高考冲刺英语阅读理解课堂练（24）答案解析

2020高考英语：阅读理解课堂练（24）PassageForty--Seven(ImportanceofaComputer)

Ascitizensofadvancedbutvulnerableeconomies,wemusteitherrelentlesslyincreasethequalityofourskillsorseeourstandardoflivingerode.Forthefuture,competitionbetweennationswillbeincreasinglybasedontechnologicalskill.Oilandnaturalresourceswillstillbeimportant,buttheynolongerwilldetermineanation’seconomicstrength.Thiswillnowbeamatterofthewaypeopleorganizethemselvesandthenatureandqualityoftheirwork.Japanandthe“newJapans”ofEastAsiaaredemonstratingthispointinwaysthatarebecomingpainfullyobvioustotheolderindustrialcountries.

Thereissimplynowaytorestonourpastachievements.Today’scompetitionrendersobsoletehugechunksofwhatweknowandwhatforcesustoinnovate.Foreachindividual.Severalcareerswillbecustomary,andcontinuingeducationandretrainingwillbeinescapable.Toattainthisextraordinarylevelofeducation,government,business,schools,andevenindividualswillturntotechnologyfortheanswer.

Inindustry,processingtheinformationanddesigningthechangesnecessarytokeepupwiththemarkethasmeantthegrowinguseofcomputers.Theschoolsarenowfollowingclosebehind.AlreadysomecollegesintheUnitedStatesarerequitingacomputerforeachstudent.Itisestimatedthat500,000computersarealreadyinuseinAmericanhighschoolsandelementaryschools.Althoughthereisanabysmallackofeducationalsoftware,thenumberofcomputersinschoolsexpandsrapidly.

ThecomputeristheProteusofmachines,asittakesonathousandformsandservesathousandfunctions.Butitstrulyrevolutionarycharactercanbeseeninitsinteractivepotential.Withadvancedcomputers,learningcanbeindividualizedandself-paced.Teacherscanbecomemoreproductiveandtheentirelearningenvironmentenriched.

Itisstrikinghowmuchcurrentteachingisaproductofpencilandpapertechnology.Withthecomputer’scapacityforsimulationanddiversekindsoffeedback,allsortsofnewpossibilitiesopenupfortheredesignofcurriculums.SeymourPapert,theinventorofthecomputerlanguageLOGO,believesthatconceptsinphysicsandadvancedmathematicscanbetaughtintheearlygradeswiththeuseofcomputers.Onevery-daylevel,word-processingsignificantlyimprovesthecapacityforwrittenexpression.Intermsofdrillandpractice,self-pacedcomputer-assistedinstructionenablesthestudenttoadvancerapidly—withoutbeinglimitedbytheconflictingneedsoftheentireclass.Inshort,oncewelearntousethisnewbrainoutsidethebrain,educationwillneverbethesame.Industry,facedwiththepressuresofarapidlyshiftingmarket,isalreadydesigningnewmethodstoretrainitsworkers,IntheUnitedStates,atechnologicaluniversityhasbeensetuptoteachengineeringcoursesbysatellite.Andtheadvancesintelecommunicationsandcomputationalpowerwilldramaticallyexpandtheopportunitiesfornationalandinternationaleffortsineducationandtraining.Withoutromanticizingthemachine,itisclearthatcomputersuniquelychangethepotentialforequippingtoday’scitizensforunprecedentedtasksofthefuture.ParticularlyinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,innovationwillbethebasisforcontinuedprosperity.Newcompetitorsareemergingtochallengetheoldeconomicarrangements.Howsuccessfullywerespondwilldependonhowmuchweinvestinpeopleandhowwiselyweemploythelearningtoolsofthenewtechnology.1.Whatisthedecisivefactorinfuturecompetitionbetweennations?A.Oil.

B.Technologicalskill.C.Naturalresources

DEducation2.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.KnowledgeofaComputer.

B.ImportanceofaComputer.C.FunctionofKnowledge.

C.FunctionofTechnology.3.Whydoesfurtherstudybecomeindispensable?A.Peoplewanttosomorejobs.B.Peoplewanttoattainthisextraordinarylevelofeducation.C.Peoplewouldnotrestonthepastachievements.D.Whatweknowbecomesobsolete.4.Theword“Proteus”isclosestinmeaningto_______.A.flexibility.

B.diversity.

C.variety.

D.multiplicity.Vocabulary1.

relentlessly

始终不懈的2.

obsolete

过时的，大量的，绝大部分的3.

chunk

大块，大量的，绝大部分4.

abysmal

无底的，极端的5.

Proteus

希腊神话中海神，能随意变化。这里指flexible,灵活多变6.

takeon

显现，显示7.

