英语翻译实例

esstr5Dforeignization&domestication

ChapterIV

ForeignizingTranslationandDomesticatingTranslationTeachingObjective:toacquiretwocomplementarytranslationstrategiesTeachingFocus:foreignizationvs.domesticationTeachingDifficulties:theapplicationofthesetwostrategiesinculturaltranslationSolution:caseanalysisAssignment:esstrexforeignizaitonvs.domesticationReferencebooks:1.

连淑能.英译汉教程.高等教育出版社，2006，13-152.孙致礼.新编英汉翻译教程.上外教：2004(32-47)3.

毛荣贵.新世纪大学英汉翻译教程.上海交大：2003（193-201）4.

唐玉柱.从MilkyWay的“误译”谈翻译实践中的归化和异化.重庆交通学院学报(社科版),2005,5(4):120-121Contents:1.Reflectionontwotranslationjokes2.Apprehensionofforeignizationanddomestication3.Influencesonlanguages4.Foreignizationintranslation5.Domesticationintranslation6.ConclusionReflectionontwotranslationjokes

(1)“theMilkyWay”——牛奶路

(2)“拂袖而去”totranslatethewesternerswhoareangryQuestions:DotheChinesereadersunderstandwhat“牛奶路”refersto?Isitappropriatetosay“詹姆士先生气得拂袖而去”inthetranslatedversionofaforeignnovel?

Reflectionontwotranslationjokes

(1)“theMilkyWay”——牛奶路

incomprehensible(2)

“拂袖而去”totranslatethewesternerswhoareangry

misleading:thewesternclothing=

thetraditionalChineseclothing(thelonggownswithbroadsleeves长袍大袖）

suitswallow-tailcoattraditionalChineseclothing*Questions:

(1)Whatmadethesetwotranslationsthelaughingstock?(2)Didthetwotranslatorsusethesametranslationstrategy?

culturalignorancethemilkyway→牛奶路洋人拂袖而去

foreignizingtr.

domesticatingtrsthstrangesthfamiliar*傅东华:in1940,GonewiththeWind（1）thenamesofthecharactersScarlett·O·Hara→赫思佳AshelyWilkes→卫希礼RhettButler→白瑞德（2）thenamesofplacesAtlanta→饿狼陀

Jonesboro→钟氏坡Tara→陶乐场

Charleston→曹氏屯

replacingtheEnglishsurnameswiththeChineseonesusingtheChineseplaceindicatorstotr.theEplacenames借助汉语中表地名的后缀词“陀、场、坡、屯”

傅译本的《飘》用词简单平实、语言流畅熟悉，就像中国小说，读起来毫无生涩、泊来之感。傅先生在《飘》前序中说“恐怕读起来沉闷”，因此“即如人名地名，我现在都把它们中国化了”，其目的“无非要替读者省一点力气”。翻开此书，随处可见典型的中国人名、地名。

domesticationordomesticatingtranslationItistarget/target-cultureoriented.

YangXianyi’str.of《红楼梦》谋事在人，成事在天。Manproposes,Heavendisposes.世人都晓神仙好。Allmenlongtobeimmortals.retainingtheoriginalforeignness;source-orientedforeignizingtr.orforeignizationHawkes’tr.

Manproposes,Goddisposes.Allmenknowthatsalvationshouldbewon.domestication

2.Apprehensionofforeignizationanddomestication2.1whatisforeignization?2.2whatisdomestication?2.3differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.andforeignizaitionvs.domestication2.4caseanalysis*LawrenceVenuti（劳伦斯·韦努蒂）,theAmericantranslationtheoristTheTranslator’sInvisibility《译者的隐形》,in1995Firstputforwardthesetwoopposingconcepts

2.1whatisforeignization?

Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.

2.1whatisforeignization?

Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.在一定程度上保留原文的异域性，故意打破目标语言常规的一种翻译策略。Itissource/source-cultureoriented.2.2whatisdomestication?Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.2.2whatisdomestication?Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度淡化原文陌生感的翻译策略。Itistarget/target-cultureoriented.Differencesbetweenforeignization&domesticationSource-orientedTarget-orientedRetainingforeignnessMinimizingstrangenessSendingthetargetreadersabroadBringingthesourceauthorbackhomeFriedrickSchleiermacher施莱尔马赫（德）“Thetranslatorcaneitherleavethewriterinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthereadertohim,orhecanleavethereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthewritertohim.”“翻译只有两种方法，不是译者不打扰读者，尽可能让读者靠拢作者，就是译者尽量不打扰作者，让作者靠拢读者。”异化归化2.3differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.andforeignizaitionvs.domesticationAquestion:literaltr.=foreignization

freetr.=domestication?

*Thefocusofliteraltrandfreetr.ishowtodealwiththeformandmeaninginthelinguisticlevel.

*Foreignizationanddomestication,however,breakingthroughthelimitationoflinguisticelements,broadentheirvision/fieldofvisionbyextendingitintolanguage,cultureandaesthetics.

Quotations:*“Whileliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.”(连淑能）*“归化与异化可看成是直译与意译概念的延伸，但并不完全等同于直译与意译。……如果说直译与意译是语言层次的讨论，那么，归化和异化则是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。”（王东风）

Quotations:*“Whileliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.”(连淑能）*“归化与异化可看成是直译与意译概念的延伸，但并不完全等同于直译与意译。……如果说直译与意译是语言层次的讨论，那么，归化和异化则是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。”（王东风）

Differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.&foreignizationvs.domesticationOld,morethan2000yearsagoYoung,in1995Tr.methodsTr.strategiesDealingwithlinguisticreproduction(suchasformandmeaning)Dealingwithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations(suchasculturalidentity)

tolayonone’sbackA：躺在某人的背上——retainingtheformB：平躺着；仰面躺着——transferringthemeaningdealingwithmeaningandform,notwithculturalelementsliteraltr.freetr.

2.4caseanalysis*PremierZhouEnlai,《梁祝

》aChineseversionofRomeoandJulietPremierZhou’stranslationcoincidedwiththeveryessenceof__________.

2.4caseanalysis*PremierZhouEnlai,《梁祝

》aChineseversionofRomeoandJulietPremierZhou’stranslationcoincidedwiththeveryessenceofdomestication.

*

Coco-cola蒋彝，arewardof￡350*7-up

“up”:beactiveorprogressive“喜”:behappyandactive*狗不理*Benz

Successfuldomesticationofbrandnametr.七上七喜蝌蝌啃腊可口可乐笨死;平治奔驰Gobelieve宾士*tokilltwobirdswithonestone一石双鸟；一箭双雕、一举两得*Itneverrainsbutitpours.不雨则已，下则倾盆;祸不单行;不鸣则已，一鸣惊人*AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马

殊途同归

*Pandora’sbox潘多拉的盒子罪恶的渊薮Achilles’heel

阿咯琉斯之踵唯一致命的弱点Judas’kiss犹大之吻险恶的用心bearmedtoteeth武装到牙齿全副武装

诸葛亮

(1)ZhugeLiang(181-234),personofgreatwisdomandresourcefulness

inChinesefolklore;mastermind

(2)ChineseSolomon

(10thcenturyBC)akingofIsrael,knownforbeingextremelywise

eg:thewisdomofSolomon

foreignizationdomestication*馒头

mantou;steamedbun*饺子

jiao

zi;Chinesedumpling半斤八两

halfa

jinequalseightliangsixofoneandhalfadozenoftheotherbirdsofafeather*intraditionalChineseweightsystem:1斤=16两0.5斤=8两TheGalaxy/TheMilkyWaytheMilkyWay

赵景琛，牛奶路

——foreignizationforeignization

+

annotation奶路(即银河），notmistranslation,butgoodtr.

thedifferentculturalassociationofthesetwodifferentnationsZeus

Hera

culturalinformation:(1)theGalaxy(2)intheGreekmythology:thewayfromthehumanworldtoZeus’palaceformedbythemilkdrippingfromHera’sbreastwhenshefedherbaby

TheCowboyandtheGirlWeaverintheChinesefolklore:abeautifultragedyabouttheGirlWeaverandtheCowboy

sometranslatorstodaystandouttorightthewrongdonetoZhaoJingchen.

