2023年湖南师范大学心理学专业外语题库

Chapter1(答案DDCACADBCA\FTFFTFFTTF)1)PsychologyisbestdefinedasthescientificstudyofA)themindandconsciousness.B)thementalprocessesofindividuals.C)mentaldisordersandabnormal（反常旳）behavior.D)thebehaviorofindividuals(个别旳)andtheirmentalprocesses.2)Thefirsttaskinpsychologyistomakeaccurateobservations（观测）aboutbehavior.Thismeansthatpsychologistsmustfirst________behavior.A)predictB)explainC)controlD)describe3)Whendrawingconclusions（结论）aboutbehavior,psychologistsrelyonA)theirownpersonalbeliefs.B)whatisknownas"commonsense（常识）."C)objectivelycollectedinformation.D)theireverydayobservationsofpeople.4)Inordertoinvestigatebehavior,researchersmayusedifferentlevelsofanalysis.Whichofthefollowingresearchquestionsexemplifies（例子）thebroadest,mostgloballevelofanalysis?A)Whataretheoriginsofprejudice?B)Aretheregenderdifferencesinprejudice?C)Aretheredifferencesinhowvariousracialgroupsexpressprejudice?D)Whatistheroleofearlychildhoodexperiencesintheformationofprejudice?5)In1908,HermannEbbinghaus（艾宾浩斯）wrotethat"Psychologyhasalongpast,butonlyashorthistory."Whichstatementbestcaptures（描述）theideathatEbbinghauswasexpressing（体现）?A)Psychologists,likephilosophers,havedifficultylearningfromtheirmistakes.B)Questionsabouthumannaturehaveexistedforalongtime,butonlyrecentlyhavethemethodsnecessarytoanswerthembeendeveloped.C)Thefieldofpsychologyhasexistedforalongtime,butonlyrecentlyhavescholarsbeguntorecordtheaccomplishments（造诣）oftheprofession.D)Althoughpsychologistshavebeendoinglaboratoryresearchforhundredsofyears,littleofsubstance（实质）hasbeendiscoveredabouthumannature.6)Whichstatementmostcloselycharacterizes（是……旳特性）thecurrent（流行）viewofmostpsychologiststowardthestudyofbehavior?AA)Psychologistsborrowandblendfrom（混合）differentperspectives（观点）.B)Psychologiststendtoagreethatthemostproductiveapproachisthebiologicalperspective.C)Psychologiststaketheapproachthatcomplexbehaviorcanbereducedtopatternsofsimplebehavior.D)Althoughpsychologistsdifferintheirbasicapproach,allagreeonthequestionstobeaskedandhowtheyshouldbestudied.7)Apsychologistwhoexplainsarapist's(强奸犯)behaviorintermsoftherapist'sdisplacedhostility（敌意）towardhismotherismostlikelytopreferthe__D______perspective.A)cognitiveB)humanistic（人本主义）C)evolutionaryD)psychodynamic（精神动力）8)PsychologistswhotakethebehavioristapproachseektoBA)illustrate解释theinnate天生旳品质goodnessofhumans.B)understandhowenvironmentalstimuli（刺激）controlbehavior.C)validatetheimportanceofthoughtprocessesinhumanbehavior.D)demonstratetheimportanceofunresolvedconflictsandinnerforces.9)Ateacherwantstoseewhethersmilingatchildreniftheyraisetheirhandswhensheasksaquestionincreasesthelikelihood（也许性）thatchildrenwillvolunteeranswers.Fromthebehavioristperspective,theantecedentenvironmentalconditionis________andtheconsequenceis________.CA)smiling;raisingofhandB)raisingofhand;smilingC)askingaquestion;smilingD)raisingofhand;askingaquestion10)ThehumanisticperspectiveinpsychologygivesgreaterweightandimportancetoAA)thecapacityofhumanstomakechoices.B)breakingdowncomplexbehaviorintoelementaryunitsofbehavior.C)howenvironmentalforcescometocontroltheindividual'sbehavior.D)thepowerfulinstinctualtendenciesthatdominatepeople'sactions.IITrueorFalseFTFFTFFTTF1)Psychologistsaretrainedtodescribebehaviorfromtheirownsubjective（主观旳）pointofview,makingsuretoincludetheirownbiases（偏见）andexpectationsintheirobservations