四六级冲刺密训讲义

大四六级冲博士编讲传传统clingtoinbelikelytoBillGates,thebillionairechairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration)Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyclingingtotheideologyofuncontrolledfreemarketsanddismissingtheroleofernment---followingRonaldRegan’sideathat“ernmentisnotthesolutiontoourproblem;ernmentthe解题技【思路练习PassagePassageThe$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?IstherepowerinpositiveResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyThestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.Ifyou lyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposed lthemselves,"Iamlovable."Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapythaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheir ingsintoalarger,morerealistic.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-helpindustry?ItisahighlyprofitableItisbasedontheconceptofpositiveItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentIthasyieldedpositiveWhatisthefindingoftheCanadianEncouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthanTherecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalUnhappypeoplecannotthinkThepowerofpositivethinkingisWhatdoestheauthormeanby"…you'rejustunderlininghisfaults"(Line4,Para.3)?YouarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyYouarepointingouttheerrorshehasYouareemphasizingthefactthatheisnot YouaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisWhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeItisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirSelf-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone'sForcinga tothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirPeoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtrueWhatdowelearnfromthelastTheeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrom B.Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.DifferentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofPeoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughPassagePassageIfyouareamaleandyouarereadingthis,congratulations:youareasurvivor.Accordingtostatistics,youaremorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancerthanawoman,andninetimesmorelikelytodieofAIDS.Assumingyoumakeittotheendofyournaturalterm,about78yearsformeninAustralia,youwilldieonaveragefiveyearsbeforeawoman.Therearemanyreasonsforthis-typically,mentakemorerisksthanwomanandaremorelikelytodrinkandsmokebutperhapsmoreimportantly,mendon’tgotothedoctor.“Menaren’tseeingdoctorsasoftenastheyshould”saysDr.Gullotta,“Thisisparticularlysofortheover-40s,whendiseasestendtostrike.”Gullottasaysahealthymanshouldvisitthedoctoreveryyearortwo.Forthoseover45,itshouldbeatleastonceayear.TwomonthsagoGullottasawa50-year-oldmawhohaddelayednganythingabouthissmoker’scoughforayear.“WhenIfinallysawhimithadalreadyspreadandhehassincediedfromlungcancer”hesays,“Earlierdetectionandtreatmentmaynothavecuredhim,butitwouldhaveprolongedthislife”Accordingtoarecentsurvey,95%ofwomenagedbetweenandearly40sseeadoctoronceayear,comparedto70%ofmeninthesameagegroup.“Alotofmenthinktheyareinvincible（的）”Gullottasays“Theyonlycomeinwhenafrienddropsdeadonthegolfcourseandtheythink”Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim.Thenthereistheostrichapproach,”somemenarescaredofwhatmightbethereandwouldrathernotknow,”saysDr.Ross“Mostmengettheircarsservicedmoreregularlythantheyservicetheirbodies,”Cartmillsays.Hebelievesmostdiseasesthatcommonlyaffectmencouldbeaddressedbypreventivecheck-upsRegularcheck-upsformenwouldinevitablyplacestrainonthepublicpurse,Cartmillsays.”Butpreventionischeaperinthelongrunthanhavingtotreatthediseases.Besides,theultimatecostisfargreater:itiscalledprematuredeath.”Whydoestheauthorcongratulatehismalereadersatthebeginningofthepassage?TheyaremorelikelytosurviveseriousdiseasesTheiraveragelifespanhasbeenconsiderablyTheyhavelivedlongenoughtoreadthisTheyaresuretoenjoyalongerandhappierWhatdoestheauthorstateisthemostimportantmendiefiveyearsearlieronaveragethanmendrinkandsmokemuchmorethanmendon’tseekmedicalcareasoftenasmenaren’tascautiousaswomeninfaceofmenaremorelikelytosufferfromfatal ofthe followingbest thesentence“Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim,…’(line2,para,8)?itcouldhappentome,IshouldavoidplayingIshouldconsidermyselfitwouldbeabigWhatdoesDr.RossCartmillmeanby“theostrichapproach”(lineqpara.9)A.acasualattitudetowardsone’shealthanewtherapyforcertainpsychologicalrefusaltogetmedicaltreatmentforfearofthepainunwillingnesstofindoutaboutone’sdiseasebecauseofWhatdoesCartmillsayaboutregularcheck-upsforTheymayincreasepublicTheywillsavemoneyinthelongTheymaycausepsychologicalstrainsonTheywillenablementoliveaslongasPassagePassageOceanographyhasbeendefinedas'Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea'.