“奶路”isjustifiedintheperspectiveofcross-culturalcommunication.

3.influenceonlanguages3.1influenceofforeignizationontheChineselanguage异化成功的例子已融为汉语的一部分，即二元文化成功的融合。成为汉语富有生命力的词汇

Timeismoney.时间就是金钱。washhands

thepopularexpressionof“洗手间”洗手,anEeuphemism

sourgrapesmaidenworkgraspastrawAstick-and-carrotpolicycat’spawopensesame酸葡萄处女作捞救命稻草大棒加胡萝卜政策火中取栗芝麻开门

Stick:

infml,severetreatmentCarrot:infml,apromisedrewardoradvantagefordoingsomething,esp.offeredasawayofpersuadingsomeone(fromtheideathatyoucanencourageadonkeytomovebyputtingacarrotinfrontofit)thecarrotandstick=promisesandthreats

据法新社8日报道，伊朗周一奉劝美国当选总统奥巴马放弃对伊朗实施“胡萝卜加大棒”战略。（《环球时报》，2008.12.9，第9版)当然由于美国不用再与苏联在欧洲竞争，他可以调往亚洲的军事资源比冷战时期更多，但航母能唬人，不能服人，美国支撑其在亚洲的影响力，需要更多经济的胡萝卜。（《环球时报》，2010.10.29，第14版社评：《美国自封“亚洲领导者”缺少自谦》)

salade-mailbetraycoolVenusgene

jazzvitaminCocaColaMediaBroadway

Angelmarathonpokerhumorcaloriecarnation安琪儿马拉松扑克幽默卡路里康乃馨

DinkballetcarbinejazzT-shirtsaunaaidsrally丁克族芭蕾舞卡宾枪爵士乐T-恤衫桑拿浴爱滋病拉力赛

transliteration+categoryword

3.2influenceofforeignizationonEnglish纸老虎保全面子丢脸好久不见papertigertokeepfacetolosefacelongtimenosee

“Alltheimperialistnationsarenothingbutpapertigers.”毛泽东，安娜·路易斯特朗“纸老虎”→‘scarecrow’（稻草人）

papertiger，theinternationalstandardtr.Thecommonusageissynonymouswiththeadjectivetoothless,meaningineffective.

ItwasfirsttranslatedwhenitwasappliedtodescribetheUnitedStates.In1956,MaoZedong,saidoftheUnitedStates:"Inappearanceitisverypowerfulbutinrealityitisnothingtobeafraidof,itisapapertiger.Outwardlyatiger,itismadeofpaper,unabletowithstandthewindandtherain.IbelievetheUnitedStatesisnothingbutapapertiger."

InMao'sview,thetermthatcouldbeappliedtoallallegedly"imperialist"nations,particularlytheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion(followingtheSino-Sovietsplit):Maoarguedthattheyappearedtobesuperficiallypowerfulbutwouldhaveatendencytooverextendthemselvesintheinternationalarena,atwhichpointpressurecouldbebroughtuponthembyotherstatestocausetheirsuddencollapse.

茶丝荔枝枇杷高粱饺子人参teasilklitchiloquatkaoliangjiaoziginseng

舢板磕头功夫麻将亩元斤

sampankowtowkungfu

makjongmu

yuan

jin

熊猫月饼月季鸳鸯银两虚词金鱼pandamooncakeChinarosemandarinducktaelemptywordgoldfish

3.3However,sometranslationsthatusedtobeconsideredsuccessfulcannotstandthetestoftime.

internationaltelephonedemocracysciencebourgeois英特纳雄耐尔

德律风

德谟克拉西，德先生

赛因斯，赛先生

（法语）布尔乔亚

4.foreignizationintranslationgeneralprincipalintranslation:source-oriented/foreignization-oriented“Translateliterally,ifpossible,or,appealtofreetranslation.”