.2)Withrespecttothegoalsofpsychology,descriptionsmuststicktoperceivable（可知觉旳）information,whereas（不过）explanationsdeliberately（谨慎旳）gobeyondwhatcanbeobserved.3)Psychologistsbelievethatbehaviorshouldonlybestudiedinacontrolledresearchlaboratory.4)In1879,B.F.Skinnerfoundedthefirstformallaboratorydevotedtoexperimentalpsychology.5)InFreud's（弗洛伊德）view,humannatureisnotalwaysrational（理智旳）,andbehaviormaybedrivenbymotives（动机）thatarenotinconsciousawareness.6)Accordingtothehumanisticperspective,peoplearedrivenbypowerful,instinctive（本能）forces,manipulatedbytheirenvironments,andareincapableofmakingchoicesanddecisionsconcerningtheirlives.7)Intheviewofpsychologistswhofollowthecognitiveperspective,behavioriscompletelydetermined（坚定旳）byprecedingenvironmentaleventsandpastbehavioralconsequences.8)Simplystated,theideabehindnaturalselectionisthatorganisms（有机体）thatarebettersuitedtotheirenvironmentstendtoproduceoffspring（后裔）moresuccessfullythanthoseorganismswithpooreradaptations.9)Brainimagingtechniques（脑成像技术）haveledtodramaticbreakthroughsinthefieldofcognitiveneuroscience（神经科学）.10)Clinicalpsychologistsapplytheinsightsofresearchers,butarenottrainedtodoresearchthemselves.Chapter21)Inwhatwaysaretheoriesandhypotheses（臆测）interrelated?A)Hypothesesaremoreimportantthantheories.B)Theoriesaremoreimportantthanhypotheses.C)Whenahypothesisderivedfromatheoryisnotvalidated,thetheorymustbemodified.D)Theoriesarenotoffundamentalimportanceingeneratingnewhypotheses,exceptwhenatheoryhasbeenproven.Answer:C2)Whenpsychologicalresearchersarereadytoputtheirhypothesestothetest,theyrelyonA)intuition.B)thescientificmethod.C)commonsense.D)subjectivejudgments.Answer:B3)Thereisajokeamongscientistsaboutaresearcherwhotellsothersthathebelongstoasecretscientificsociety,wherenoonebuttheresearcherwilleverknowaboutthestudiesmembersaredoing.Thisjokeishumorousbecauseitviolates（违反）theprinciple（原则）ofA)determinism.B)controlgroups.C)open-mindedness.D)publicverifiability.Answer:D4)Aresearchassistantwhoisworkinginapsychologist'slaboratorylearnstheimportanceofkeepingcompleterecordsofobservationsanddataanalyses.Suchprocedures（程序）arefollowedinordertoA)increaseobjectivity.（增大客观性）B)increasesubjectivity.C)increaseobserverbias.D)preventotherresearchersfromreplicatingastudy.Answer:A5)An"observerbias"isA)an"educatedguess"aboutwhatwillhappen.B)thedirectresultofthecontextofdiscovery.C)thedirectresultofthecontextofjustification.D)anerrorduetopersonalmotivesandexpectations.Answer:D6)Ifaresearcherdefinesvariables（变量）orconditionsintermsofthespecific（明确旳）proceduresusedtodeterminetheirpresence,heorsheisusinga(n)________definition.A)biasedB)confoundedC)operationalD)hypotheticalAnswer:C7)Aplaceboeffect（安慰剂效应）occurswhenA)anexperimenterfindswhatheorsheexpectedtodiscover.B)participantshavenotbeenrandomlyassignedtoexperimentalandcontrolconditions.C)participantschangetheirbehaviorbecauseoftheirbeliefthatatreatmenthasaneffect.D)bothparticipantsandexperimentalassistantsareunawareofwhichparticipantsgetwhichtreatment.Answer:C8)Whenneitherresearchparticipantsnorresearchassistantsareawareofwhichparticipantsreceivewhichtreatment,researchershaveemployedaA)placebocontrol.B)between-subjectsdesign.C)single-blindcontroltechnique.D)double-blindcontroltechnique.