基础工程翻译

第一章导论一名词解释DefinitionExplanation(3pointseach,12intotal)地基(Ground):将承受各种作用的地层称为地基。Generally,thestratawhichbearsallkindsofloadingsofthebuildingiscalledground基础(Foundation):将建筑物的各种作用传递至地基的结构物称为基础。thepartofthebuildingwhichisincontactwithgroundiscalledfoundation天然地基(Naturalground):未经人工处理就可以满足设计要求的地基称为天然基础。groundwhichcanmeetdesignrequirementswithoutmanualprocessing人工地基(Artificialground):如果天然地层土质过于软弱或存在不良工程地质问题，需要经过人工加固或处理后才能修筑基础，这种地基称为人工地基。groundwhichhasbeenstrengthenedortreatedartificially永久作用(PermanentAction)：可看成是不随时间变化的荷载。canalsobecalledasdeadload,itistheactionthatitslocation,sizeanddirectiondon'tchangeovertime,orthechangingvaluescanbeignoredcomparedwiththeaveragevaluesinthedesignperiod.可变作用(VariableAction):canalsobecalledasliveload,itistheactionthatitslocation,sizeanddirectionchangeovertime,orthechangingvaluescannotbeignoredcomparedwiththeaveragevaluesinthedesignperiod随时间而变化的荷载。地基容许承载力(theallowablebearingcapacityofground)基底压力不能超过地基极限承载力，而且要有足够的安全度；同时所引起的地基变形不能超过建筑物容许变形值，满足以上要求，地基单位面积上所能承受的最大压力就称为地基容许承载力。Indesign,thebasepressurecannotexceedultimatebearingcapacityofsubsoilandhaveadequatesafety;thedeformationofthegroundcannotexceedtheallowabledeformationofthebuilding.Ifthegroundmeetthetworequirements,themaximumpressurethatunitareaofgroundbearsistheallowablebearingcapacityofground基底压力：(basepressure)：建筑物荷载通过基础传递到地基上，对于刚性扩大基础而言，作用在基础底面单位面积上的压力称为基地压力。Loadingsofbuildingaretransferredtogroundthrough

foundation,torigidspreadfoundation,thepressurethatactonunitareaoffoundationbaseiscalledfoundation(base)pressure.二简答题基础工程设计计算的基本原则有哪些？Whatarebasicprinciplesoffoundationengineeringincalculationanddesign?基础底面的压力小于地基承载力容许值；地基及基础的变形值小于建筑物要求的沉降值；地基及基础的整体稳定性有足够保证；基础本身的强度、耐久性满足要求。Thepressureofthefoundationbottomislessthantheallowablevalueofbearingcapacity.DeformationsofgroundandfoundationarelessthanDeformationsofgroundandfoundationarelessthanallowablesettlementvalueofthebuilding.Theoverallstabilityofgroundandfoundationisensuredsufficiently.Strengthanddurabilityoffoundationmeetrequirements第七章特殊土地基上的基础工程1、湿陷性黄土collapsibleloess:黄土的一种，凡天然黄土在一定压力作用下，受水浸湿后，土的结构迅速破坏，发生显著的湿陷变形，强度也随之降低的，称为湿陷性黄土。Onekindofloess,underacertainpressure,thesoilstructureofthenaturalloessdestroysafteritissoakedbywater,significantCollapsibledeformationisproducedanditsstrengthisreduced,thiskindofloessiscollapsibleloess.2、 多年冻土permafrost:土层冻结延续时间在三年或三年以上称为多年冻土。durationofsoilfreezingisnotlessthanthreeyears,thiskindoffrozensoilispermafrost.3、 季节性冻土seasonalfrozensoil：土层冬季冻结，夏季全部融化，冻结延续时间一般不超过一个季节，其下边界线称为冻深线或冻结线°soilisfro