母题专题06 阅读理解（环保类）

专题06阅读理解（环保类）【母题来源一】【2019·北京卷，D】环保类Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.ToanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。42.B【解析】段落大意题。第一段“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“Attheheartphenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganismscalledphytoplankton.Becaustofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktonscreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B。43.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swamningtrend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知A项正确。44.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项可知D项符合题意。45.C【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarningtrendWarmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,…”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。【母题来源二】【2019·天津卷，C】环保类Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work？Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare？Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______A.hasawidefoodchoice B.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspecies D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说；因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。46.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。47.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。48.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。49.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。50.D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。【母题来源三】【2019·浙江卷，C】、Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests. B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment. D.Firecontrolmeasures.29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt. B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate. D.Dampnessoftheair.30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMclntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。27.A主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。28.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。29.C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,…,andearliersnowmelt,…可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。30.A【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】"人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。在命题方面有以下趋势：|1.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。【得分要点】1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破归纳主旨大意技能，因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？（1）寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个话题（topic）；②有阐述控制性概念（controllingidea）偶尔也可在一段中间；③有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。（2）寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。（3）典型错误：①忽视文章的结构；②混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；③忽视文章表意的倾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征词。2.怎样正确推理判断推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。（1）数据推断题解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。（2）知识推断题根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。（3）逻辑结论推断题根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。（4）对作者态度、倾向的推断题作者的倾向和感情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。【母题1】【湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三下学期模拟】Ateamofinternationalscientistsisduetosetofffortheworld’sbiggesticeberginamissionaimingtoanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheimpactofclimatechangeinthepolarregions.Thescientists,ledbyheBritishAntarcticSurvey(BAS),aretryingtoreachanewlyrevealedecosystemthathadbeenhiddenfor120,000yearsbelowtheLarsenCiceshelf.Lastyear,partoftheLarsenCiceshelfcalved(崩解)away,formingahugeiceberg-A68--whichisfourtimesbiggerthanLondon,andrevealinglifebeneathforthefirsttime.Nowscientistssayitisaraceagainsttimetoexplorethesenewecosystemsbeforetheyaretransformedtothelight.MarinebiologistDrKatrinLinsefromtheBASisleadingthemission.“ThecalvingofA68providesuswithauniqueopportunitytostudymarinelifeasitrespondstoahugeenvironmentchange,”shesaid.“Itisimportantthatwegettherequicklybeforetheunderseaenvironmentchangesassunlightentersthewater.”ProfessorDavidVaughan,sciencedirectorattheBAs,said,“Weneedtobebold(大胆的)onthisone.LarsenCisalongwaysouthandthere’slotsofseaiceinthearea,butthisisimportantscience,sowewilltryourbesttogettheteamwheretheyneedtobe.HesaidclimatechangehadalreadyaffectedtheseaaroundAntarcticaandiswarmingsomecoastalwaters.“Futurewarmingmaymakesomehabitatswarm.Wherethesehabitatssupportuniquespeciesthatareadaptedtolovethecoldandnotthewarm,thosespeciesaregoingtoeithermoveordie.”ThereisgrowingconcernaboutthepossibleimpactofclimatechangeintheAntarctic.Earlierthismonth,areportrevealedthatmeltingicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarcticaarespeedingupthealreadyfastpaceofthesealevelrise.Theresearch,publishedbytheNationalAcademiesofScience,EngineeringandMedicine,said,“Atthecurrentrate,theworld’soceanwillbe,onaverage,atleast60cmhigherbytheendofthecentury.”However,itfoundthattheprocessisaccelerating,andmorethanthreequartersoftheaccelerationsince1993isduetomeltingicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarctica,thestudyshows.1.Whyarethescientistseagertogototheiceberg?A.Tostudyhowtheicebergwasformed.B.Tostudyanewlydiscoveredecosystem.C.Toexploreanewwaytopreventclimatechange.D.ToexplorethegeographyoftheLarsenCiceshelf.2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“thisone”inthefourthparagraphreferto?A.TheLarsenCiceshelf.B.ClimatechangeinAntarctica.C.TheA68icebergwiththeecosystembeneathit.D.TheconditionofanimalspeciesinAntarctica.3.WhatcanwelearnabouttheA68icebergfromthetext?A.ItisasbigasLondon.B.ItispartofaniceshelfintheArctic.C.Itwilldisappearinaveryshorttime.D.IthasuncoveredanunknownecosysteminAntarctica.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.ThereisnoneedtoworryaboutclimatechangeinAntarctica.B.TheicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarcticaaremeltingatasteadyrate.C.Manycreatureslivingindeepwaterwilldieoutduetoclimatechange.D.By2100,thesealevelwillhaverisentoamuchhigherlevelthannow.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。南极地区的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68iceberg。冰山下面显现的新的海洋生态系统为科学家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的机会。1.B【解析】细节理解题。由第二段Nowscientistssayitisaraceagainsttimetoexplorethesenewecosystemsbeforetheyaretransformedtothelight.可知，科学家着急赶去世界最大的冰山是为了在其受到光照影响之前研究这座冰山下面的海洋生态系统。故选B。2.C【解析】词义猜测题。由第三段ThecalvingofA68providesuswithauniqueopportunitytostudymarinelife...可知A68冰山的形成为科学家提供了研究海洋生物的独一无二的机会，所以ProfessorDavidVaughan认为科学家要果敢地抓住这次机会，故thisone指的是A68冰山和它下面的生态系统。故选C。3.D【解析】细节理解题。由第二段…whichisfourtimesbiggerthanLondon…可知A选项错误。由第四段LarsenCisalongwaysouthandthere’slotsofseaiceinthearea…可知拉森C冰架位于南极地区，B选项错误。由第一段toreachanewlyrevealedecosystemthathadbeenhiddenfor120,000yearsbelowtheLarsenCiceshelf.可知D选项正确。C选项在文中没有提到。4.D【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段…Atthecurrentrate,theworld’soceanswillbe,onaverage,atleast60cmhigherbytheendofthecentury.可推测D选项正确。【母题2】【四川省成都市2019届高三第三次诊断性检测】Climatechangeisperhapsthekeyissueofourtime.Often,however,itispresentedtousasbeingsoabstractthatitseemsimpossiblydistant.Forthoseofyoulookingforsomethingalittlemoreconcrete,anewreportsuggeststhattheeffectsofclimatechangemaysignificantlyaffectcoffee.Thereport,putoutbyTheClimateInstitute,describestheeffectsofclimatechangeonvariouscoffee-growingnationsandtheresultanteffectsontheplantsandthosewhogrowthem.CoffeeArabicaplants,whichproduce70%ofallcommercialcoffee,canbeadverselyaffectedbyevenahalf-degreechangeintypicalweatherconditions.Thissensitivitytotemperatureputstheplantatincreasedriskoftheeffectsofclimatechange.InCentralAmericatheaveragetemperaturehasrisenbyafulldegreeCelsiussince1960.InEthiopiatheaveragetemperaturehasincreasedbyl.3degrees.Thisincreaseisenoughtohavenotableeffectsontheplants.InTanzaniatheproductivityperhectareofcoffeehasfallenbyhalfsincethe1960sduetochangesintemperature.Indeed,studiesclaimthatby2050theareaoftheworldsuitableforgrowingcoffeewillbecutbyhalf.Coffeeproductionislikelytothenbepushedtohigherelevations(海拔)totakeadvantageoflowertemperatures,butthiswillnotbeenoughtomakeupforlostlowlandareas.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedgoodsbydevelopingnations,andtheinabilityofproducernationstoexportitcouldcausedramaticchainreactionsintheireconomies.Millionsofpeoplemakealivingintheproduction,processing,transport,andsaleofcoffee;theirlivelihoodswouldstandtotakeablowasgrowingareasdecreaseandpricesrise.Asthetemperaturekeepsrising,yourcupofcoffeewillbecomemuchmoreexpensive,anditmayalsocarryanaftertastebittererthanusual,forallthoseworkersinthecoffeebeltleftwithoutthemeanstomakealivingasconditionsworsen.Notonlythat,buttheeconomiceffectswillcosttheWestmillionsinincreasedforeignaid.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"adversely"inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.slightly. B.temporarily. C.harmfully. D.gradually.2.Whywillpeoplehavetogrowcoffeeinhighlandareas?A.Toadapttothechangeoftemperature.B.Toincreasethequalityoftheproducts.C.ToreducethecostofcoffeeproductionD.Togetaccesstowatersupplymoreeasily.3.Whatconclusioncanwedrawfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.TherichwillgetricherandthepoorpoorerB.SmallchangesmayhavelargeeffectsingeneralC.Developedcountriesoughttoaidpoorcountries.D.Coffeetradewilleventuallydisappearintheworld.4.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthefutureofcoffeeproduction?A.Cautious. B.Worried. C.Unconcerned. D.Hopeful.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了一份新的报告表明，气候变化的影响可能会显著影响咖啡。到2050年，世界上适合种植咖啡的面积将减少一半。咖啡产业的变化会对社会造成很多影响。1.C【解析】词义猜测题。下文Thissensitivitytotemperatureputstheplantatincreasedriskoftheeffectsofclimatechange.说这种对温度的敏感性增加了植物受到气候变化影响的风险。由此推断出，上文的意思是阿拉比卡咖啡的产量占所有商业咖啡的70%，在典型的天气条件下，即使气温只上升了半度，也会对其产生不利影响。"adversely"意思是有害的，A.slightly.轻微地；B.temporarily.临时地；C.harmfully.有害的；D.gradually.逐步地，故选C。2.A【解析】推理判断题。答案定位在第五段Coffeeproductionislikelytothenbepushedtohigherelevationstotakeadvantageoflowertemperatures,butthiswillnotbeenoughtomakeupforlostlowlandareas.（咖啡生产很可能会被推到更高的海拔，以利用更低的温度，但这将不足以弥补失去的低地地区。）由此推断出，人们要在高地地区种植咖啡是为了适应温度的变化，故选A。3.B【解析】推理判断题。答案定位在倒数第二段Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedgoodsbydevelopingnations,andtheinabilityofproducernationstoexportitcouldcausedramaticchainreactionsintheireconomies.(咖啡是发展中国家的第二大贸易商品，而生产国无法出口咖啡，可能会在其经济中引发巨大的连锁反应)和最后一段Notonlythat,buttheeconomiceffectswillcosttheWestmillionsinincreasedforeignaid.（不仅如此，其经济影响还将使西方国家在增加对外援助方面损失数百万美元。）由此推断出，这些小的变化也可能产生大的影响，故选B。4.B【解析】推理判断题。答案定位在第一段anewreportsuggeststhattheeffectsofclimatechangemaysignificantlyaffectcoffee.（一份新的报告表明，气候变化的影响可能会显著影响咖啡。）和第五段Indeed,studiesclaimthatby2050theareaoftheworldsuitableforgrowingcoffeewillbecutbyhalf.（事实上，研究表明，到2050年，世界上适合种植咖啡的面积将减少一半。）由此推断出，作者对咖啡生产的未来很担忧，故选B。【母题3】【安徽师范大学附属中学2019届高三5月考前适应性检测】Corals(珊瑚)areoftendescribedasunderseaforests,buttheyaredecliningfarmorequicklythantheAmazon.Thecoralreefs(礁)arelikelytobeamongthefirstecosystemstobewipedoutbyclimatechange.Atemperatureriseofjust1to2℃canleadtothedeathofthealgae(海藻)uponwhichcoralsdepend,drainingthemofcolorandmakingthestructuremorefragile.Thesebleaching(脱色)eventscanbetemporaryifwaterscool,butthemorefrequenttheyareandthelongertheylast,thegreatertheriskofdamageis.Butthat’sexactlywhatishappening.Bleachingwasfirstobservedin1983.Itwasseenonagloballevelin1998,then2010,andthenfrom2015to2017.Mostavailablescientificevidencetellsusthatunlesswedosomethingtolimitwarmingto1.5℃,wewilllose99%oftheworld’scoralreefsincomingdecades.Butthereareotherthreatsbeyondwarming.OffthePhilippineislandofPalawan,itsoldreefshavebeenbadlydamagedbydirtywaterfromthetouristholidaycenter,pollutionfromboatsandoverfishing.Theareaoughttobeashelterbecauseit’soneoftheoceanregionsmostbearabletoclimatechange.“Evenhere,wearelosingourcorals,”saidDavidObura,chairoftheGlobalSpecialistGroupintheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature.“Weneedtoreducestressfromoverfishing,coastaldevelopment,pollutionandtourism.”“I’magenerationofscientistswatchingthemdisappear.It’sverydepressing,”Oburasaid.“Above1.5℃,inabout50years,theywillbeatreasureofhistoricmoviesandpictures,butverylittletoseeinreallife.Childrenborntodaymaybethelastgenerationtoseecoralreefsinalltheirglory.”1.Howdoestherisingtemperatureaffectcorals?A.Bydamagingthealgae. B.Bydarkeningtheircolor.C.Bycuttingtheirfoodresources. D.Bychangingtheirstructurestemporarily.2.Whathappenedafter2015accordingtothetext?A.Bleachingfirstbecameaglobalissue.B.Theocean’stemperaturewentupsteadily.C.Welost99%oftheworld’scoralreefs.D.World-widecoralbleachinglastedlonger.3.WhatfactorthatthreatenscoralsisstressedinParagraph3?A.Illegalfishing. B.Climatechange.C.Oceanpollution. D.Globalwarming.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Philippine’scoralreefsareunderthreat.B.Experts’greatconcernonglobalwarming.C.RecordourunderseaforestsbeforeitistoolateD.Thenextgenerationmayneverseethebeautyofcoralreefs【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了因为气候，污染等因素的影响导致珊瑚礁即将消失的问题。1.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Atemperatureriseofjust1to2℃canleadtothedeathofthealgae(海藻)uponwhichcoralsdepend,drainingthemofcolorandmakingthestructuremorefragile.”可知，温度只升高1到2℃就会导致珊瑚依赖的藻类死亡，使它们的颜色消退，结构更脆弱。由此可知，温度上升是通过损害藻类而影响珊瑚的。故A选项正确。2.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thesebleaching(脱色)eventscanbetemporaryifwaterscool,butthemorefrequenttheyareandthelongertheylast,thegreatertheriskofdamageis.Butthat’sexactlywhatishappening.Bleachingwasfirstobservedin1983.Itwasseenonagloballevelin1998,then2010,andthenfrom2015to2017.”可知，“脱色”事件在水冷却的情况下可能是暂时的，但其频率越频繁，持续时间越长，损坏的风险越大。但这正是正在发生的事情。“脱色”于1983年首次被观察到。在1998年、2010年、2015年到2017年在全球范围内出现“脱色”现象。由此可知，2015年之后，全世界范围的珊瑚“脱色”情况持续的时间越来越长，发生频率越来越高。故D选项正确。3.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“itsoldreefshavebeenbadlydamagedbydirtywaterfromthetouristholidaycenter,pollutionfromboatsandoverfishing”可知，thePhilippine的旧珊瑚礁因旅游度假中心的污水、船只的污染和过度捕捞而受到严重破坏。因此，结合选项，只有海洋污染符合题意。故C选项正确。4.D【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提出：珊瑚礁可能是受气候变化影响的第一生态系统之一。第二段和第三段分析了影响珊瑚礁的一些因素。第四段进一步强调：大约50年后，珊瑚礁将成为历史电影和图片的珍宝，但在现实生活中却很少能看到。今天出生的孩子可能是最后一代看到珊瑚礁的人。由此可知，整篇文章主要突出了珊瑚礁濒临消失，导致我们的下一代再也见不到美丽的珊瑚礁了。故D选项切题。【母题4】【武汉第二中学2019届高三五月全仿真模拟】Electriccarsaredirty.Infact,notonlyaretheydirty,theymightevenbedirtierthantheirgasoline-poweredcousins.PeopleinCalifornialovetotalkabout“zero-emissionsvehicles”,butpeopleinCaliforniaseemtobecluelessaboutwhereelectricitycomesfrom.Powerplantsmostlyusefiretomakeit.Asidefromthenewfolkswhohavetheirroofscoveredwithsolarcells,wegetourelectricityfromgenerators(发电机).Generatorsarefueledbysomething—usuallycoal,oil,butalsobyheatgeneratedinnuclearpowerplants.Thereareafewwindfarmsandgeothermal(地热)plantsaswell,butbyfarwegetelectricitymainlybyburningsomething.Inotherwords,those“zero-emissions”carsarelikelycoal-burningcars.It’sjustbecausethecoalisburnedsomewhereelse,itlooksclean.Itisnot.It’sasiftheCal