（双盲控制技术）Answer:D9)Whenplanningastudy,youdeterminethatoftheonehundredparticipants,fiftywillhavetoberandomly（随便旳）assignedtotheexperimentalconditionandtheotherfiftytothecontrolcondition.Thetypeofexperimentaldesignyouareusingisknownasa________design.A)placebocontrolB)single-subjectC)within-subjectsD)between-subjectsAnswer:D10)Whichofthefollowingistrueofthewithin-subjects（被试内设计）experimentaldesign?A)Itisatypeofbetween-subjectsdesign.B)Therearenocomparisonconditionsinthisdesign.C)Therearetwoexperimentalgroupsandonecontrolgroup.D)Eachparticipantservesinallconditionsoftheexperiment.Answer:D11)Aresearcherisinterestedintherelationshipbetweenbraindamageandtheabilityofhumanstoplantheirbehavior.Whichtypeofresearchdesignwouldbemostappropriate（合适旳）fortheresearchertouse?A)placebocontrolB)experimentalC)correlational（有关）D)within-subjectsAnswer:C12)Imaginethatyourinstructorasksyoutodeterminewhetherthereisarelationshipbetweenmusicalabilityandmathematicalability.Thetypeofdesignbestsuitedtothistaskwouldbea(n)A)experiment.B)casestudy.C)correlationalstudy（有关研究）.D)naturalisticobservation.Answer:C13)Withrespecttopsychologicalmeasurement,whendataareconsistentordependabletheyarereferredtoas________,whereastheterm________meansthattheinformationthatisproducedaccuratelymeasuresthevariableorqualitythatitisintendedtomeasure.A)valid;reliableB)reliable（信度）;valid（效度）C)consistent;reliableD)reliableorvalid;consistentAnswer:B14)Whichofthefollowingistrueofthewithin-subjectsexperimentaldesign?A)Itisatypeofbetween-subjectsdesign.B)Therearenocomparisonconditionsinthisdesign.C)Therearetwoexperimentalgroupsandonecontrolgroup.D)Eachparticipantservesinallconditionsoftheexperiment.Answer:D15)Ateacheristryingtoseewhethersmilingatherstudentswillincreasethenumberofquestionstheyask.Inthefirstandthirdweekofthestudy,thenumberofquestionsstudentsaskisrecorded.Inthesecondweek,theteachersmilesalotatherstudents,andthenumberofquestionsisalsorecorded.Whattypeofresearchdesignisbeingused?A)within-subjectsB)correlationalC)placebocontrol(1.安慰剂控制法)D)between-subjectsAnswer:A16)Aresearcherwhoisinterestedindocumentingtherelationshipbetweeninternal（内部旳）psychologicalstatessuchasaperson’smotivationtosucceedandhisorherfeelingsofself-confidencewouldmostlikelyusea________measure.A)behavioralB)self-report（自我汇报）C)physiologicalD)naturalisticobservationalAnswer:B17)Supposeanelementaryschoolteacherisinterestedinmeasuringtheamountoftimeayoungstudentinherclassisworkingproductively（有效果旳）versuschattingwithclassmates.ItwouldbemostappropriatefortheteachertouseaA)questionnaire.（问卷法）B)behavioralmeasure.C)aself-reportmeasure.D)aface-to-faceinterview.Answer:B18)Supposeyouwereinterestedinthekindsofmoviesyourfriendsliketowatch.Youdevelopasimplequestionnairethatasksthemabouttheirattitudestowarddifferentfilmgenres（风格）andthenyoualsorecordwhichfilmstheyactuallyattend.ThemeasurementtechniqueyouareusingisbestdescribedasA)self-reportmeasures.B)behavioralobservations.C)naturalisticobservations.D)acombinationofself-reportandbehavioralobservations.Answer:D19)AclinicalpsychologistisworkingwiththeFederalBureauofInvestigation(1.（美国）联邦调查局)（FBI）todevelopanunderstandingofserialkillers.Shedecidestofocusherattentionandmeasurementsonaparticularlybrutalmurdererwhoisservingalifesentence.HerapproachisreferredtoasaA)casestudy.B)representativesample.C)within-subjectsdesign.D)naturalisticobservation.Answer:A20)Imaginethatyouhaveagreedtoparticipateinpsychologicalresearch.Prior（先验旳）tothestudy,youwillbegiveninformationaboutwhatyoucanexpectandotherdetailsoftheresearch,andaskedtosignaformindicating（指示）yourwillingnesstoparticipate.ThisprocessisknownasA)debriefing.B)informedconsent.