大学英语四级写作基本知识

大学英语四级写作简介

一．写作的目的及要求二、评分原则三、四级短文写作目的：测试学生用英语书面表达思想的能力，能够直接有效地测出考生综合运用语言的能力，较准确地反映考生的英语水平。一．写作的目的及要求要求:大学英语作文测试要求考生能够运用学到的语言知识，按规矩的题目要求，在30分钟内写出一篇120个词左右的短文，语义连贯，表达正确，无重大语法错误。题目的内容包括科技，社会，文化，或日常生活等方面的一般常识。题目形式多种多样，有提纲作文，段首句作文，关键词作文，图表作文，书信作文，和规定情景作文等。1.

四级作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。2.

从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切的表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

二.评分原则考生要有较坚实的语言功底，具有一定的英语短文的写作知识，而且也要具备一定的写作技巧。下面，我们拟就段落写作、书信写作、图标写作三方面讲解四级短文写作。三、四级短文写作段落写作

一．段落的组成段落大多由三个部分组成：主题句(Topicsentence)；扩展句（Developingsentences）；结尾句(Endingsentence).1.

主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。

E.g.Smoking

isharmfultopeople’shealth.E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.

Medicalsciencehasnowprovedthatsmokingcancauselungcancerandotherdiseasessuchasemphysema.Yourchancesofhavingaheartattackalsoincreasethemoreyousmoke.Smokingisdefinitelyahealthhazard.2.

扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。

Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主题句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(扩展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(结尾句).3.

结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.Englishisfavoredonthefollowinggrounds.Itistheofficiallanguageofanumberofcountries.Ofothercountries,itistheirsecondlanguage.Instillothers,Englishisspokenastheirmajorforeignlanguage.That’swhyEnglishissopopularinourpresentworld.二.段落的基本特征要写好段落就要清楚段落应具有的基本特征，即统一性(unity)，连贯性(coherence)，简洁性(conciseness)，重点突出(emphasis)，用字遣句有变换(variety)1.段落的统一性

一个段落只有一个主题。组成该段落的所有句子都应为这个主题服务。任何与主题无关的内容，任何不能支持段落主题的内容都必须舍弃。例如：

Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Theweatherisfineanditisnotashotasitisinthesummer.Peoplefeelcoolandcomfortable.Thesceneryisverybeautifulwithallkindsofflowershereandthere.

Andtherearevariouskindsoffruits.Thepeasantsbegintogatherincropsandfruits.修改后的段落为：Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Itiseasyforpeopletochooseafinedayforanoutingbecausetheweatherisalwaysnice，neithertoohotnortoocold.Thesceneryisbeautiful，too.Theredleavescoveringthemountains，thewildflowersboominginthefieldsandcolorfulfruitshangingonthetreesareallpleasanttolookat.Apicnicintheopenairinautumnwillcertainlybeenjoyedbyeveryone.2.段落的连贯性一个段落除了内容统一,意思完整之外,句与句之间还必须按一个清晰,合乎逻辑的顺序安排内容,转折自然,结构紧凑.Sinceshelostherweight,Carolehaschangedherimage.Shenolongerwearsdark-coloredclothes.Infact,sheoftenwearsred,pink,andevenbrightorange.Inadditiontowearingbrightclothes,shehaslightedthecolorofherhair.Frommousybrown,shehasprogressedtosun-streakedblonde.三.段落内外的衔接过渡为确保段落内容的连贯性，除了内容安排要符合一定的顺序外，句子与句子之间还应使用过渡句型或者是连接语。例一：(1)Todeveloptourismhasadvantages.Tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.上段无连接词语，实质是一堆简单句的拼凑，读起来枯燥乏味。(2)Todeveloptourismhasmanyadvantages.Inthefirstplace,tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Inthesecondplace,tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Third,tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.

上段虽然也是由简单的句子组成，但由于有效使用了连接词语，并不给人留下简单的印象；相反，读者通过连接词语，正确地了解到作者所陈述的manyadvantages的具体内容。作文常用句式和过渡连接词Aproverbsays…Itiseasytoseethat…Astheproverbsays…Thepiegraphshows…Somepeoplesaythat…

Noonecandenythat…

Manypeoplebelievethat…Asweallknowthat…Itisquiteclearthat…Variousviewsexistasto…,but…Thereismuchdiscussionabout/attentionto…扩展段的过渡性词语或常用句式Clearly,However,Obviously,Similarly,Moreover,Likewise,Inadditionto…,Meanwhile,Incontrastto,Inprinciple,First,second,Third,Finally,Lastbutnottheleast…Notonly…butalso…Foronething,…foranother,Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand,Itistruethat…but…Thereisnodoubtthat…终结段与扩展段之间的过渡词语Personally,Tosumup,Asforme,Tosummarize,AsfarasIamconcerned,Toconclude,Inmyopinion,Asaresult,Tobefrank,Ithink…Forthis(very)reason,Withrespectto…

