousLiability 第十三条 替代责任Apersonwhoseliabilityisimputedbasedonthetortiousactsofanotherisliablefortheentireshareofcomparativeresponsibilityassignedtotheother,regardlessofwhetherjointandseveralliabilityorseveralliabilityisthegoverningruleforindependenttortfeasorswhocauseanindivisibleinjury.无论对导致不可分损害的独立侵权行为人适用的规则是连带责任或者单独责任,基于他人侵权性的行为而承担责任的人, 对分配给该他人的整个比较责任份额承担责任。14TortfeasorsLiableforFailuretoProtectthePlaintifffromtheSpecificRiskofanIntentionalTort第十四条 未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对原告提供保护而承担责任的侵权行为人Apersonwhoisliabletoanotherbasedonafailuretoprotecttheother文档实用标准fromthespecificriskofanintentionaltortisjointlyandseverallyliablefor theshareofcomparative responsibility assigned tothe intentionaltortfeasorinadditiontotheshareofcomparativeresponsibilityassignedtotheperson.因未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对他人提供保护而承担责任的一方, 应在分配给他的比较责任份额之外,对分配给故意侵权行为人的比较责任份额承担连带责任。15PersonsActinginConcert 第十五条 共同行为人Whenpersonsareliablebecausetheyactedinconcert,allpersonsarejointly and severally liable for the share ofcomparative responsibilityassignedtoeachpersonengagedinconcertedactivity.当多人因共同行为而承担责任时,所有各方应对分配给参与该共同行为的每一方的比较责任份额承担连带责任。16EffectofPartialSettlementonJointlyandSeverallyLiableT ortfeasors’Liability第十六条对连带责任人之责任所做部分和解的效力Theplaintiff,s recoverable damages from ajointly and severally liabletortfeasorarereducedbythecomparativeshareofdamagesattributableto a settling tortfeasor who otherwise would have been liable for文档实用标准contributiontojointlyandseverallyliabledefendantswhodonotsettle.Thesettlingtortfeasor,scomparativeshareofdamagesisthepercentageof comparative responsibility assigned to the settling tortfeasormultipliedbythetotaldamagesoftheplaintiff.原告可从一负连带责任的侵权行为人处获得的赔偿应减去应分配给另一已和解,否则将对负连带责任的其他未和解被告承担分摊责任的侵权行为人的比较赔偿份额。该已和解侵权行为人的比较赔偿份额是分配给该已和解侵权行为人的比较责任份额与原告赔偿总额的乘积。17JointandSeveralorSeveralLiabilityforIndependentTortfeasors第十七条 独立侵权行为人的连带责任或单独责任Iftheindependenttortiousconductoftwoormorepersonsisalegalcauseofanindivisibleinjury,thelawoftheapplicablejurisdictiondetermineswhetherthosepersonsarejointlyandseverally如有两人或多人的独立侵权行为构成某一不可分损害的法律原因,将由该案司法管辖区的法律确定这些侵权人应否承担连带责任、单独责任或连带责任与单独责任的某种混合责任形态。liable, severally liable, orliable under some hybrid ofjoint andseveralandseveralliability.TrackA-JointandSeveralLiability 路径A:连带责任文档实用标准A18LiabilityofMultipleTortfeasorsforIndivisibleHarmIftheindependent tortious conduct oftwo ormore persons isalegalcauseofanindivisibleinjury,eachpersonisjointlyandseverallyliablefortherecoverabledamagescausedbythetortiousconduct.A路径第18条数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因, 那么每个人均对该侵权行为造成的可获得损害赔偿承担连带责任。A19 Assignment of Responsibility: Jointly and Severally LiableDefendantsIfonedefendantandatleastoneotherpartyorsettlingtortfeasormaybefoundbythefactfindertohaveengagedintortiousconductthatwasalegal cause of an indivisible injury, each such party and settlingtortfeasorissubmittedtothefactfinderforassignmentofapercentageofcomparativeresponsibility.A路径第19条责任分配:负连带责任的被告如果一个被告和至少另一方当事人或者和解侵权行为人可能被事实调查人确认曾经参与了作为一不可分损害法律原因的侵权行为, 上述每一方与和解侵权行为人都需遵从于由事实调查人分配的比较责任份额。A20[NotApplicabletoThisTrack.]A 路径第20条无此条可适用于该路径文档实用标准A21[NotApplicabletoThisTrack.]A 路径第21条无此条可适用于该路径TrackB-SeveralLiability 路径B:单独责任B18LiabilityofMultipleTortfeasorsforIndivisibleHarmIftwoormorepersons,independenttortiousconductisthelegalcauseofanindivisibleinjury,eachdefendant,subjecttotheexceptionstatedin§12, is severally liable for the comparative share of the plaintiff,sdamagesassignedtothatdefendantbythefactfinder.B路径第18条数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上人的独立侵权行为均构成一不可分损害的法律原因, 每个人均对事实调查人分配给该人的原告损害赔偿的比较责任份额承担单独责任, 适用本重述第12条例外规定的除外。