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefew.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhisFormostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion'whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?'hadtobeansweredwithany commercialconsequencewas whenthelaying ofa engineershadtoknowthedepthprofile(起伏形状)oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobeItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(测深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition()，whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.Thepassageimpliesthattheegraphcablewasbuiltmainly.foroceanographicformilitaryforbusinessforinvestigatingthedepthsofthe theAmerican

someearlyintercontinentalthosewhoearnedalivingfromthethecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseaTheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840s tomakesomesoundexperimentsinthetocollectsamplesofseaplantsandtoestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobetomeasurethedepthsoftwo 'doubted'B.'gaveproofC.'challenged'D.'agreedThispassageismainlythebeginningsofthelayingofthefirstunderseatheinvestigationofoceantheearlyintercontinentalPassagePassageFormostofthe20thcentury,Asiaaskeditselfwhatitcouldlearnfromthemodern,innovatingWestNowthequestionmustbereversedWhatcantheWest’soverlyindebtedandsluggish(经济滞涨的)nationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?Justafewdecadesago,Asia’stwogiantswerestagnating(滞不前)underfaultyeconomicideologies.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-marketreformsinthe1980s,followedbyinthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheirmarkets,theybalancedmarketeconomywithsensibleernmentdirection.AstheneconomistAmartyaSenhaswiselysaid,“Theinvisiblehandofthemarkethasoftenreliedheavilyonthevisiblehandofernment.”ContrastthismiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachgoneideologicallyover-boardintheirownways.Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyclingingtotheideologyof ernment---followingRonaldRegan’sideathat“ ernmentisnotthesolutiontoourproblem; ernmentistheproblem.“ofcourse,whenthemarketscamecrashingdownin2007,itdecisiveernmentinterventionthatsavedtheday.Despitefact,manyAmericansarestillstronglyopposedto“bigIfAmericanscouldonlyfreethemselvesfromtheirantiernmentdoctrine,theywouldbegintoseethattheU.S.’sproblemsarenotinsoluble.Afewsensiblefederalmeasurescouldputthecountrybackontherightpath.Asimpleconsumptiontaxof,say,5percentwouldsignificantlyreducetheernmentdeficitwithoutdamagingproductivity.AsmallgasolinetaxwouldhelpfreeAmericafromitsdependenceonoilimportsandcreateincentivesforgreenenergydevelopment.Inthesameway,asignificantreductionofwastefulagriculturalsubsidiescouldalsolowerthedeficit.Butinordertocapitalizeonthesecommon-sensesolutions,Americanswillhavetoputasidetheirownattaenttotheideaofsmallerernmentandlessregulation.AmericanpoliticianswillhavetodevelopthecouragetofollowwhatistaughtinallAmericanpublic-policyschools:thattherearegoodtaxesandbadtaxes.Asiancountrieshaveembracedthiswisdom,andhavebuiltsoundlong-termfiscalpoliciesasaresult.Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoadifferentideologicaltrap:thebeliefthatEuropeanernmentswouldalwayshaveinfiniteresourcesandcouldcontinueborrowingasiftherewerenotomorrow.UnliketheAmericans,whofeltthatthemarketsknewbest,theEuropeansfailedtoanticipatehowthemarketswouldreacttotheirendlessborrowing.Today,theEuropeanUnioniscreatinga$580billionfundtowardoffsovereigncollapse.ThiswillbuytheEUtime,butitwillnotsolvethebloc’s largerproblem.WhathascontributedtotherapideconomicgrowthinChina Copyingwestern-styleeconomicHeavyrelianceonthehand Timelyreform ernmentatallFreemarket ernmentWhatdoesRonaldReaganmeanbysaying“ ernmentistheproblem”(line4,para.3)manysocialevilsarecausedby ernmentmanysocialproblemsarise ernment’sernmentactioniskeytosolvingeconomicernmentregulationhinderseconomicWhatstoppedtheAmericaneconomyfromcollapsinginself-regulatoryrepairmechanismsofthefreeCooperationbetween ernmentandAbandonmentof ernmentbytheEffectivemeasuresadoptedby Whatistheauthor’ssuggestiontotheAmericanpublicinfaceofthepublic ernmentdeficit?Theyurgethe ernmenttoreviseitsexistingpublicTheydevelopgreenenergytoavoiddependenceonoilTheygiveuptheideaofsmaller ernmentandlessTheyputupwiththeinevitablesharpincreaseofdifferentWhat’stheproblemwiththeEuropeanConservativeShrinkingLackofresourcesPassagePassageHigh-qualitycustomerserviceispreached(宣扬)bymany,butactuallykeecustomershappyiseasiersaidthandone.Shoppersseldomcomplaintothemanagerorownerofaretailstore,butinsteadwillalerttheirfriends,relatives,co-workers,strangers-andanyonewhowilllisten.Storemanagersareoftenthelasttohearcomplaints,andoftenfindoutonlywhentheirregularcustomersdecidetofrequenttheircompetitors,accordingtoastudyjointlyconductedbyVerdegroupandWhartonschool.