Fromthispointofview,Itfollowsthat…Allinall,Insummary,Inshort,Onthewhole,段落之间的转接承启词语结论归纳过渡词

generally,speakinggenerally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,inasense,onalargerscale,atalocallevel,totaketheideafurther,inaway,tosomeextent,inmyview,practicallyspeaking,intermsof,insomerespects,allinall,inaword,onthewhole,asfarasIamconcerned,etc表例证关系的过渡性词forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,etc.让步过渡词although,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,itistrue…but,eventhough,but,grantedthat,yet,attheveryworst,admittedly,though,stillafterall,ofcourse,clearly,andstill,etc.常用表因果关系的过渡词语because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto…

四.段落写作常用方法

1.列举法2.举例法3.比较和对照法

4.因果法5.分类法6.时间顺序7.空间顺序8.综合法1.

列举法

列举法是指在主题句之后列举足够的（至少三个）足以支持主题观点的具体细节.

Bicyclehasmanyadvantages.

First,itishandyandconvenient.Itcancarryyoutoanywhereyoulikeincityanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Secondly,itisnotsoexpensive,andtherefore,everyfamilycanaffordtobuyitandtorepairit.Thirdly,itdoesnotcauseairpollution.Besides,itdoesgoodtoyourhealthifyourideitregularly2.

举例法

举例法通常指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中包含的中心思想.

PublictelevisioninAmericanpresentsmanykindsofprograms.Therearenewsandopinionprograms.Therearefilmsaboutsocialandhistoricalevents.Andthereareshowsaboutscienceandnature.Thereareshowstoteachpeoplehowtocook,growvegetablesorfixahouse.TherearemanydramaprogramsproducedinBritain.Andthereareprogramsthatpresentmusic,danceandtheaterofAmerica.3.

比较和对照法

比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似点。(1).整体对比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1,A2,A3,…;B1,B2,B3…）

(2)逐项对比。即双方同时描述，逐点进行比较（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；）整体对比

Itiseasytobeawinner.

Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,

losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.

Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymustsufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.逐项对比

Mytwofriendshavesimilaranddifferentcharacteristics,suchasappearance,personalityandhobbies.Wendyisshortandblonde.Incontrast,LisaistallerthanWendy,andLisa’shairismuchdarkerandcurlierthanWendy’s.Wendyistheshytypeanddoesn’ttalkloudlywhenotherpeoplearethere.Ontheotherhand,LisaismoreoutgoingthanWendyandlikestospeakmore.BothLisaandWendyenjoydoingdifferentthings,andtheydothemwell.Forinstance,Wendyisafolkdancer,andshedancesmoregracefullythanLisa,butLisacanplaybaseballbetterthanWendy.WendyandLisaarefriends;forthisreason,otherpeopleliketocomparethem.4.

因果法因果法是指按事物的因果关系发展段落.可以先把结果提出来,然后解释其(多种)原因,也可以先列出原因,再说明其(多个)结果.(1).先因后果(2).先果后因(1).先因后果

SinceIhavechangedmycurriculumtolawenforcement,therehavebeenamazingconsequences.Firstofall,Iamnowinterestedinmycourses.Iamsointerested,infact,thatIhavedonealotofextrareadingforthecourse.Also,myparentsaremuchmoreinvolvedwithwhatIamdoinginschoolsincemyfatherisapoliceman.Finally,mygradeshaveshownremarkableimprovement.Iexpectedbettergradestoresultformtheswitch,butIneverthoughtIwouldgetalltheA’sIhavebeengetting.(2).先果后因

GuiyouRestaurantislosingbusinessforthreemajorreasons.First,customersarestayingawaybecauseoftheunsanitaryconditionsintherestaurant.Thetablesareoftenmessyandthefloorsdirty.Inaddition,theserviceispoor.Thewaitersandwaitressesaregenerallyslowandunfriendly.Thewaitersandwaitresseswearuniforms.Mostimportantofall,customersarenotpleasedwiththefoodatGuiyouRestaurant.Themealsareofpoorqualityandoverpriced.

5.分类法分类，即将某一复杂的事物分拆开来，根据性质、形态、成因功能等属性的差别分成若干类，然后逐一进行说明.Chinesefoodcanbeclassifiedintofourtypes:northern,coastal,inlandandsouthern.

NorthernChinesefoodislightanddelicate.Beijingduckisanexampleofanorthernspecialty.Coastalfoodcontainsalotofsoysauceandsugar,soysaucechickenistypicalofthisarea.Mostinlandfoodisveryspicyandcontainshotpepper.Kang-paochicken,forexample,isfoundintheinlandarea.Foodfromthesouthernareaisoftenstir-friedandcontainshighlyconcentratedchickenbroth.6.时间顺序

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