B19AssignmentofResponsibility:SeverallyLiableDefendantsIfoneormoredefendantsmaybeheldseverallyliableforanindivisibleinjury,andatleastonedefendantandoneotherparty,settlingtortfeasor,oridentifiedpersonmaybefoundbythefactfindertohaveengagedintortiousconductthatwasalegalcauseoftheplaintiff,sinjury,eachsuchparty,settlingtortfeasor,andotheridentifiedpersonissubmittedtothefactfinder for an assignment of a percentage of comparative文档实用标准responsibility.B路径第19条责任分配:负单独责任的被告如果一名或者多名被告可能对一不可分损害承担单独责任, 并且至少一位被告和一位另一方当事人、和解侵权行为人,或者特定人 [17]可能被事实调查人确定曾参与了作为受害人损害法律原因侵权行为, 上述当事人、和解侵权行为人和特定人都遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。B20[NotApplicabletoThisTrack.]B 路径第20条无此条可适用于该路径B21[NotApplicabletoThisTrack.]B 路径第21条无此条可适用于该路径TrackC-JointandSeveralLiabilitywithReallocation 路径C:结合再分配的连带责任C18LiabilityofMultipleTortfeasorsforIndivisibleHarmIftheindependent tortious conduct oftwo ormore persons isalegalcauseofanindivisibleinjury,eachpersonisjointlyandseverallyliablefortherecoverabledamagescausedbythetortiousconduct,subjecttothereallocationprovisionof§C21.C路径第18条数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因, 那么根据本重述C路径第21条规定的再分配条款,每个人均对该侵权行为造成的可获得损文档实用标准害赔偿承担连带责任。C19AssignmentofResponsibility:JointlyandSeverallyLiableDefendantsIfonedefendantandatleastoneotherparty,settlingtortfeasor,oremployerdescribedin§C20(a)whosecomparativeresponsibilityislegallyrelevanttoapportioningliabilityfortheplaintiff,sindivisibleinjuryexist,eachparty,eachsettlingtortfeasor,and,aspermittedby§C20(a),eachemployerwhomaybefoundbythefactfindertohaveengagedintortiousconductthatwasalegalcauseoftheplaintiff,sinjuryissubmittedtothefact-finderforassignmentofapercentageofcomparativeresponsibility.C路径第19条责任分配:负连带责任的被告如果存在一个被告和至少一个另一方、和解侵权行为人或如本重述 C路径第20条(a)所描述的,其比较责任在法律上与原告不可分损害的责任分配有关的雇主,可能被事调查人发现参与了作为原告损害的一个法律原因的请求行为的每一方、每个和解侵权行为人和每个由本重述 C路径第20条(a)许可的雇主,均需遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。C20EffectofResponsibilityAssignedtoImmuneEmployerIfapartyallegesthattheplaintiff,semployerbearssomeresponsibilityfortheplaintiff,sinjury:文档实用标准a)Iftheapplicablelawofthejurisdictionpermitsareductionofrecoverabledamagesbasedonthecomparativeresponsibilityofanemployer otherwise immune from suit by the plaintiff-employee orpermitsacontributionclaimbyadefendantagainsttheemployer,theemployer maybeassigned apercentage ofcomparative responsibilityand: (i)the recoverable damages arereduced aspermitted by theapplicablelaw ;or(ii)contributionisawardedaspermittedbytheapplicablelawandtheemployer,scomparativeresponsibility.(b)Iftheapplicablelawofthejurisdictiondoesnotpermiteitherareductionofrecoverabledamagesbasedonthecomparativeresponsibilityofanemployeroracontributionclaimagainsttheemployer,theemployermaynotbeassignedapercentageofcomparativeresponsibility.C路径第20条分配给免责雇主的责任的效力如果一方宣称原告的雇主对原告的损害负有一定的责任(,那么):a)如果该司法辖区适用的法律允许基于雇主的比较责任对可获得损害赔偿的减少,否则免于被作为原告的雇员起诉,或者允许被告对雇主的分摊主张,雇主可能被分配一定份额的比较责任,并且:(i)对可获得损害赔偿的减少为适用的法律所允许;或(ii)分摊的裁定为适用法律和雇主的比较责任所允许。b)如果该司法辖区适用的法律不允许基于雇主的比较责任减少可获得损害赔偿,或(不允许)对雇主提出分摊主张,则不能向雇主分配比较责任份额。文档实用标准C21ReallocationofDamagesBasedonUnenforceabilityofJudgment(a)ExceptasprovidedinSubsection(b),ifadefendantestablishesthatajudgmentforcontributioncannotbecollectedfullyfromanotherdefendant,thecourtreallocatestheuncollectibleportionofthedamagestoallotherparties,includingtheplaintiff,inproportiontothepercentagesofcomparativeresponsibilityassignedtotheotherparties.(b)ReallocationunderSubsection(a)isnotavailabletoanydefendantsubjecttojointandseveralliabilitypursuantto§12(intentional tortfeasors )or §15(persons acting inconcert).Anydefendant legally liable forthe shareofcomparative fault assigned toanotherpersonpursuantto §13(vicariousliability )or §14(tortfeasorswho failtoprotect the plaintiff from the specific riskofanintentionaltort)may not obtain reallocation of the liability imposed by thoseSections.C路径第21条基于裁决不可执行的赔偿再分配a)除非如本条(b)款所规定,如果一个被告确认有关其分摊请求权的判决不可能从另一个被告那里完全受偿,法院将按照包括原告在内的其他各方被分配的比较责任份额,向他们重新分配赔偿金中不能受偿的部分。b)按照本条(a)款进行的重新分配,不适用于任何依据本重述第十二条(故意侵权行为人)或者第十五条(共同行为人)承担连带责任的被告。任何

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