（知情同意）C)risk/gainassessment.D)intentionaldeception.Answer:BIITrueorFalse1)Atheoryisdefinedasanorganizedsetofconcepts（概念）thatexplainsaphenomenonorsetofphenomena.Answer:TRUE2)Inordertominimize(.把…减至最低数量[程度])thepotential（潜在旳）forbias,researchersmustbecertainthatnovariableinanexperimentisoperationallydefined.（不也许做到）Answer:FALSE3)Inanexperiment,researchersmanipulate（纯熟操作）thedependentvariable（因变量）andmeasuretheindependentvariable.Answer:FALSE4)Adouble-blindcontrolisanexperimentaltechniqueinwhichbiasedexpectationsareeliminatedbyonlytellingtheexperimentalassistantswhichparticipantshavereceivedwhichtreatment.Answer:FALSE5)Inawithin-subjectsresearchdesign,differentgroupsofparticipantsarerandomly（随便旳）assignedtoexperimentalconditionsortocontrolconditions.Answer:FALSE6)Theentire（所有）setofindividualstowhichgeneralizationswillbemadebasedonanexperimentalsampleiscalledthepopulation（总体）.Answer:TRUE7)Theprimarypurposeofusingcorrelationalmethodsistoestablishcauseandeffectrelationships.（因果研究才是）Answer:FALSE8)Iftwovariablesarecompletelyunrelatedtoeachother,theywillyieldacorrelationcoefficient（系数）ofzero.Answer:TRUE9)Questionnairesandsurveysareexamplesofself-reportmeasures.Answer:TRUEChapter31)1)Natureistonurture（教养）asheredity（遗传）istoA)evolution.B)aggression.C)environment.D)naturalselection.Answer:C2)Aprisonerisviolentandhostile,althoughhewasn'talwaysthisway.Histherapistbelievesthattheenvironmenttheprisonerwasraisedinbroughtabouthisaggressivetendencies.Thetherapist(征询师)isespousingtheviewthatbehaviorisprimarilyinfluencedbyA)nature.B)biology.C)nurture.D)heredity.Answer:C3)Inevolutionaryterms,anindividual'ssuccessismeasuredbytheA)amountofterritoryonecontrols.B)degreeofcomfortanindividualattains.C)numberofoffspringanindividualproduces.D)levelofintelligenceanindividualacquires.Answer:C4)Membersofaspecieswhopossestherangeofphysicalandpsychologicalattributesbestadaptedtotheenvironmentaremostlikelytosurvive.ThisconceptisknownasA)naturalselection.B)genotypicalstructure.C)phenotypicalstructure.D)survivalofthefittest.Answer:D5)Asyouenterthecrowdedroom,youcatchaglimpseofyourfriend'sdarkhairandslimframe.Whatyouarenoticingmostdirectlyareaspectsofyourfriend'sA)genotype.B)phenotype(1.体现型).C)adaptations.D)selectiveadvantage.Answer:B6)Inthevocabularyofevolutionarytheory,youhaveinherited________fromyourparents.A)agenotypeB)aphenotypeC)abehavioralrepertoryD)youroutwardappearanceAnswer:A7)Youarehastily(1.匆忙地,仓促地)jottingnotesforaquizonbasicgenetics.Luckily,afriendnoticesthatyouhaveincorrectlywrittenthatA)DNAcontains46chromosomes(1.【医】同原染色体).B)genesarelocatedonchromosomes.C)DNAislocatedinthenucleusofeachcell.D)DNAcontainsinstructionsfortheproductionofproteins.Answer:A8)SexchromosomesA)contain23pairsofgenes.B)areidenticalformalesandfemales.C)bringabouttheunionofaspermandanegg.D)codethedevelopmentofmaleorfemalephysicalcharacteristics.Answer:D9)Inthehumanmale,thesexchromosomesnormallyconsistofa(n)________pair;inthehumanfemaletheyconsistofa(n)________pair.A)XY;XXB)XX;XXC)YY;XXD)XX;YYAnswer:A10)ThegoaloftheHumanGenomeProject(1.