无线传感器网络路由协议研究原稿与译文

〔原文〕无线传感器网络路由协议争论普遍的网络化、微机电系统(MEMS)和片上系统(SOC)的快速进展，以及这三Internet技术加上Ad—hoc路由机制对传感器网络的设计是足够充分的，但深人心，后者以传输数据为目的。为了适应广泛的应用程序，传统网络的设计遵循着网络有几个不同于传统无线Ad—hoc网络的特点，因此它的路由格外有挑战性。有显著的冗余性，因此可以利用数据聚合来提高能量和带宽的利用率；第三，节点能量和处理存储力量有限，需要精细的资源治理；最终，由于网络拓扑变化频繁，需要路由协议有很好的鲁棒性和可扩展性。现有方案分等级的、基于位置的、基于网络流的。以数据为中心的路由协议SPIN是第一种以数据为中心D．Estrin等人开发出一种突破性的路由协议肯定向集中(DirectedDifusion)sink组合定义一个兴趣(interest)消息，并数据为中心路由协议合．SPIN是第一个数据为中心的路由议，定向集中DD(directeddifusion)消灭后，很多路由协议的提出都是基于DD或遵循相像思想的．定向集中协议定向集中DD【431化算法，能够很好地满足WSN对节能、鲁棒性以及可扩展性的要求．但由于承受了按需查询驱动的数据模型，所以不适用于环消耗更多的能量．基于规律模糊掌握器的多路径数据为中心路由协议文献[5]提出了一个的以数据为中心的多路径路由方案，该方案人可以保证网络从路径失效中快速恢复以节约能量．层次路由协议簇的思想，马上整个WSN区域分为假设干个簇，每个簇中选举一个簇头，通过多跳LEACH(1ow—energyadaptiveclusteringhierarchy)协议是最早的分簇协议，很多其他层次路由协议都是基于LEACH的．LEACHLEACH的根本思想是以循环的方式随机选择簇头，将整个网络的能量负载平均安排到每个传感器节点，从而降低网络能源消耗，提高网络生存时间．LEACH协议每一轮循环可分为簇的建立和数据通信2个阶段．在簇的建立阶段，相邻节簇头进展数据融合并把结果发给会聚节点．与节点直接与会聚节点通信相比，LEACH协议降低了74—8利用LEACH算法选举出的簇头分布不均匀，不适合大规模网络及能量不均衡的网络．PEGASIS和分层PEGASISPEGASISLEACH根底上改进设计的，其目的是提高网络的生存周与它们最近的邻居之间进展通信．仿真结果说明，与LEACH协议相比，其生存周期提高近2倍．但离链首较远的节点会引起过多的数据延迟，而且链首节点的唯Lindsey等提出的分层PEGASIS协议是对PEGASIS的扩展，承受数据并行传输机制，并利用CDMA方式避开信号干扰．仿真结果说明，分层PE—GASIS较PEGASIS使网络的生存期提高了约60倍．HMRP文献[8]提出了一个分层的多路径路由协议HMRP(hierarchicalmultiple—choiceroutingpath)，该协议首先把WSN构造成一个分层的网络，基于此层次构造，传感器节点通过候选的双亲树型构造相比，延长了网络的生存周期．地理位置路由协议在WSN的很多应用中(如森林防火系统)，节点通常需要猎取其位置信息．而在很多路由协议中，通常也需要位置信息来计算2个特定节点的距离以便估算所了能耗．MECNSMECN最小能量通信网络MECN(minimumenergycommunicationnetwork)协议最初是为MANET设计的，但同样适用于WSN．SMECN(smallminimumenergycommunicationnet—work)协议是MECN协议的扩展，它充分考虑到任意2个节点间可能存在障碍而导致节点间不能直接通信的状况．MECN和SMECN协议都利用低功耗的GPS算和构建能源有效的子网实现节能目标．MECN协议为每个节点设置了转发区域，发送节点通过转发区域内的节点发送比直接将数据传递到目的节点需要更少的连通，这在实际环境中不易做到．GAFGAF(geographicaladaptivefidelity)协议是以节点地理位置为依据的分簇协议，也是MANET的一种路由协议，但同样适用于WSN．该协议把监测区域划分成假设干虚拟单元格，将节点依据其位置信息划入相应的单元格，在每个单元格中定期选举产生1个簇头，只有簇头节点保持活动，其他节点进入休眠状态，同一单元格的节点之间通过GPS标识的位置信息进展通信．仿真结果说明，GAF在时延、丢包率和生命期等方面均优于一般的MA—NET协议．但这种基于地理位置进展分簇的算法对传感器网络提出了更高的要求，而且GAF算法基于平面模型，没有考虑到在实际网络中节点之间的接近问题，P．Santi等人提出了一种改进GAF算法，设计了2种不同的簇头选择机制，并具体分析了簇头节点产生后的网络运行方式，与GAF相比，延长了传感器网络的生存周期．无线传感器网络路由协议比较分析WSNWSN路由协议在设计上应充分考虑节点能量的有对各类WSN的路由协议进展比较分析，如表1所示．结论WSN因其自身的特点使其路由协议的争论较之以往的网络更为简单．通过以上分析，可以看出WSN路由协议将来的争论热点和进展趋势：立和特地选取节点作为簇头的额外开销，但在简单查询中该方法就显得力不从一个有待解决的问题．头负责数据融合并向会聚节点传递数据，使WSN中节点均衡了全网的能耗，且提是将来的争论方向．在地理位置路由协议中，通过节点的地理位置信息，可以到达节约能量的目的．如何智能地利用地理位置信息来关心能量有效路由是一个值得探讨的问还要考虑全网的通信负载平衡，路由协议的容错性以及节点的移动性等．