“Storylinghurtsretailersandentertainsconsumers,”saidPaulaCourtney, oftheVerdegroup.”Thestorelosesthecustomer,buttheshoppermustalsofindareplacement.”Onaverage,everyunhappycustomerwillcomplaintoatleastfourothers,andwillnolongervisitthespecificstore.Foreverydissatisfiedcustomer,astorewillloseuptothreemoreduetonegativereviews.Theresulting“snowballeffect”canbedisastroustoretailers.Accordingtotheresearch,shopperswhopurchasedclothingencounteredthemostproblems,rankedsecondandthirdweregroceryandelectronicscustomers.Themostcommoncomplaintsincludefilledparkinglots,cluttered(塞满了的)shelves,overloadedracks,out-of-stockitems,longcheck-outlines,andrudesalespeople.Duringpeakshophours,someretailerssolvedtheparkingproblemsbygettingmoonlightinglocaltoworkasparkingattendants.Somehiredflagwaverstodirectcustomerstoemptyparkingspaces.Thisguidanceeliminatedtheneedforcustomerstocircletheparkinglotendlessly,andavoided thoseeyeingthesameparkingspace.Retailerscanrelievetheheadachesbyredesigningstorelayouts,pre-stockingsalesitems,hiringspeedyandexperiencedcashiers,andhavingsalesrepresentativesonhandtoanswerquestions.Mostimportantly,salespeopleshouldbediplomaticandpolitewithangrycustomers.“Retailerswho’reresponsiveandfriendlyaremorelikelytosmoothoverissuesthanthosewhoaren’tsofriendly.”saidProfessorStephenHoch.“Maybesomethingassimpleasagreeteratthestoreentrancewouldhelp.”Customerscanalsoimprovefutureshopexperiencesbyfilingcomplaintstotheretailer,insteadofcomplainingtotherestoftheworld.Retailersarehard-pressedtoimprovewhentheyhavenoideawhatiswrong.WhyarestoremanagersoftenthelasttohearA.Mostcustomerswon’tbothertocomplaineveniftheyhavehadunhappyexperiences.B.Customerswouldratherrelatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem.C.FewcustomersbelievetheservicewillbeD.CustomershavenoeasyaccesstostoreWhatdoesPaulaCourtneyimplybysaying“…theshoppermustalsofindareplacement”(Line2,Para.4)?NewcustomersareboundtoreplaceoldB.Itisnotlikelytheshoppercanfindthesameproductsinotherstores.C.MoststoresprovidethesamekindofD.Notcomplainingtothemanagercausestheshoppersometroubletoo.Shopownersoftenhiremoonlightingasparkingattendantssothatshopperscanstaylongerbrowsinginthewon’thavetroubleparkingtheircarsC.won’thaveanyworriesaboutsecurityD.canfindtheircarseasilyafter MannersofthesalespeopleB.HiringofefficientemployeesHugesupplyofgoodsforDesignofthestore shopexperiences, advisedto exertpressureonstorestoimprovetheirsettletheirdisputeswithstoresinadiplomaticvoicetheirdissatisfactiontostoremanagersshoparoundandmakecomparisonsbetweenExampleExampleQuestions47to56arebasedonthefollowingEveryyearinthefirstweekofmyEnglishclass,somestudentsinformmethatwrithingistoohard.Theyneverwrite,unlessassignments47it.Theyfindthewriting48andHowawfultobeabletospeakinalanguagebutnottowriteinit-49English,withitsrichvocabulary.Beingabletospeakbutnotwriteislikelivinginan50mansion(豪宅)andneverleavingonesmallroom.WhenImeetstudentswhothinktheycan’twrite,Iknowasateachermy51isshowthemtherestoftherooms.Mytaskistobuildfluencywhileprovidingtheopportunityinherentinanywritingactivityto52themoralandemotionaldevelopmentofmystudents.Onegreatwaytodothisisbyhavingstudentswriteinajournalinclasseveryday.Writingabilityislikestrengthtraining.Writingneedstobedone53,justlikeexercise;justasmusclesgrowstrongerwithexercise,writingskillsimprovequicklywithwritingpractice.Ioftenseeariseinstudentconfidence afteronlyafewweeksofjournalwritingExpressingoneselfinwritingisoneofthemostimportantskillsIteachtostrengthenthewholestudent.Whenmystudentspracticejournalwriting,theyarepracticingfortheirfutureacademic,political,and55lives.Theybuildskillssothatsomedaytheymightwriteagreatnovel,apieceofsorelyneededlegislation,ortheperfectloveletterEverydaythattheywriteintheirjournalsputsthemastep56tofluency,eloquence(雄辩),andcommandoflanguage.