2023年全国职称英语等级考试样题卫生类

全国职称英语等级考试样题--卫生类第一部分阅读理解(75分)Passage1 Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall. Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice. Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing. Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomentheagegroupwiththehighestproportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44. Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson’ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday. Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightlymoresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhighereducationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily. Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoarepreparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodonotplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke.1.Menusetobaccomainlyin________formsinthepast.○A.one○B.two○C.three○D.four2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan________.○A.onehundredyearsago○B.attheturnofthecentury○C.intheeighteenseventies○D.intheeighteencentury3.IntheUnitedStates_______smokecigarettes.○A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople○B.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople○C.onlyoldpeople○D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown–upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown–upwomen4.Aman’ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby________.○A.hisincome○B.hiseducation○C.hisoccupation○D.alloftheabove5.Children_________tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.○A.aremostlikely○B.arelesslikely○C.hate○D.donotwantPassage2 Manyofusbelievethataperson’smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected. However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell. Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall“lossofmemory”isnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnecessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(压抑旳感情)state.6.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik’sstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto__________.○A.rememberless○B.reasonbetter○C.learnfewernewthings○D.losenointellectualability7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_________.○A.common○B.muchmorecommonthanmostpeoplebelieve○C.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve○D.trueofthoseoversixty8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_________.○A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears○B.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks○C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen○D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesof“incompletelearning”except_________.○A.poorhearing○B.badeyesight○C.lackofattention○D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_________.○A.alow-spiritedstate○B.aworseningstateofhealth○C.oldage○D.nervoustensionPassage3 Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(营养)wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(脚气),andscurvy(坏血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aScottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi–wholerice. ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontainsubstancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.Intimethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Thehumanbodyproducesonlythreeofthem. Vitaminsregulate(调整)thewaythebodychangesfoodintoenergyandlivingtissues(组织).Eachvitaminshasadefiniteuseandthelackofonevitamincaninterferewiththefunctionofanother.Thecontinuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease. Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeatabalanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,andwhole–grainarethemostcommonsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods. Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalreactionsinthebody.Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,thesereactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall. Trulyvitaminshavebeencorrectlynamed–essentialtogoodhealthandlife.11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases__________.○A.alongtime○B.in18thcentury○C.recently○D.in190612.Beriberiisatypeof_________.○A.food○B.vitamin○C.fruit○D.disease13.Ittakesscientists_______toknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare.○A.alongtime○B.afewyears○C.ashorttime○D.anumberofexperiments14.Humanbodyproduces__________kindsofvitamins.○A.allkindsof○B.five○C.thirteen○D.three15.Eating_______isthebestwaytogetvitamins.○A.fewthings○B.vegetables○C.fruits○D.manykindsoffood第二部分完毕句子(25分)根据短文内容完毕句子，每个空格只能填一种单词。有旳单词第一种字母已经给出，请将其他字母补全。 Somepsychologists(心理学家)maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatone’smusclesalsoparticipate(参与).Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithoutbodies. Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecifically(详细地),somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirecttheorchestra(管弦乐队)eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestraeventhoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob. Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlessheparticipates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistener“feels”himselfintothemusicwithmoreorlesspronouncedmotionsofhisbody. Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipate(参与)inthementalprocessofthinkinginthesameway,butthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislesspronounced.16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlybyone’sbrainbutalsoone’s_________.17.Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarinthatmuscles________inbothprocesses.18._________peopleareabletolistentofamiliarmusicwithoutmovingsomepartoftheirbody.19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto________themusicfully.20.Accordingtothepassage,muscleparticipationintheprocessofthinkingisnotreadilya_______.第三部分阅读理解(80分)Passage1 Mostofusleadunhealthylives:wespendfartoomuchtimesittingdown.If,inaddition,wearecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodiessoonbecomeflabby(不结实旳)andsystemssluggish(缺乏活力旳).Thentheguiltfeelingsstart:“Imustgoonadiet”,“Imusttrytoloseweight”,“Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser”,“Imuststopsmoking”,“Imusttrytokeepfit.”Therearesomeaspectsofourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuchfeaturesofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsandstress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise(减少到最低程度)theeffectsoftheseevils. Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingforawaytokeepfitistotakeupsomesportorother.Whileitistruethateveryweekendyouwillfindpeopleplayingfootballandtennisinthelocalpark,theyareoutnumbered(超过)ahundredtoonebythepeoplewhoaresimplywatchingthem.ItisanillusiontothinkthatyouwillgetfitbygoingtowatchthefootballmatcheverySaturday,unlessyoucounttheeffortrequiredtofightyourwaythroughoutthecrowdstogettothebestseats. Forthosewhodonotparticularlyenjoycompetitive(竞争性旳)sports,itisespeciallydifficulttodosoifyouarenotgoodatthem.Therearesuchactivitiesforonepersonascycling,walkingandswimming.Whatoftenhappens,though,isthatyoudotheminsuchaleisurelyway,soslowly,thatitisdoubtfulifyouaredoingyourselfmuchgood,apartfromthefactthatyouhaveatleastmanagedtogetupoutofyourarmchair.Ofcourseyoucanbeverythoroughaboutexercise.Manysportsshopsnowsellfrighteningpiecesofapparatus,chest-expandersandothermysteriousgadgets(小装置)ofshinyspringsteel,which,accordingtotheadvertisements,willbringyouuptoanOlympicstandardoffitness,providedthatyoufollowaregularprogrammeofexercises.Suchprogrammesgenerallyinvolvelongperiodsoftimebendingthesecuriousbitsofmetalintoimprobableshapes. Itallstrikesmeasutterlyboringandalsotime-consuming.Somebodysuggestedrecentlythatallsucheffortwaspointlessanywaybecauseifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe“jogging”inthefirstplace.Theargumentisfalseevenifthefactsarecorrect,outthereisnodoubtthatexerciseinitselfcanbeboring. Evenafteryouhavefoundaroutineforkeepinginshape,throughsportorgymnastics,youarestillonlyhalfwaytogoodhealth,because,accordingtotheexperts,youmustalsomastertheartofcompletementalandphysicalrelaxation.Now,thisdoesnotmeansleepinginthearmchairofgoingdancing(whichisagoodformofexerciseinitself).Ithassomethingtodowithdeepbreathing,emptyingyourmindofallthoughts,worriesandsoon.21.Ifyouwanttokeepfit,youshould__________.○A.goinfornotonlycompetitivesports,butalsosolitaryones○B.goinfornotonlysports,butalsoenjoyyourrelaxation○C.notputontoomuchweight○D.notspendlonghourssittinginyourarmchair22.ThelatterpartofthelastsentenceofPara.2(“…unlessyoucounttheeffort…gettothebestseats.”)suggeststhattheauthorthinksthat________.