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精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业专心---专注---专业精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业Questionsonappreciation:1.Speechesaregenerallyhighlyrhetorical.PointoutsomeofthedifferentrhetoricaldevicesKennedyemploystomakehisinauguraladdressasforcefulandimpressiveaspossible.2.Istheaddresswellorganized?Commentontheorderinwhichheaddressedthedifferentgroupsofnationsandpeople.3.CiteexamplestoshowthatKennedyisveryparticularandcarefulinhischoiceanduseofwords.4.Ishistoneandmessagesuitedtothedifferentgroupshead-dresses?Giveyourreasons.5.ThisinauguraladdressisregardedbymanyintheUnitedStatesasaclassicalspeech,andmanypassagesareoften,quoted.CouldyoupickoutsomepassageslikelytobequotedbyAmericans?Givereasonsforyourchoice.6.IsKennedy'sargumentandpersuasionbasedmainlyonfactsandlogicoronanappealtoemotions?Wouldthistypeofspeechbesuccessfulonalloccasions?III.Paraphrase:1.Andyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefforwhichourforebearsfoughtisstillatissuearoundtheglobe(para2)2.Thismuchwepledge---andmore.(para5)3.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.(para5)4.…ourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace(para10)5.…toenlargetheareaInwhichitswritmayrun(para10)6.…beforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityInplannedoraccidentalself-destruction(para11)7.…yetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthehandofmankind’sfinalwar(para13)8.Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness(para14)9.Letbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrors.(para17)10.…eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty(para21)11.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove(para27)V.Translateparas23-26intoChinese.IV.PracticewithWordsandExpressions(P.56-58)A.Lookupthedictionaryandexplainthemeaningoftheitali-cizedwords:1.…thesamesolemnoathourforebearsprescribednearlyacenturyandthree-quartersago(para1)2.formanholdsinhismortalhandsthepower(para2)3.…disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace(para3)4.…towitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthesehumanrights(para3)5.…wedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder(para6)6.…tobereplacedbyafarmoreirontyranny(para7)7.strugglingtobreakthebondsofmassmisery(para8)8.…topreventitfrombecomingmerelyaforumforinvective…(para10)9.…toenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun(para10)10.…thatstaysthehandofmankind'sfinalwar(para13)11.…taptheoceandepths…(para17)14.…notasacalltobeararms...butacalltobeartheburden'ofalongtwilightstruggle…(para22)B.Discriminatethefollowinggroupsofsynonyms:1.mortal,fatal,deadly,lethal2.faithful,loyal,constant,staunch,resoluteC.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainmetaphors.Explaintheirmeaninginplain,non-figurativelanguage:1.…thosewhofoolishlysoughtpowerbyridingthebackofthetigerendedupinside.(para7)2.Butthispeacefulrevolutionofhopecannotbecomethepreyofhostilepowers.(para9)3.Andleteveryotherpowerknowthatthishemisphereintendstoremainthemasterofitsownhouse.(para9)4.werenewourpledgeofsupport:topreventitfrombecomingmerelyaforumforinvective,tostrengthenitsshieldofthenewandtheweak…(para10)5.Andifcabeachheadofco-operationmaypushbackthejungleofsuspicion…(para19)6.Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveit,andtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld.(para24)V.Translation(refertothetranslationofthetext)1.Kennedythinkstheworldisdifferentnowbecausemanhasmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnologyandhasnotonlythepower(scientificfarming,speedytransportation,massproduction,etc.)toabolishpoverty,butalsothepower(missiles,H_bombs,etc.)todestroyallformsofhumanlife.Iagreewithhim.
2.AccordingtoKennedy,thebeliefstillatissuearoundtheglobeisthebeliefthatallmanarecreatedequalandGodhasgiventhemcertaininalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercantakeawayfromthem.
3.Kennedyconsidersasfriends:
a)theoldalliesoftheU.S.,suchasBritain,Canada,Australia,NewZealandandthewesternEuropeancountries;b)thecountriesinSouthAmericaand;c)manyofthedevelopingcountriesinAsiaandAfricathatrelyonU.S.aid.Heconsidersallsocialistcountriesasfoes(allthattimethesocialistcampheadedbytheSovietUnion)andthosedevelopingcountriespreparingtotakethesocialistroad.