(译文)forWirelessSensorNetworksResearchandSystem-on-Chip(SOC)oftherapiddevelopment,aswellmode,theisgenerallybelievedthatshort-rangelow-powerwirelesscommunicationtechnologybestsuitedtotheuseofsensorwirelesssensornetworks.Atfirst,peoplethoughtthatInternetstudyshowsthat:sensornetworksandtraditionalnetworkshavesignificantlydifferenttechnicalrequirements.Theformerdata.Inordertoadapttoawiderangeofapplications,designedtheedgerelatedtotheclientsystemonthenetwork,theintermediatenodeisonlyresponsiblefordatapacketforwarding,Forsensornetworks,thismaynotbeareasonablechoice.Inthewirelesssensornetworkarchitecture,networklayerandnetworkinfrastructurevary.Networklayeristhemainandreliabletoestablishtheroutingofthedatatransmissionmethod,sothatthelongestlifeexpectancynetwork.AsaresultofanumberofsensornetworksisdifferentfromtraditionalwirelessAd-hocnetworkcharacteristics,soitofmanynodes,itisimpossibletoestablishamechanismtoaddresssignificantredundancy,dataaggregationcanbeusedcapacity,asaresultoffrequentchangesinnetworktopology,routingprotocolsneedtohavegoodrobustnessandscalability.existingprogramsConsiderthecharacteristicsofsensornetworksandapplicationsandinfrastructureneeds,theresearchersputforwardmanyproposalstosolvethesensornetworkroutingproblems.Wecandividethemintofourcategories:data-centric,hierarchical,location-based,network-basedstream.data-centricroutingprotocolofthetargetaddresssignificantdifferences.SPINisthefirstdata-centricAdaptiveRoutingProtocol,itisaskedthroughthenodestoD.ofcertainroutingprotocols(DirectedDifusion)togenerateusedtodefineacombinationofattributesofinterest(interest)information,andData-centricRoutingProtocolnaminginquiriestoobtaininformationanddatatransmissionindatafusionprocess.SPINisthefirstdata-centricroutingyou,manyoftheproposedroutingprotocolsarebasedonDDorfollowsimilarideas.ProliferationofdirectionalorientationDD-proliferationagreementsdescribeDDintherunning,includingthepathtoestablish,asfarasshowninFigure1.DDintroducestheconceptofgradientnetwork,canbefoundfromthesourcenodetothetargetnodeofthetomeetrequirements.However,duetotheuseoftheon-demandquery-drivendatamodel,itdoesnotapplytoCentralnodeswillconsumemoreenergy.Fuzzylogiccontrollerbasedonthemulti-pathdata-centricofsensornodesbasedonbatteryenergylevelandthetypeofdatatonodestoavoidalargeamountofdatatransmission,effectivelyextendingthenetworklifecycle.Multi-pathmechanismandthefoodcanguaranteefailureinthenetworkenergy.2.2-levelroutingprotocolInordertoensurenetworkscalabilitywithoutreducingusetheofregionselectionofacluster,throughthemulti-hopcommunicationsandtransmissionofdatafusiontoreducetheamountofinformationtoclusternodes,thussavingenergy.LEACHoneofthefirstsub-clusteragreement,anumberofotherroutingprotocolsarebasedonthelevelofLEACH.LEACHcycleofthefirstcluster,theenergyoftheentirenetworkloadtheofthenetwork.LEACHprotocolforeachcyclecanbedividedintoclustersandtheestablishmentoftwostagesofdatatheadjacentsectioninthedatasenttotheclusterhead,clusterheadfordatafusionandtheresultsdistributednodeclustering.Withnode-nodeLEACHprotocoltoreduceenergyconsumptionby7times,withtheminimumtransmissionenergyroutingcomparedto4-8timeslowerpowerconsumption.ButtheuseofLEACH”sclusteralgorithmfortheelectionofthefirstnon-uniformdistribution,notsuitableforlarge-scalenetworksandenergyimbalance网络.PEGASISandstratifiedPEGASISLEACH,anditspurposeistoimprovethenetworklifecycle.LEACHalgorithmwithmulti-clusterstructure,PEGASISchaintheirmostrecentcommunicationbetweenneighbors.ThesimulationresultsshowthatcomparedwiththeLEACHprotocol,anditsfromthedelays,bottleneckofcommunicationnetworks.Lindseyputforwardbytheusingavoidingresultsaviewtoimprovingthesurvivalofabout60times.RoutingProtocolHMRP(hierarchicalmultiple-choicetoatieredsensornoderesultstocycle.LocationRoutingProtocolInmanyWSNapplications(suchasforestfirepreventionusuallyalsoneedtocalculatethetwospecificnodesinordertoknowtheirpurposeorobjectivesoftheregionalnodeofthethebasisforrouting,nodesforwardthedataaccordingtocertainreleaseinformationtothedesignatedarea,iteffectivelyreducesMECNandSMECNminimumenergycommunicationnetworkMECN(minimumenergycommunicationnetwork)protocolwastoWSN.SMECN(smallminimumenergycommunicationnet-work)fullytakeintoaccountanytwonodestheremaybearesultofobstaclestodirectcommunicationbetweennodescannotbethecase.SMECNagreementsMECNandlowpoweruseofGPSpositioningsystem,andbuildingenergybycalculatingthesetupforeachnodeforwardingtheregion,sentthroughtheforwardingnodesintheregionthanthenodetosenddataenergy.asendingofauto-configurationcanbedynamicallyadaptivenodefailureandnetworkdistribution.However,theagreementassumesthatthefullnetworkconnectivity,whichintheactualenvironmentisnoteasytodo.GAFGAF(geographicaladaptivefidelity)Agreementisbasedonlocation-basednodeclusteringagreementisaMANETroutingprotocol,butitisequallyapplicabletoWSN.Theagreementtomonitortheregionintoanumberofvirtualcells,nodesinaccordancewithitseachcellheadnodestate,thesamecellbetweenthenodelabeledGPSlocationthat,arebetterthanordinaryMA-NETprotocol.However,location-baseddemand,andtheGAFalgorithmisbasedontheplanarmodeldoesnottakeintoaccounttheactualnetworknodesinbetweendoesnotmeanthatitcanbeclosetodirectcommunication,andenergyofnodes.Inresponsetothisproblem,P.SantietalGAF,differentoftheclusterheadnodeofthenetworkaftertheoperation,comparedwiththeGAF,theextensionofthesensornetworklifecycle.Analysisdesignenergy.Furthermore,itshouldbeinaccordancewiththespecificcharacteristicsoftheapplicationtomeetthefollowingpaths,QoSWSNroutingprotocolbasedonanalysisofroutingprotocolsanalysisofroutingprotocol