【医】基因组(测序)计划)istoA)identifyallofthehumangenes.B)verifyDarwin'stheoryofnaturalselection.C)showresearchsupportforthemajoreventsinhumanevolution.D)buildhuman-likerobotsorcyborgs.Answer:A11)Agirlhastwoolderbrothersandastepsister(1.(继父与其前妻或继母与其前夫所生旳)姐姐;妹妹).YoucanbestguessthatA)herbrotherswillbegeneticallyidentical.B)shehastheexactsamegeneticmakeupasherbrothers.C)shehasabout50%ofhergenesincommonwithherbrothers.D)geneticallyshewillbemorelikeherstepsisterthanlikeherbrothers.Answer:C12)Imaginetravelingbackintimetotheseventeenthcentury.AFrenchphilosopherbythenameofDescartes(1.笛卡尔(法国哲学家、数学家,1596-1650))hasproposedtheradicalideathatA)allanimalshavespirits.B)thehumanbodyisan"animalmachine".C)humansarenomoreintelligentthananimals.D)humanactioncannotbeunderstoodbyusingscientificmeans.Answer:B13)Broca'sareainthebrainismostcloselyassociatedwithA)memory.B)emotion.C)language.D)physicalmovement.Answer:C14)Thenervous(1.神经系统旳)systemissubdividedintotwomajordivisions:Whatarethey?A)somaticandautonomicB)peripheralandsomaticC)centralandperipheralD)sympatheticandparasympatheticAnswer:C15)Youareworkingwithafriendtodevelopflashcardstohelpyouwithyourstudyofbrainstructuresandtheirfunctions.Yourfriendrememberscorrectlythatthe________isinvolvedprimarilyinautonomicprocessessuchasheartrateandbreathing,andyourememberthatthe________isinvolvedinmotivation,emotionandmemoryprocesses.A)cerebrum(1.<解>大脑);cerebralcortex(1.大脑皮层)B)brainstem(1.脑干);limbicsystem(1.（大脑）边缘系统)C)limbicsystem;brainstemD)cerebralcortex;brainstemAnswer:B16)ThelimbicsystemincludestheA)medulla(1.(拉丁语)骨髓),hippocampus(2.海马回)andpons.B)hypothalamus,cerebrum(1.<解>大脑)andcerebellum(1.小脑).C)hypothalamus,hippocampusandamygdala(1.[解]扁桃体).D)reticularformation,amygdalaandthalamus.Answer:C17)Researchonsplit-brainpatients（裂脑人）hassuggestedthat,whencomparedtotherighthemisphere(1.半球),thelefthemispherehasa"style"thatismoreA)global.B)holistic.C)analytical.D)insightful.Answer:C18)Inthebrain,the________servesasarelaystation(1.中继站)betweentheendocrinesystem(1.内分泌系统)andthecentralnervoussystem(1.中枢神经系统).A)thalamus(1.丘脑)B)hippocampusC)hypothalamusD)cerebralcortexAnswer:CIITrueorFalse1)Yourobservablecharacteristicsareknownasyourgenotype.Answer:FALSE2)DNAisorganizedintounitscalledgenes.Answer:TRUE3)Thehumangenomecontainsaboutfourmilliongenes.Answer:FALSE4)Broca'sareaofthebrainismostcloselyassociatedwithemotionalbehavior.Answer:FALSE5)Theperipheralnervoussystem(1.周围神经系统)consistsofthebrain,spinalcord,andcranialnerves(1.颅神经;脑神经)thatconnectthebody'ssensoryreceptorstothecentralnervoussystem.Answer:FALSE6)Theamygdalaisthepartofthelimbicsystemthatcontrolsemotion,aggression,andtheformationofemotionalmemory.Answer:TRUE7)Inmales,thetestessecretetestosterone,whichstimulatesproductionofspermandmayincreaseaggressionandsexualdesire.Answer:TRUE8)Interneurons（中间神经元）areoneclassofneurons.Answer:TRUE9)Theall-or-nonelawstatesthatthesizeoftheactionpotential(3.电位)isunaffectedbyincreasesintheintensityofstimulationbeyondthethresholdlevel(阈值).Answer:TRUE10)Duringtheabsoluterefractoryperiod(1.绝对不应期),furtherstimulation,nomatterhowintense,cannotcauseanotheractionpotentialtobegenerated.Answer:TRUEChapter41)Signaldetectiontheory(1.信号检测理论)suggeststhatdifferencesinabsolutethresholdsbetweendifferentpeoplereflectA)signalstrength.B)sensoryprocesses.C)humanjudgment.D)absolutethresholds.Answer:C2)ThevisualcortexislocatedwithintheA)cerebellum.B)parietallobe.C)frontallobe.D)occipitallobe(1.