国培讲义 关于读与写

PrinciplesandTechniques

初中英语写作与阅读的“教”与“学”吉林师范大学外国语学院崔建立2012/9/4PartIAComparativeStudyoftheExpressionsofChineseandEnglish(I)1.ThePhilosophicalFoundationofChinese:Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhism1.1TheCommonly-UsedChineseExpressions2.ImplicitCoherence3.IntuitivenessandImaginativeness4.Subjectiveness5.Fuzziness1.2TheCommonly-UsedEnglishExpressions

1.ThePhilosophicalFoundationofEnglish:AristotelianLogicandRationalism2.Linearity

3.Abstractness

4.Objectiveness

5.CertaintyPartIAComparativeStudyoftheExpressionsofChineseandEnglish(II)PartIIThinkingPatterns2.1Differencesofthinkingpatterns

2.2Influencesonwriting1.Chinese:Circular2.English:Linear1.Objectivity

2.Creativity3.Moral/LessonPartIIIGoodWriting

1.Behonest2.BeClear

3.BeBrief4.SeekVarietyPartIVDiction

4.1LevelsofWords

4.2MeaningsofWords

1.DenotationandConnotation2.Synonyms3.GeneralandSpecificWords

PartVEffectiveSentences(I)5.1EffectiveSentencesUnitye.g.Heisagoodworker,andIdon’tlikehim.2.Coherence3.ConcisenessWordy:Ifitisnotwellmanaged,theshirtfactorymaylosealotofmoney.Concise:Ifnotwellmanaged,theshirtfactorymaylosealotofmoney.PartVEffectiveSentences(II)4.Emphasis(1)Placeimportantwordsinimportantpositions.Weak:Hisspeechismostinformative,Ithink.Revised:Hislecture,Ithink,ismostinformative.(2)Arrangeaseriesofitemsinclimaticorder.Weak:Thepeopleinthecitywererobbed,killedandstarved.Revised:Thepeopleinthecitywererobbed,starvedandkilled.PartVEffectiveSentences(III)5.2AvoidingSentenceErrorsUnnecessaryShiftMr.Smithcallsmynameandaskedmetoexplainthepassage2.ConfusingReferenceIfoneisclever,wewilllikelysucceed3.MisplacedModifierInthepassageitpointsoutthattheairpollutionofthecityisserious.4.DanglingModifierIntalkingwithmyteachers,theytoldmeastory.PartVITopicSentence(I)6.1WhatIsaControllingIdea?Examples:Americanfoodisterrible.Televisionisveryimportant.Oneneedstoknowhowtowriteagoodpaper.PartVTopicSentence(II)6.2CharacteristicsofaGoodTopicSentenceBeingConciseandspecificBeingClearTheRightWordsPartVITopicSentence(III)6.3PositionsofTopicSentenceAttheendAtthebeginningInthemiddleAtboththebeginningandendAbsentPartVIISpecialParagraphs(I)7.1OpeningParagraphsBeginwithananecdoteBeginwithanarrationBeginwithaquotationBeginwithacontroversialquestionBeginwithanobservationBeginwithathesisstatementBeginwithavividcontrastPartVISpecialParagraphs(II)7.2ClosingParagraphsEndwithaforcefulrestatementEndwithacallforactionEndwithageneralizationEn