4.Britain,Canada,Australia,NewZealand.andinawidersenseonemayalsoincludeFrance.
5.ManynewnationswerebornafterWorldWarⅡ.especiallyinAfrica.In1960alone,justoneyearbeforeKennedy’sinauguralspeech,thefollowingcountriesinAfricadeclaredtheirindependence:TheRepublicofCentralAfrica,TheRepublicofChad,TheRepublicofDahomey,ThePeople’sRepublicoftheCongo,TheJabonRepublic,TheRepublicofGhana.etc.
6.ThepeoplewhoareinhutsandvillagesarethepoorpeopleinbackwarddevelopingcountriesinAfricaandAsia.(Studentgivecommentsontherestoftheanswer.)
7.ThestatedpolicyofKennedytowardsLatinAmericaissummedupinthephrase“allianceforprogress”.Kennedypledgedtotakeconcretestepstoassistthesegovernmentsandpeopleincastingoffthechainsofpoverty.
8.Kennedy’spolicytowards“hisadversary”isnegotiationfromapositionofstrength.TheU.S.mustfirstbestrongenoughtodeterheradversary.FromthisstrongpositionofabsolutemilitarysuperiorityKennedyproposesnegotiatingwiththesocialistcamp(ortheSovietUnion)onthefollowingproblems:a)armscontrol,b)cooperationinthefieldsofscience,technology,artsandcommerce,c)anewworldsystem.
9.HecallsonhisfellowAmericanstomakenewsacrifices.todowhathiscountrycallsonhimtodo.Heshouldbepreparedtosacrificeeverything,evenhislifeifnecessary,todefendfreedom,towageconstantwaragainsttyranny,poverty,diseaseandwar.The“longtwilightstruggle”isnotahotwarbutaconstant,perseveringfightagainsttyranny,poverty,diseaseandthethreatofwar.
10.ThereareprobablysomeexaggerationintheclaimthatfreedomwasinitshourofmaximumdangerwhenKennedyassumedoffice.However,itishistoricallyjustifiablethatKennedyassumedofficeatatimewhenfreedomwasinamostcriticalhour.Thenewpresidenthadtofacemanydangersandcrises.Athome,freedomwasendangeredbythewitchhuntingcampaignagainstgovernmentworkersaccusedofbeingcommunistsstartedbySenatorMcCarthy.SoKennedymadehimselfastrongsupporterofcivilrights.
Ⅲ.1.Therhetoricaldevices/figuresofspeechemployedincluded:parallelandbalancedstructures,repetitionofimportantwordsandphrases,andantitheses.
2.Yes,theaddressiswellorganized.Kennedyaddressedhisoldfriendsfirstwithsweetestwordsandthenhisfoeswithsharpwords.Theorderisclearandappropriate.
3.Inthishighlyrhetoricaladdress,therearemanyexamplestoshowthatKennedyisveryparticularandcarefulinhischoiceofanduseofwordsaswellashischoiceofsentencepatternsandstructures.Forexample,inthesentence"Tooursisterrepublicssouthofourborder,weofferaspecialpledge",theword"sister'isparticularlychosentoconnoteequalityandmutualgoodrelationsinhisattempttoallay减轻;使平静thetraditionalfearsthesecountrieshaveoftheirpowerfulbigbrotherinthenorth.Andinthesentence"Finally,tothosenationswhowouldmakethemselvesouradversary,weoffernotapledgebutarequest",thephrase"wouldmakethemselvesouradversary"isagaincleverlychosentothrowtheblameforconfrontationandworldtensionontheotherparty,ItsuggeststhattheUnitedStateshasdonenothingtocreateenemies.ItistheothersidethatischallengingtheU.S.,andthelatterisforcedtotakethechallengealthoughitreallywantspeace.