[I][J][K][L] [M] [N] [O]ExampleExampleQuestions47to56arebasedonthefollowingWhatdeterminesthekindofyouare?Whatfactorsmakeyoumoreorlessbold,inligent,orabletoreadamap?Alloftheseareinfluencedbytheinteractionofyourgenesandtheenvironmentinwhichyouwere47.Thestudyofhowgenesandenvironmentinteracttoinfluence48activityisknownasbehavioralgenetics.Behavioralgeneticshasmadeimportant49tothebiologicalrevolution,providinginformationabouttheextenttowhichbiologyinfluencesmind,brainandbehavior. behaviorsarebasedinbiologyiscontroversial.Whowantstobetoldthattherearelimitationstowhatyoucan51 basedonsomethingthatisyourcontrol,suchasyourgenes?Itiseasytoacceptthatgenescontrolphysicalcharacteristicssuchassex,raceandeyecolor.Butcangenesalsodeterminewhetherpeoplewillgetdivorced,how52theyare,orwhatcareertheyarelikelytochoose?Aconcern characteristicsareinfluencedbynatureandnurture(养育),bygeneticmakeupandtheenvironment.Increasingly,science54that ,peopleareborn55likeundevelopedphotographs:Theimageisalreadycaptured,butthewayit56appearscanvarybasedonthedevelopmentprocess.However,thebasicpictureistherefromthebeginning. [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O]ExampleExampleQuestions36to45arebasedonthefollowingQuiteoften,educatorslfamiliesofchildrenwhoarelearningEnglishasasecondlanguagetospeakonlyEnglish,andnottheirnativelanguage,athome.Althoughtheseeducatorsmayhavegood36,theiradvicetofamiliesismisguided,anditfrommisunderstandingsabouttheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Educatorsmayfearthatchildrenhearingtwolanguageswill confusedandthustheirlanguagedevelopmentwill;thisconcernisnotedintheliterature.Childrenarecapableoflearningmorethanonelanguage,whether40orsequentially(依次地).Infact,mostchildrenoutsideoftheUnitedStatesareexpectedto ebilingualoreven,inmanycases,multilingual.Globally,knowingmorethanonelanguageisviewedasan41andevenanecessityinmanyareas.ItisalsoofconcernthatthemisguidedadvicethatstudentsshouldspeakonlyEnglishisgivenprimarilytopoorfamilieswithlimitededucationalopportunities,nottowealthierfamilieswhohavemanyeducationaladvantages.Sincechildrenfrompoorfamiliesoftenare42asat-riskforacademicfailure,teachersbelievethatadvisingfamiliestospeakEnglishonlyisappropriate.Teachersconsiderlearningtwolanguagestobetoo43forchildrenfrompoorfamilies,believingthatthechildrenarealreadyburdenedbytheirhomesituations.IffamiliesdonotknowEnglishorhavelimitedEnglishskills non-English-speakingfamiliestospeakonlyEnglishis lingthemnottocommunicatewithorinteractwiththeirchildren.Moreover,the messageisthatthefamily'snativelanguageisnotimportantorvalued. [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O]大大纲要10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的四级样SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.UniversitiesBranchAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshave instrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentspeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshave emoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythat collaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.Oftheforcesshahighereducationnoneismoresweethanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelotodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelocountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelplacestudentsinsummerinternships(实习)abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.Globalizationisalsoreshathewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.The workingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryfacility.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattendconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基础设施)and university-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoften intentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld, ernmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,where andscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheForallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundis e,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear. Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyas ingtointernationalstudents.MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.Theyfailtograsp ingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand—likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory—strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnited eambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityasinginternationaluniversityAmericanuniversitiespreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareersbygivingthemchancesforinternationalstudy