unity单元测试-使用Unity测试工具以光速进行单元测试

unity单元测试_使⽤Unity测试⼯具以光速进⾏单元测试unity单元测试It’stimetotellalittlebitmoreaboutNSubstitutelibrarythatshipswithourandpatternsofit’seffectiveusage.现在该介绍⼀下我们附带的NSubstitute库及其有效使⽤模式的更多信息。Eachsoftwaresystemconsistsofunitsoffunctionality.Inobjectorientedlanguages,theminimalunitoffunctionalityisamethod.Thesemethodsusuallydependonothermethodsandclasses.Ifyouhavetotestamethod,somechallengeswillarise.每个软件系统都包含功能单元。在⾯向对象的语⾔中，功能的最⼩单位是⼀种⽅法。这些⽅法通常取决于其他⽅法和类。如果您必须测试⼀种⽅法，将会遇到⼀些挑战。Unittestisabouttestingunitoffunctionalityinanisolatedenvironment.Isolatedmeanswithalldependenciesmockedup.Whichmeansthattestworksinatestspecificenvironmentwhereonlyoneexecutionpathispossible.单元测试是关于在隔离的环境中测试功能单元。孤⽴的意味着模拟了所有依赖关系。这意味着测试只能在⼀个特定的测试环境中⼯作，该环境只能有⼀个执⾏路径。Testdoublessubstituterealdependenciesofunitundertest,formingtestspecificenvironmentandmakingunittestsfastandrobust.测试将替代被测单元的实际依赖性加倍，从⽽形成了特定于测试的环境，并使单元测试变得快速⽽健壮。Therearefivetestdoublepatterns:Dummyobject,Teststub,Testspy,MockandFake.有五种测试双重模式：虚拟对象，测试存根，测试间谍，模拟和伪造。Dummyobject虚拟对象ThisarticleusesasimplegameclonetodemonstratetheusageoftestdoublesandtheNSubstitutelibrary.Thisgameiscentredaroundthespaceshipcontrolledbytheplayer.本⽂使⽤⼀个简单的游戏克隆来演⽰测试双打和NSubstitute库的⽤法。该游戏以玩家控制的飞船为中⼼。Theplayercanequipweaponstofightpirates.Thespaceshiphasweaponslotsandaweaponcanbeequippedifanemptyweaponslotisavailable.玩家可以装备武器来打击海盗。飞船有武器插槽，如果有空武器插槽，则可以装备武器。Testscenario:makesurethatweaponslotisoccupiedwhenweaponisequipped.测试场景：装备武器时，请确保武器插槽已被占⽤。Testwithdummyobjectcreatedmanually.使⽤⼿动创建的虚拟对象进⾏测试。TestwithNSubstitutebaseddummyobject使⽤基于NSubstitute的虚拟对象进⾏测试Weaponobjectisnominalinthisscenariowhichmeansthatitsmethodsandpropertiesarenotintendedtobeusedinthisexecutionpath.ItisjustarequiredparameterandanythingthatimplementsIWeaponinterfacecanbeused,includingnullwhenmethodhasnonullparametercheck.Thisobjectusageiscalledpattern.在这种情况下，武器对象是名义上的，这意味着该⽅法的路径和属性不打算在此执⾏路径中使⽤。它只是⼀个必需参数，可以使⽤实现IWeapon接⼝的任何东西，包括当⽅法没有空参数检查时包括空值。该对象⽤法称为模式。Therearetwoapproachestocreatedummyobjects.有两种创建虚拟对象的⽅法。Thefirstapproachistocreatedummyobjectmanually.Itmakessensetohaveonlyonedummyobjectperrealobject/interfaceandIDEfunctionswillhelpyoutogenerateclassesthatimplementinterface.Creatingdummyobjectsthiswayandstoringthemwithyourtestsisnotabigdeal.第⼀种⽅法是⼿动创建虚拟对象。每个真实对象/接⼝只有⼀个伪对象是有意义的，IDE函数将帮助您⽣成实现接⼝的类。这样创建虚拟对象并将其与测试⼀起存储并不重要。ThesecondapproachistouseNSubstitutethatisshippedwithUnityTestTools:第⼆种⽅法是使⽤UnityTestTools随附的NSubstitute：Rememberthatpassingnullasaparameterwhenmethodhasnonullparametercheckisalsoconsideredtobedummyobjectpattern.Nullisnotdescriptivethough.请记住，当⽅法没有空参数检查时，将空值作为参数传递也被视为伪对象模式。Null不是描述性的。Alldescribedmethodsarevalidandveryeasytouse.所有描述的⽅法都是有效的，并且⾮常易于使⽤。TestStub测试存根Butwhatifspaceship’smethodshouldreturnsomevalueandthisvalueistakenfromweaponobject?Inthiscase,weaponisnotaDummyobjectanymore.It’stimefora.但是，如果飞船的⽅法应该返回⼀些值并且该值取⾃武器对象，该怎么办？在这种情况下，武器不再是虚拟对象。该是的时候了。Teststubreturnsvaluesfortestingonespecificexecutionpath.E.g.BrokenWeaponStub,IncompatibleWeaponStubandothersthatletyoutestspecificscenarios.测试存根返回⽤于测试⼀个特定执⾏路径的值。例如BrokenWeaponStub，IncompatibleWeaponStub和其他可让您测试特定⽅案的项⽬。Testscenario:makesurethatshipshootsatleastoneshotiffunctionalweaponisequipped测试场景：如果装备了功能性武器，请确保飞船⾄少射击⼀枪Testwithteststubcreatedmanually.使⽤⼿动创建的测试存根进⾏测试。FunctionalWeaponStubimplementsIWeaponinterfacebutreturnhardcodedvalue.FunctionalWeaponStub实现IWeapon接⼝，但返回硬编码值。UnlikeDummyobjectthatdoesnothing,Stubcontainshardcodedvaluesandisintendedtoreturnthemasthisvaluesresultinspecificexecutionpath.与不执⾏任何操作的Dummy对象不同，Stub包含硬编码的值，并打算将其返回，因为此值会导致特定的执⾏路径。ItispossibletocreatethesamestubusingNSubstitute:可以使⽤NSubstitute创建相同的存根：TheobjectcreatedbySubstitute.ForimplementsIWeaponinterfaceandisreturnedasIWeapontype.Butitisactuallyaproxyobjectwhosebehaviourcouldbechanged.ReturnsisanextensionmethodofNSubstitutelibrarythatchangesthebehaviorofthisproxy.WhenShootmethodiscalled,thevaluespecifiedinReturns()methodisreturned.Itisalsopossibletoprovideasequenceofvaluesoradelegate.由Substitute.For创建的对象实现IWeapon接⼝，并以IWeapon类型返回。但这实际上是可以更改其⾏为的代理对象。Returns是NSubstitute库的扩展⽅法，该⽅法可以更改此代理的⾏为。调⽤Shoot⽅法时，将Returns()⽅法中指定的值。也可以提供⼀个值序列或⼀个委托。AsequenceofvalueswouldbereturnedIntheexamplebelow.在下⾯的⽰例中，将返回⼀个值序列。FirstcalltorandomNumberService.Range()withanyparameterswillresultin0.Nextcallwillreturn2andsoon.第⼀次使⽤任何参数对randomNumberService.Range()调⽤将导致0。下⼀次调⽤将返回2，依此类推。OtherusefulfunctionofNSubstituteistheabilitytomatchargumentsbytemplate.NSubstitute的另⼀个有⽤功能是能够通过模板匹配参数。IntheexamplebelowthedefaultbehaviorwouldbeoverriddenmakinganycalltoRange(10,100)return80.FormoredetailsreadtheNSubstitute.在下⾯的⽰例中，默认⾏为将被覆盖，使对Range(10,100)的任何调⽤均返回80。有关更多详细信息，请阅读NSubstitute。Theapproachwithrandomnumbergeneratorstubishighlyeffectiveintestingrandomevents,becauseitispossibletoemulaterequiredsequenceofrandomnumbers.带有随机数⽣成器存根的⽅法在测试随机事件⽅⾯⾮常有效，因为可以模拟所需的随机数序列。Makingstubsmanuallyiseasyandnamingthemcorrectlyleadstocreationofcleanandreadabletests.NSubstitutecandecreasetheamountofcodeandprovideadditionalflexibility.⼿动制作存根很容易，正确命名它们可以创建⼲净且可读的测试。NSubstitute可以减少代码量并提供额外的灵活性。TestSpy测试间谍Butwhatifitisneededtologthebehaviorofanobject?Howmanyhitshasanopponentreceived?Ifthetestdoublehasloggingfunctionality,thenitiscalleda.但是，如果需要记录对象的⾏为怎么办？对⼿收到了多少击球？如果测试双精度具有⽇志记录功能，则称为。Encountermeansmeetingsomeoneinspaceenroutetoastarsystem.Theplayercanchooseanactiontotakeinanencounter.Forexample,thepolicecouldbeignoredandapirateattacked.Testscenario:makesurethatopponentgetshitinanencounter意味着在太空中遇到某⼈到达星系。玩家可以选择⼀个动作来进⾏相遇。例如，警察可能会被忽略，海盗会遭到袭击。测试场景：确保对⼿在遭遇中被击中Encounterrequirestwospaceshipsandarandomnumbergeneratortocalculateprobableoutcomes.AlwaysMaxRandomNumberispassedwhichwillalwaysreturnmaximumnumberandthiswillleavenochancesfortheopponenttoevadethehit.Thetestisfollowingaveryspecificexecutionpath.count需要两个太空飞船和⼀个随机数⽣成器来计算可能的结果。AlwaysMaxRandomNumber被传递，它将始终返回最⼤数，这将使对⼿没有任何机会逃避命中。该测试遵循⾮常具体的执⾏路径。Theplayerspaceshipisrealinthisencounter,buttheopponentisaspy.Thespycombinesstubandloggingfunctionality.Itlogsthehitsthatwouldbecheckedlaterinthetest.玩家飞船在这次遭遇中是真实的，但对⼿是间谍。间谍程序结合了存根和⽇志记录功能。它记录了在测试中稍后将检查的匹配。ItispossibletoassembleatestspyusingNSubstitute’sandconstructs.可以使⽤NSubstitute的和结构来组装测试间谍。NSubstituteusesspecialargumentmatcherArg.Dotoexecuteadelegatewhenargumenttoitpassestothesubstitute.WhichmeansthathitCount+=x.Count()wouldbeexecutedoneachmethodcall.NSubstitute使⽤特殊的参数匹配器Arg.Do在将其参数传递给替代对象时执⾏委托。这意味着hitCount+=x.Count()将在每个⽅法调⽤上执⾏。MockObject模拟对象Thespyonlylogsthedata,leavingverificationtotheprogrammer.Whatwillhappenifaspyisgiventherighttoverifythedata?间谍仅记录数据，⽽将验证留给程序员。如果间谍被赋予验证数据的权利，将会发⽣什么？TestSpywithverificationcapabilityiscalled.(Note:Thisarticleshows.)具有验证功能的测试间谍称为。(注意：本⽂显⽰了。)Testscenario:makesurethateachweaponshootswhenspaceshipshootmethodiscalled测试场景：确保在调⽤太空飞船射击⽅法时射击每种武器Thistestcaseisspecial,notjustbecauseitusesMockobjectpattern,butbecauseitverifiesthebehaviourofthespaceshipinsteadofthestate.(Learnmoreabout)这个测试⽤例很特殊，不仅因为它使⽤了Mock对象模式，⽽且还因为它验证了飞船的⾏为⽽不是状态。(了解有关更多信息)Thetestdoesnotcareaboutreturningvaluesoftestdoubles,itmakessurethatcertainmethodswithcertainparameterswerecalled.Weuseanassumptionthatifaspaceshiphascalledcorrectmethodswithcorrectparametersonexternalsystems,thenitworkscorrectly.该测试并不关⼼测试双精度值的返回值，它可以确保调⽤具有某些参数的某些⽅法。我们假设，如果⼀艘太空船在外部系统上调⽤了具有正确参数的正确⽅法，那么它将正常⼯作。Makingmocksmanuallymightberathertimeconsuming.UsingNSubstituteframeworktogetmockobjectsforcheapisagoodchoice.⼿动进⾏模拟可能会⾮常耗时。使⽤NSubstitute框架廉价获取模拟对象是⼀个不错的选择。NSubstitutecanalsoverifyifmethodswerecalledinaspecificsequence.NSubstitute还可以验证是否按特定顺序调⽤了⽅法。Amockobjectnotonlylogsthecallsbutalsoverifiesthem.Itisatestspywithbuilt-inassertions.模拟对象不仅记录调⽤，还验证它们。它是带有内置断⾔的测试间谍。Fakeobject假物件Butwhatifatestdoubleneedssomelogic?但是，如果双重测试需要⼀些逻辑怎么办？Atestdoublethatcontainslogiciscalledaanditisadangerousbeast.Itistheonlytestdoublethatcontainslogicandemulatesarealsystemcomponent.AstheFakeitselfiscomplex,itisusedtosubstituterealsystemcomponentswhichcouldnotbesubstitutedbystubs.Themostcommonexampleisthesubstitutionofarealdatabasewithanin-memor