LOGO=logotyre

标识语，作为标志的语言8.

rapidlyshifting

瞬息万变的9.

romanticizing

使浪漫化，使幻想化难句译注1.Withthecomputer’scapacityforsimulationanddiversekindsoffeedback,allsortsofnewpossibilitiesopenupfortheredesignofcurriculums.[参考译文]由于计算机能进行模拟和提供各种反馈，它就为重新设计学校的课程开辟了各种新的可能性。2.Intermsofdrillandpractice,self-pacedcomputer-assistedinstructionenablesthestudenttoadvancerapidly—withoutbeinglimitedbytheconflictingneedsoftheentireclass.[结构简析]句子结构为主谓宾补，前后各用一个介词（短语），前intermof,后without[参考译文]就练习和实践来讲，借助自行规定速度的计算机辅助的指令使学生突飞猛进而不受全班互相矛盾的需要所限制。3.Withoutromanticizingthemachine,itisclearthatcomputersuniquelychangethepotentialforequippingtoday’scitizensforunprecedentedtasksofthefuture.[结构简析]逻辑主语句。句前有一状语成分，without+分词+名词的句型。[参考译文]不必用浪漫主义的手法来形容计算机，我们可清楚看到，它是独一无二的改变今天公民的潜力，使他们能承担未来的史无前例的任务。写作方法与文章大意文章论述了“计算机的重要性”，采用一般到具体写作手法。一开始就提出：作为经济上先进而又脆弱的公民，必须始终不懈地提高技术素质，否则生活水平就会下降。因为未来国际竞争取决于技术，一切部门必须迎合这一要求。具体到工业和学校必须使用计算机。重点在学校，因为它是培训新人才的基地。所以三，四，五，七段涉及计算机在学校的种种功能。最后的结论：人才和计算机是决定性因素。答案详解1.B.工艺技术。这在第一段就讲到“在未来，国与国之间的竞争越来越以工艺技术为基础。尽管石油和其他自然资源仍很重要，但它们不会再对一个国家的经济实力起决定性的作用。”A.石油。C.自然资源，这两项不是决定性因素。D.教育。文内教育作为改革的一个方面，其重点是在学校内应用计算机，来改变教学质量，达到革新人才的目的。并不是直接参与竞争。可参看第2题的答案及译注。2.B.计算机的重要性。整篇文章都显示了这一点。第三段“工业上，信息处理和制定必要的改革计划以适应市场需要意味着越来越多使用计算机。学校紧跟工业之后……”第四段“计算机是一种变化多端，神通广大的机器，因为它显示千种图象，发挥千种功能。而它的真正的革命性可在其相互作用的潜能中看出。有了先进的计算机，学习可以个别进行，速度自行规定。教师变得更有成效……。”第五段“……由于利用计算机，在学校低年级就能教授物理学和高等数学概念……。”最后一段画龙点睛地指出：“计算机独一无二地改变着那种今天公民能担当未来空前任务的潜能……新的竞争对手正在崛起，自由的经济布局提出挑战。我们如何才能顺利的应战，取决于我们对人的投资的多寡，取决于我们怎么聪慧地应用新技术的学习工具。”所以：A.计算机知识。

C.知识的功能。

D.技术功能，这三项只是计算机重要性中涉及到的一个方面，不能作为中心思想。3.D.因为我们知道的一切变得陈旧。第二段头几句话“我们决不能吃老本，当今的竞争使我们的大部分知识变得陈旧，非加以革新不可。对每个人来说，他们将惯常从事某几种职业，并且非继续学习进修和从新接受训练不可……。”都说明进修学习的原因。A.人们要做更多工作。文内没有提到。

B.人们要到达非同一般的教育水平。这是目的，不是原因。

C.人们不能吃老本。这话并没有完全讲清楚全部原因。4.A.灵活多变。Proteus一词，原义是指希腊神话中变幻无常的海神，普罗狄斯，他可以随心所欲边成各种形状。这里指灵活多变。PassageForty--Eight(TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperience)

By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.

Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy.However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.However,corticalasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.1.Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwithA.vexation.

B.irritability.

C.discouragement

D.neutrality2.Theauthormentions“commoncurrency”primarilyinordertoemphasizetheA.lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.B.similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.C.similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.D.continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.3.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines16—19?A.Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.B.Qualitativediversityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.C.Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.D.Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?A.Nervecells.

B.Nerveimpulses.C.Corticalareas.

D.Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.Vocabulary1.

mentalexperiences

精神感受2.

discharge

释放3.

negligible

微小的，可以忽略不计的4.

manifold

多种多样的，多方面5.

neuron

神经元/细胞6.

neural

（中枢）神经的（系统）7.

qualitativediversity

质的多样性，量变的8.

disprove

反驳，反证9.

homogeneous

相似的10.

sensorynerve

感觉神经11.

cortical

外皮的，皮质的12.

cerebralcortex

大脑皮层13.

locus

地点，区域14.

psychoneural

精神神经15.

heterogeneous

异源的，异种的，异体的16.

spatiotenporal

时空的难句译注1.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.[结构分析]句型为such…as可as具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中hadbeendemonstrated的主语。[参考译文]神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。2.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.[参考译文]有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。3.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.[结构分析]主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：thatis……。[参考译文]在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。4.

Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,the