○A.fightingyourwaythroughcrowdsisagoodexercise○B.bestseatsaredifficulttosecure○C.beingaspectatorisnotawaytokeepfit○D.gettingthroughcrowdsisnotaneasyjob23.Whichstatementreflectstheauthor’spointofviewonsolitarysports?○A.Theydonotcontributemuchtoyourhealth.○B.Theycanbedoneinaslowway.○C.Theylackasenseofcompetition.○D.Theycanbedoneatanytimeandinanyplace.24.InPara.4,theauthorquotes:“…ifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe‘jogging’inthefirstplace.”Hethinksthatthestatementis_____________.○A.partiallycorrect○B.absolutelytrue○C.untrue○D.paradoxical25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytogoodhealthinthearticle?○A.Mentalandphysicalrelaxation.○B.Competitiveandsolitarysports.○C.Piecesofexerciseapparatus.○D.Mountainclimbingoffresh-airbreathing.Passage2 Whetheryoueattoliveorlivetoeat,foodshouldhelpkeepyouwell.Inourmodernworldofprocessedandpreservedfoods,manynutritionists(营养学家)aresuggestingthatwecanstayhealthywithawell-balanceddietofplentyoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandnottoomuchredmeat,salt,orsugar.Infact,eatingnatural,unprocessedfoodsthataremadefromscratch,insteadofartificialandjunk(假旳)foods,maynotonlykeepyouhealthy,butsaveyourmoney,too. Tostayhealthy,youmustalsobecarefultoavoidfoodpoisoning,acommon,unpleasant,andoftendangerousillnessthataffectsoneoutofeverysixAmericanseachyear.Foodpoisoningisoftencausedbysalmonellabacteria(沙门化菌)infood,especiallyrawmeatsanddairyproducts.Heatusuallykillsthebacteria,andrefrigerationkeepsthemfromgrowing.Soremembertokeephotfoodhotandcoldfoodcold.Also,besuretokeepyourhandsandcookingutensilscleansoyoudon’ttransfergermstothefoodwhileyouarepreparingit. Ifyouusecannedfood,alwayscheckthecansforleaksorpuffiness.Apuffedcancouldmeanbotulism,afataltypeoffoodpoisoningthatyoucannotseeorsmell.Nevertasteanyfoodthatyoususpecthasspoiled.Instead,returnanydamagedcansorspoiledfoodtothegrocerystore,andthemanagerwillrefund(偿还)yourmoney.Whenusingprocessedfoods,besuretoreadallthelabelsandchecktheingredientsandthefreshnessdatebeforeyoubuyoreatthefood. Eatingisoneofthejoysoflife.Beingcarefulaboutwhatyouputinyourmouthcankeepitthatway.26.Accordingtomostnutritionists,adietof_________isgoodforyou.○A.redmeatandsweets○B.artificialandjunkfoods○C.freshfruitsandvegetables○D.processedandpreservedfoods27.Tostayhealthy,onemust___________.○A.noteatunprocessedmeatanddairyproducts○B.avoidyourhandstouchingallfoods○C.nottasteoutdatedcannedfood○D.heatcoldfoodbeforeeating28.Ifacanispuffy,itissuggestedinthepassageto___________.○A.openitandtastealittletocheckit○B.throwitawaytoavoidpoisoningotherfoods○C.heatitsoastokillthebacteria○D.returnittoitssellerforrepayment29.Whatdoes“it”inthelastparagraphreferto?○A.Life.○B.Joy.○C.Eating.○D.Food.30.Onthewhole,thepassagestronglysuggeststhat_________.○A.naturalfoodishealthierthanartificialfood○B.foodhelpskeeponehealthy○C.cannedfoodmaybepoisoning○D.one’spoorhealthisgenerallyaresultoffoodpoisoning第四部分概括大意(20分)给下面一篇文章旳每一段概括大意。每一段旳主题用一种或几种单词表达，空出旳词已给出了第一种字母，请把其他字母补全。31.D Adultstwelveyearsoldandovertaketwoteaspoonfulsasneeded,nottoexceedfifteenteaspoonfulsperday.Childrensixyearsoldtotwelveyearsoldtakehalfoftheadultdosage,nottoexceedseventeaspoonfulsperday.32.W Donotadminister(用药)tochildrenundersixyearsoldortoindividualswithhighbloodpressure,heartdisease,ordisease,ordiabetes.Thispreparationmaycausesleepy.Donotdriveoroperatemachinerywhiletakingthismedicine.Chronic(长期旳)coughisdangerous.Ifreliefdoesnotoccurwithinthreedays,discontinueuseandconsultyourphysician.33.EofInformationbetweentheSensory(感观旳)Neurons(神经)andtheBrain. Thesensoryneuronskeepthebraininformedofwhatishappeningoutsideandinsidethebodythroughavarietyofsensorypick–upunitscalledreceptors.Someofthese,lyingatorneartheskinsurface,maybespeciallysensitivetotissuedamage(causingpain),orlightcontact(producingatouchsensation),orpressure,ortemperature,eitherhotorcold.Otherreceptorsonthetongueandinthenoserespondtolightofvaryingintensities,whilereceptorsrespondtocolor.Receptorsintheearrespondtominutevibrationscausedbysoundwavesstrikingtheeardrum.Otherreceptorsaredeepinthewallsoftheintestines;whentheintestinescontractvigorouslybecauseofthepresenceofuncomfortablefoodorgas,thesereceptorstransmitsignalsofpain.Stillotherreceptorslodgedinthemuscles,fireoffsignalstothebrainanytimeamusclecontractsorajointmovesorissubjectedtoaddedpressureortension.34.Cofafever;Feverisaconditioninwhichthebodytemperatureishighthannormal.Usuallythepresenceoffeverisduetoaninfection,thoughtherecanbemanyothercausessuchasmalignancies(恶性肿瘤)，braininjuries,poisoningreactions,reactionstovaccines,anddiseasesinvolvingthecentralnervoussystem.Sometimesemotionalactioncanbringonafever.35.CoftheStomach;Carcinomaofthestomachisacommoncancerofthedigestivetract.Itisoneoftheleadingcausesofdeath. Thediseasetendstooccurintheagegroupsover40,andtothistypeofcancermalesaresomewhatmorelikelythanfemales.Inmanycasestheearlystageofgrowthofthecancerisusuallynotassociatedwithdefinitesymptoms.Bythetimesymptomsoccurtoanintensitythatmakesthepatientseekmedicaladvice,thecancerisoftenfoundtohavespreadtootherorganssuchastheliver.第五部分阅读理解(120分)Passage1 Whatcanyoudoifyousufferfrominsomnia?Twothings:youcaneatcertainfoodsthatwillhelpyoufallasleepandstayasleep,andyoucandocertainthingsthataresleep-inducing.HerearesomeguidelinesDr.Schwartzhasworkedoutafteryearsofresearch. a.Ifyou’vehadabadnight’ssleep,don’tstayinbedlaterthenextmorning. b.Don’tgotobedearlierthenextnight.Sticktoyourusualbedtimeandrisingpattern. c.Don’tnapduringtheday.Napscutdownonnightsleep-time. d.Neverlieawakeinbedandsleeplessness,thusreinforcingyourpoorsleepingpattern. e.Whenyougetoutofbedafteranhourofsleeplessness,dosomething,butmakesureit’ssomethingdull.Readabookthatdoesn’tinterestyourmuch.NeverwatchTVorlistentotheradio. f.Trysittingstillinachairinadarkenedroom;you’llbesurprisedhowfastyou’llgetsleepy. g.Whenyouretireforthenight,don’tliethererehashing(重讲)themistakesoftheday.Noristhisthetimetoplanyournextday’sactivities–youmaybecometooanxiousorover-stimulated. h.Getasmuchexerciseaspossible,preferablyearlyintheday.Exerciseisagreatsleepinducer. i.Developabedtimeroutine:closingupthehouseandturningoutthelightsinacertainway,bathing,plumping(使鼓起)upthepillows.Sleepstudiesshowthatdoingthingsinsequence–inawaythattendstocalmandsooth–canhelpyouachieveagoodsleeppattern. Asforfoodintaketohelpyousleep,makesurethatyourdailydietisabalancedoneandhighintryptophan(色氯酸),anamino(氨基旳)acidfoundincertainfoods.ThebodyconvertstryptophantoL-tryptophanandthentoserotomin,abodychemicalcrucialtothesleepprocess.Foodsrichintryptophanare:wholeorskimmilk,eggs,cheese,meat,andpeanuts,apples,bananas,cherries,driedprunes(梅脯),andwatermelon.Ifyouincludefoodshighintryptophaninyourdailydiet,andincorporatesomeofthesleep-inducingactivitiesintoyourlife,thechancesaregoodthatyouwillachieveapatternofrestful,soothingsleep.36.Lookoverthelistofguidelinesinparagraph1.WhichofthefollowingwouldDr.Schwartzprobablyapproveofdoingifyoucan’tsleep?○A.Readanexcitingnovel.○B.Gotobedatyourusualbedtime.○C.Thinkaboutameetingyouhavetoattendtomorrow.○D.Takeanapatlunchtime.37.Inparagraph1,item,Dr.Schwartzimplies,butnotdirectlysaythat________.○A.youshouldreadabookthatdoesn’tinterestyoumuch○B.watchingTVorreadinganinterestingbookwillstimulateyouandkeepyouawake○C.listeningtotheradiowillwakeupotherpeopleinyourhouse○D.youshouldcountnumberssilently38.Thethirdsentenceinparagraph2isalistoffoods,paragraph2_______.○A.doesnotexplainwhythesefoodsarelistedhere○B.saystoavoidthefoodlisted○C.highlyrecommendsthatyoueatthefoodslisted○D.saysthatthefoodslistedareverycheap39.Thelastsentenceofparagraph2___________.○A.ispessimisticaboutinsomnia○B.isoptimisticaboutinsomnia○C.containsexamplesoffoodhighintrpytophan○D.summarizestheentirearticle40.Thearticlemainlytellsus___________.○A.whygotosleep○B.causesofinsomnia○C.waystodealwithinsomnia○D.whatfoodscanhelpyousleepPassage2 Flu(whichisshortforinfluenza)isahighlycontagiousdisease,thecauseofwhichisaverytinyorganismknownasavirus.Severaltypesoffluarerecognized,dependingonthetypeofvirusthatcausesthedisease. Whenpeoplecatchflu,theyoftencomplainofaheadacheorasorethroat.Theyusuallyhaveafeverandtheirtemperaturerisesfromthenormal37C(98.6F)toabout39.5C(103F).Sometimesapersonhasadryhacking(剧烈地干咳)coughandachingjoints. Todaymanydoctorsprescribedrugsthatfightthedisease.Andscientistshavealsodevelopedvaccines(疫苗)thathelptopreventit.Ifthepatienthaspropertreatment,andcompleterestinbed,thevirusisnormallybeatenwithinaweektotendays. Howdoesfluspreadsoquickly?Whentheinfectedpersonbreathesout,sneezesorcoughs,hegivesoutdroplets(飞沫)ofmoistureinthebreathfro