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

Thoughatranslationmaybelikeoldwineinnewbottlesorawomaninman’sclothing,theresultscanbebothtastefulandalive.虽然一篇译文可以像置于新瓶中的老酒，或似身着男装的女子，但是，酒仍不失其甘醇、而女子仍风韵不减。——foreignization,retainingtheoriginalimagesof‘wine,bottles,womanandclothing’.

Abrewer’swifemaydrinkofatun.A:酿酒人的妻子不愁酒。——foreignizationB:近水楼台先得月。——domestication

Hehadonefootinthegrave.A:他的一只脚踏进坟墓，离死不远了。B:他已经是风烛残年。Hewasonlyacockofthedunghill.A:他不过是只自家粪丘上啼叫的公鸡而已。B:他只是个井底之蛙。

Aburnedchilddreadsthefire.A:烧伤的孩子害怕火。B:一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。Ratsdesertafallinghouse.A:屋倒鼠搬家。B:树倒猢狲散。

SomeinsistthatVersionBsaresuperiortoVersionAsinthatVersionBsdevelopthestrongpointsofChinese.That’safactthatcan’tbedenied.However,theprimarytaskoftr.istotransfertheculturalconnotationofthesourcetext.Todevelopthestrongpointsofthetargettextshouldcomesecondintr.

IsupposedIshouldbecondemnedinHareton

Earnshaw’sheart,ifnotbyhismouth,tothelowestpitintheinfernalregions…A:我想，哈雷顿·厄恩肖即便嘴里不说，心里也要诅咒我下到地狱最底层里去……(Christianity)B:我想，哈雷顿·厄恩肖即便嘴里不说，心里也要诅咒我下到十八层地狱里去……(Buddhism)

“十八层地狱”isaBuddhistterm,whichisimpossibletocomefromthemouthofaChristian.Inordertoavoid“culturaldisposition”文化错位,itisadvisabletoemployforeignization.

Unlessyou’veanaceupyoursleeve,wearedished.A:除非你袖中藏有王牌，否则我们输定了。

B:除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们输定了。differentculturalassociations

anaceupone’ssleeve是西方玩牌赌博时藏在袖中的“王牌”。而“锦囊妙计”则是中国古代宫廷争斗或疆场征战是封在锦禳中的神妙计策，彼此有着截然不同的文化背景和内涵，因而能引起不同的联想，如果用来互译，势必给译语读者带来错觉。

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

HehasfishedinManhattan’swalletanddugoutcoins…A:他把手伸进曼哈顿的钱囊里捞钱，只捞到几个小钱……——foreignzation,creatingfreshnesstothereader,读者有耳目一新之感B:他到曼哈顿去挣钱，只捞到几个小钱……

AsIremainedintheThirdForththreetimesaslongasanyoneelse,Ihadthreetimesasmuchofit.Ilearneditthoroughly.ThusIgotintomybonestheessentialstructureoftheordinaryEnglishsentence——whichisanoblething.因为我在四年级三班呆的时间是别人的三倍，所以我受的这种训练也是别人的三倍。我掌握得很彻底。就这样，普通英语句子的基本结构便深入我的骨髓里——这可是件了不起的事。getsomethingintoone’sbone牢牢地掌握；了如指掌，刻骨铭心——losingtheoriginalimage,dull

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

bottleneckshedcrocodiletearsbearmedtoteeth瓶颈（窄路，障碍）洒鳄鱼泪（猫哭老鼠）武装到牙齿（全副武装）

saynoto…（dic）否定，拒绝，反对Theysaidasharpnotoourproposals.他们断然拒绝我们的建议。Theydaresaynotothesuperpower!他们敢对那个超级大国说不！——moreemphatic他们敢于反对那个超级大国。法国一直有与世界大国对抗的“爱好”。戴高乐时期便有向美国说“不”的传统。（《中法冲突考验外交智慧》，《环球时报》，2008.1210，第1版转第16版）

5.domesticationintranslation5.1foreignization≠word-for-wordtranslation

5.2domesticationonidiomsandallusions

ConsequentlyMr.Micawberwassoonsoovercome,thathemingledhistearswithhersandmine.A:结果密考伯先生不久就伤感得把他的眼泪同她的和我的混合起来了。——wordforwordtr.,incomprehensibleB:结果是，一会儿密考伯先生也受不了，我们三人一起，眼泪对流起来。C:……我们三人哭成一团/抱头痛哭。——domestication

Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.A:她降生时，嘴里衔着一把银勺子。——foreignizationB:她出生在富贵之家。——domestication

Tesssetupinbed,lostinvagueinterspacebetweendreamsandthisinformation.A:苔丝从床上坐起来，沉湎于梦和这个信息的茫然的空隙之间。

B:苔丝从床上坐起来，一听这个话，一半朦胧，一半清醒，在那儿发愣。

C:……，半梦半醒，……

ShecouldnotdesertTara;shebelongedtotheredacresfarmorethantheycouldeverbelongtoher.A:她不会放弃塔拉；她属于这些红土地，远比它们属于她更加真实。(F.)B:她不能放弃塔拉；这块红土地是属于她的，而她更是永远属于这块红土地。C:……与其说这块红土地属于她，不如说她属于这块红土地。

(D.)

HighbuildingsandlargemansionsarespringinguplikemushroomsinBeijing.A:在北京，高楼大厦犹如蘑菇般地涌现。——foreignizationB:在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般拔地而起。——domestication

Ifwedonothang

together,weshallmostassuredlyhangseparately.Impliedmeaning:Weshouldallfighttogethersidebyside,orelse,wewillallbecrushinglydefeated.A:咱们要是不镖到一块儿，保准会吊到一块儿。——theoriginalgravityislost.B:如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑台。——lossoftheoriginalhumor

Ifwedonothang

together,weshallmostassuredlyhangseparately.C:如果我们不共同上战场，那就必然分别上刑场。D:我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴法场。

apunandacontrast,byBenjaminFranklin字：北京方言，表示团结，而“镖”（biao）与“吊”（diao）同韵，这样就和原文里的两个hang在语音形象上更为接近。ButitisquestionabletotranslatethegravityoftheSTbyusingadialect.Moreover,“镖”bearsaderogatorysense,whichisobviouslyimproperforthecontext.besides,contrastislostintranslation.

Franklin,Benjamin:(1706-1790)aUSpolitician,writerandscientist.HewasinvolvedinwritingtheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates《美国宪法》.HeisfamousforprovingthatLightningisaformofelectricitybydoingascientifictestinwhichheflewakiteduringastorm,andheinventedthelightningconductor避雷针.HeisalsoknownforwritingPoorRichard’sAlmanack《穷理查德历书》.

Second,thereistheNewYorkofthecommuter——thecitythatisdevouredbylocustseachdayandspatouteachnight.(E.B.White:“TheThreeNewYorks”)其次是通勤者（家住郊区、乘公交车到市内上班的人们）的纽约——这座城市每到白天就被如蝗的人群吞噬进去，每到晚上又给吐出来。——alikeinformandspirit形神俱似

ThissentencedescribeshowpeopleinNewYorkgotoworkandgobackhomefromwork.Thoughthereisonlyonesentenceofdescription,theSTisalivewiththeuseofmetaphor.ThetranslationretainstheSTimage.TheonlydifferenceisthatthemetaphoroftheSTisswitchedintoasimile.Butgenerallyspeaking,suchatranslationhasachievedbothformalandspiritualsimilarity.

Withdetermination,withluck,andwiththehelpfromlotso