4.Kennedycarefullymadehistoneandmessagesuitedtothedifferentgroupsheaddresses.Inhisaddressthereisproclaimedloyaltytooldalliestosustainunity,assuredhelpandsupporttominorfriendstokeepthemcloselytiedtotheU.S.,warningadvicetonewbornstomakethemover,andveiledthreat,warningandadvicetotheenemycamptocheckambitionsonthepartoftheenemies.
5.Amongthepassagesmostlikelytobequoted:maybe"weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty",asthisisnotonlyacarefullythoughtout,well-balancedsentenceeasytorememberandelegantlypleasanttoreadaloud,butalsoasentencethatbestexpressestheproudfeelingsoftheAmericansastheself-appointedleaderofthe"freedemocracies".Kennedy'scallforAmericansto"asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry"isalsoveryoftenquotedbecauseitrepresentstheenterprisingspirit进取精神;创业精神oftheAmericansofwhichKennedyisabestexample.
6.Kennedy'sargumentandpersuasionisbasedmainlyonemotionalappealratherthanfacts.Thistypeofspeechwouldnotbesuccessfulonalloccasions.Itcanbesuccessfulonlywhentheaudienceisalreadyexcitedanddoesnothavemuchtimetothinkorwhentheaudienceisalreadysusceptibletothemessageofthespeaker.
III.(P.56)1.OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartomaintainthatallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.Buttodaythisissuehasnotyetbeendecidedinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.
2.Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.
3.Unitedandworkingtogetherwecanaccomplishalotofthingsinagreatnumberofjointundertakings.
4.TheUnitedNationsisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedtheinstrumentsofpeace.
5.WepledgetohelptheUnitedNationsenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandate授权;命令,指令wouldcontinuetobeineffectorinforce.
6.beforetheterribleforcesofdestruction,whichsciencecannowrelease,overwhelmmankind;beforethisself-destruction,whichmaybeplannedorbroughtaboutbyanaccident,takesplace
7.Yetbothgroupsofnationsaretryingtochangeasquicklyaspossiblethisuncertainbalanceofterriblemilitarypowerwhichrestrainseachgroupfromlaunchingmankind'sfinalwar.
8.Soletusstartonceagain(todiscussandnegotiate)andletusrememberthatbeingpoliteisnotasignofweakness.9.Letbothsidestrytocallforth唤起;使起作用thewonderfulthingsthatsciencecandoformankindinsteadofthefrightfulthingsitcando.
10.Americansofeverygenerationhavebeencalledupontoprovetheirloyaltytotheircountry(byfightinganddyingfortheircountry'scause).
11.Lethistoryfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskwellornot,butoursurerewardwillbeagoodconscienceforwewillhaveworkedsincerelyandtothebestofourability.
IV.(P.56)A.1.prescribe:setdownorimpose
2.mortal:ofman(asabeingwhomusteventuallydie)
3.disciplined:receivedtrainingthatdevelopedself-controlandcharacter
4.undoing:abolishing
5.atodds:indisagreement;quarreling6.iron:cruel;merciless
7.bonds:chains;fetters束缚;枷锁
8.invective:aviolentverbalattack;strongcriticism,insults,curses,etc.
9.run:continueineffectorforce
10.stays:restrains
11.tap:drawuponormakeuseof
12.bear:takeon;sustain
B.1.fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物(不能指人),侧重于其不可避免性。如anillnesswhichmightnotbeseriousforayoungperson.butwhichwillalmostcertainlyprovefataltotheoldlady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重,但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。deadly在表示“必然致命”这一点上与fatal完全相同,可互换使用。但deadly还有一种为fatal所没有的用法,它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如:Themurderedmanhadmanydeadlyenemies.(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。mortal像deadly一样,可以指能置人于死的人或物。如:Becauseofanancientfamilyfeud不和;争执,thetwocousinshadbeenmortalenemiesfrombirth.用于指物时,mortal之不同于fatal及deadly之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如:Hewasstruckdownbyamortalblowuponthehead.(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。lethal
致命的,致死的指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡,而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如:Cyanideisalethalpoison.(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。)
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