枕叶).Answer:D3)The________ofsoundallowsustodistinguishaguitarnotefromasaxophonenote.A)timbre(1.音色;音品)B)kinestheticsC)harmonicsD)auditorydiffusionAnswer:A4)Theprocessof________isresponsiblefortheconversionofphysicalenergytoneuralimpulses.A)transduction(1.换能).B)plasticity.C)absolutethreshold.D)psychophysics.Answer:A5)Nerveimpulsesthatcarryinformationtravelalong________tospecializedprocessingareasinthebrain.A)vestibularcanalsB)nerveendingsC)sensorypathways（感觉通路）D)olfactoryepitheliumAnswer:C6)LoudnessisdeterminedbysoundA)pitch.B)quality.C)amplitude（振幅）.D)frequency.Answer:C7)Theeyeshavetwodistincttypesofphotoreceptors(1.光感受器,感光器):therods,whichwhichdetect________,andthecones(1.(人眼)圆锥细胞),whichdetect________.A)lowintensitylight;wavelengthscorrespondingtocolorsB)motion;shapeC)brightlight;dimlightD)stimuliinconsciousness;unconsciousstimuliAnswer:A8)Whichonereferstotheleastamountofstimulationthatyourperceptualsystem（感知系统）candetectabouthalfofthetime?A)ThestimulusthresholdB)ThedifferencethresholdC)TheabsolutethresholdD)TheactionpotentialAnswer:C9)DifferentsensesgiveusdifferentsensationsmainlybecauseA)Theyinvolvedifferentstimuli.B)Theyactivatedifferentsensoryregions(1.【医】感觉区,顶颞区)ofthebrain.C)Theyhavedifferentintensities.D)Wehavedifferentmemoriesassociatedwiththem.Answer:B10)Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofthekindofinformationthattop-downprocessingcontributestoperception?A)Lookingforafriend’sfaceinthecrowdB)HavingtowaitforyoureyestoadjusttothedarkinatheatreC)HearingapainfullyloudnoiseD)FeelingapinprickAnswer：AIITrueorFalse1)GustavFechnercoinedthetermpsychophysics,whichreferstothestudyoftherelationshipbetweentheintensityofaphysicalstimulusandthemagnitudeofanindividual'ssensoryexperience.Answer:TRUE2)Thetransformationofoneformofenergy,suchaslight,toanotherform,suchasneuralimpulses,iscalledsensoryadaptation.Answer:FALSE3)Theabsolutethresholdisoperationallydefinedasthestimuluslevelatwhichasensorysignalisdetected100%ofthetime.Answer:FALSE4)Inasignaldetectionstudy,anobserverwhoisayeasayerwillgiveahighnumberofhitsbutwillalsohaveahighnumberoffalsealarms.Answer:TRUE5)DavidHubelandTorstenWieselwonaNobelPrizefortheirstudiesofreceptivefieldsofcellsinthevisualcortex.Answer:TRUE6)Theloudnessofasoundisdependentprimarilyonthefrequencyofthesoundwave.Answer:FALSE7)Transductionreferstotheprocessofconvertingneuralimpulsesintopsychologicalenergythatthebraincanprocess.Answer:FALSE8)Bottom-upprocessing(1.自下而上加工)referstoperceptualanalysisinwhichinformationfromanindividual'spastexperience,knowledge,expectations,motivations,andbackgroundinfluencethewayaperceivedobjectisinterpretedandclassified.Answer:FALSE9)Theprincipleofrelativesizestatesthatobjectsofthesamesizebutdifferentdistancesprojectthesamesizeimagesontheretina.Answer:FALSE10)Whenyourexpectationsaffectperceptionstheprocessiscalledbottom-upprocessing.Answer:FALSEChapter51)PsychologyisbestdefinedasthescientificstudyofDA)themindandconsciousness.B)thementalprocessesofindividuals.C)mentaldisordersandabnormalbehavior.D)thebehaviorofindividualsandtheirmentalprocesses.2)Thefirsttaskinpsychologyistomakeaccurateobservationsaboutbehavior.Thismeansthatpsychologistsmustfirst____D____behavior.A)predictB)explainC)controlD)describe3)Whendrawingconclusionsaboutbehavior,psychologistsrelyonCA)theirownpersonalbeliefs.B)whatisknownas"commonsense."C)objectivelycollectedinformation.D)theireverydayobservationsofpeople.4)Inordertoinvestigatebehavior,researchersmayusedifferentlevelsofanalysis.Whichofthefollowingresearchquestionsexemplifiesthebroadest,mostgloballevelofanalysis?AA)Whataretheoriginsofprejudice?B)Aretheregenderdifferencesinprejudice?C)Aretheredifferencesinhowvariousracialgroupsexpressprejudice?D)Whatistheroleofearlychildhoodexperiencesintheformationofprejudice?5)In1908,HermannEbbinghauswrotethat"Psychologyhasalongpast,butonlyashorthistory."WhichstatementbestcapturestheideathatEbbinghauswasexpressing?CA)Psychologists,likephilosophers,havedifficultylearningfromtheirmistakes.B)Questionsabouthumannaturehaveexistedforalongtime,butonlyrecentlyhavethemethodsnecessarytoanswerthembeendeveloped.C)Thefieldofpsychologyhasexistedforalongtime,butonlyrecentlyhavescholarsbeguntorecordtheaccomplishmentsoftheprofession.D)Althoughpsychologistshavebeendoinglaboratoryresearchforhundredsofyears,littleofsubstancehasbeendiscoveredabouthumannature.6)Whichstatementmostcloselycharacterizesthecurrent(1.目前旳,现行旳)viewofmostpsychologiststowardthestudyofbehavior?AA)Psychologistsborrowandblendfromdifferentperspectives.B)Psychologiststendtoagreethatthemostproductiveapproachisthebiologicalperspective.C)Psychologiststaketheapproachthatcomplexbehaviorcanbereducedtopatternsofsimplebehavior.D)Althoughpsychologistsdifferintheirbasicapproach,allagreeonthequestionstobeaskedandhowtheyshouldbestudied.7)Apsychologistwhoexplainsarapist'sbehaviorintermsoftherapist'sdisplacedhostilitytowardhismotherismostlikelytopreferthe____C____perspective.A)cognitiveB)humanisticC)evolutionaryD)psychodynamic8)PsychologistswhotakethebehavioristapproachseektoBA)illustratetheinnategoodnessofhumans.B)understandhowenvironmentalstimulicontrolbehavior.C)validatetheimportanceofthoughtprocessesinhumanbehavior.D)demonstratetheimportanceofunresolvedconflictsandinnerforces.9)Ateacherwantstoseewhethersmilingatchildreniftheyraisetheirhandswhensheasksaquestionincreasesthelikelihoodthatchildrenwillvolunteeranswers.Fromthebehavioristperspective,theantecedentenvironmentalconditionis________andtheconsequenceis________.A)smiling;raisingofhandB)raisingofhand;smilingC)askingaquestion;smilingD)raisingofhand;askingaquestion10)ThehumanisticperspectiveinpsychologygivesgreaterweightandimportancetoA)thecapacityofhumanstomakechoices.B)breakingdowncomplexbehaviorintoelementaryunitsofbehavior.C)howenvironmentalforcescometocontroltheindividual'sbehavior.D)thepowerfulinstinctualtendenciesthatdominatepeople'sactions.IITrueorFalse1)Psychologistsaretrainedtodescribebehaviorfromtheirownsubjectivepointofview,makingsuretoincludetheirownbiasesandexpectationsintheirobservations.2)Withrespecttothegoalsofpsychology,descriptionsmuststicktoperceivableinformation,whereasexplanationsdeliberatelygobeyondwhatcanbeobserved.3)Psychologistsbelievethatbehaviorshouldonlybestudiedinacontrolledresearchlaboratory.4)In1879,B.F.Skinnerfoundedthefirstformallaboratorydevotedtoexperimentalpsychology.5)InFreud'sview,humannatureisnotalwaysrational,andbehaviormaybedrivenbymotivesthatarenotinconsciousawareness.6)Accordingtothehumanisticperspective,peoplearedrivenbypowerful,instinctiveforces,manipulatedbytheirenvironments,andareincapableofmakingchoicesanddecisionsconcerningtheirlives.7)Intheviewofpsychol