华科大2017年博士入学考试英语试卷(题目全)

华科大2017年博士入学考试试卷完型填空（20*0.5分）讲一些动物实验，对于抚养后代，可以引起母亲和父亲大脑前额皮质的神经受体的升高。需要选择的空白处，均不影响文章内容的信息提取，全部集中在语法、固定搭配、介词选择、近义词比较。一般人5-6分阅读理解（20*2分）全部出自题库，请下载题库核对答案吧第一篇gmatPassage4（4/63）Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-gliderandhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere—reptilesorbirds—areamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthepterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourthfingerofeachforelimbsupportedawing-likemembrane.Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharpclaws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthepterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whenapterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,couldonlyturnupwardinanextendedinvertedV-shapealongeachsideoftheanimal’sbody.Thepterosaursresembledbothbirdsandbatsintheiroverallstructureandproportions.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausethedesignofanyflyingvertebrateissubjecttoaerodynamicconstraints.Boththepterosaursandthebirdshavehollowbones,afeaturethatrepresentsasavingsinweight.Inthebirds,however,thesebonesarereinforcedmoremassivelybyinternalstruts.Althoughscalestypicallycoverreptiles,thepterosaursprobablyhadhairycoats.T.H.Huxleyreasonedthatflyingvertebratesmusthavebeenwarm-bloodedbecauseflyingimpliesahighrateofmetabolism,whichinturnimpliesahighinternaltemperature.Huxleyspeculatedthatacoatofhairwouldinsulateagainstlossofbodyheatandmightstreamlinethebodytoreducedraginflight.Therecentdiscoveryofapterosaurspecimencoveredinlong,dense,andrelativelythickhairlikefossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.Effortstoexplainhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumpingfromcliffs,bydroppingfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties.Thefirstwronglyassumesthatthepterosaurs’hindfeetresembledabat’sandcouldserveashooksbywhichtheanimalcouldhanginpreparationforflight.Thesecondhypothesisseemsunlikelybecauselargepterosaurscouldnothavelandedintreeswithoutdamagingtheirwings.Thethirdcallsforhighwavestochannelupdrafts.Thewindthatmadesuchwaveshowever,mighthavebeentoostrongforthepterosaurstocontroltheirflightonceairborne.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsnowgenerallyagreethattheenormouswingspanofthepterosaursenabledthemtoflygreatdistancesstructureoftheskeletonofthepterosaurssuggestsacloseevolutionaryrelationshiptobatsfossilremainsofthepterosaursrevealhowtheysolvedtheproblemofpoweredflightpterosaurswerereptilespterosaurswalkedonallfoursTheauthorviewstheideathatthepterosaursbecameairbornebyrisingintolightwindscreatedbywavesas(A)revolutionaryunlikelyunassailableprobableoutdatedAccordingtothepassage,theskeletonofapterosaurcanbedistinguishedfromthatofabirdbythesizeofitswingspanpresenceofhollowspacesinitsbonesanatomicoriginofitswingstrutpresenceofhooklikeprojectionsonitshindfeetlocationoftheshoulderjointjoiningthewingtoitsbodyTheideasattributedtoT.H.Huxleyinthepassagesuggestthathewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?Ananimal’sbrainsizehaslittlebearingonitsabilitytomastercomplexbehaviors.Ananimal’sappearanceisofteninfluencedbyenvironmentalrequirementsandphysicalcapabilities.Animalswithinagivenfamilygroupareunlikelytochangetheirappearancedramaticallyoveraperiodoftime.Theoriginofflightinvertebrateswasanaccidentaldevelopmentratherthantheoutcomeofspecializationoradaptation.Thepterosaursshouldbeclassifiedasbirds,notreptiles.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingischaracteristicofthepterosaurs?Theywereunabletofoldtheirwingswhennotinuse.Theyhungupsidedownfrombranchesasbatsdobeforeflight.Theyflewinordertocaptureprey.Theywereanearlystageintheevolutionofthebirds.Theylivedprimarilyinaforest-likehabitat.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthepassage?Newevidenceisintroducedtosupportatraditionalpointofview.Threeexplanationsforaphenomenonarepresented,andeachisdisputedbymeansofspecificinformation.Threehypothesesareoutlined,andevidencesupportingeachisgiven.Recentdiscoveriesaredescribed,andtheirimplicationsforfuturestudyareprojected.Asummaryofthematerialintheprecedingparagraphsispresented,andconclusionsaredrawn.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatsomescientistsbelievethatpterosaurslivednearlargebodiesofwaterhadsharpteethfortearingfoodwereattackedandeatenbylargerreptileshadlongertailsthanmanybirdsconsumedtwicetheirweightdailytomaintaintheirbodytemperature第二篇GRE1991年04月sectionA第二段Therecent,apparentlysuccessful,predictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNino—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica—hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknespointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.Nonetheless,untilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheother,ashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearancesofthewarmElNinoandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNino.Theanswer,atleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrect,istobefoundintheocean.IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNino,twoconditionsexist:(1)unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacific,principallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeru,and(2)windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa“pile”thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeeper,coldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwater,thusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNino,whichraisesealevelintheeast,simultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.Accordingtothemodel,thatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywave,awaveofdepressed,ornegative,sealevel,thatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacific,RossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasin,whichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchains,suchasthePhilippinesandIndonesia.Whenthewavesmeetthewesternboundary,theyarereflected,andthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.Theseeventuallyshoottowardtheequator,andthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacific,theirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevel,andtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwinds,onethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestward,wavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwaves,beginninganotherwarmingcycle.TheprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeistointroduceanewexplanationofaphysicalphenomenonexplainthedifferencebetweentworelatedphysicalphenomenaillustratethelimitationsofapplyingmathematicstocomplicatedphysicalphenomenaindicatethedirectionthatresearchintoaparticularphysicalphenomenonshouldtakeclarifythedifferencesbetweenanoldexplanationofaphysicalphenomenonandanewmodelofitWhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?Atheoryispresentedandcriticized.Amodelisdescribedandevaluated.Aresultisreportedanditsimportanceexplained.Aphenomenonisnotedanditssignificancedebated.Ahypothesisisintroducedandcontraryevidencepresented.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfeaturesischaracteristicofanElNino?ColdcoastalwaternearPeruWindsblowingfromthewestRandomoccurrenceWorldwideeffectsShortdurationAccordingtothemodelpresentedinthepassage,whichofthefollowingnormallysignalsthedisappearanceofanElNino?ThearrivalintheeasternPacificofnegativesea-levelKelvinwaves.Ashiftinthedirectionofthewindsproducedbythestartofananti-ElNinoelsewhereinthePacific.ThereflectionofKelvinwavesaftertheyreachtheeasternboundaryofthePacific,alongEcuadorandPeru.AnincreaseinthespeedatwhichnegativeRossbywavescrossthePacific.Thecreationofareservoirofcolder,deepoceanwatertrappedunderthepileofwarmer,surfaceoceanwater.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwouldresultfairlyimmediatelyfromthecessationofthewindsofanElNino?NegativeRossbywaveswouldceasetobegeneratedintheeasternPacific.ThesealevelintheeasternPacificwouldfall.ThesurfacewaterintheeasternPacificwouldagainbecooledbybeingmixedwithdeepwater.IonlyIIonlyIandIIonlyIandIIIonlyI,II,andIIIWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyunderminethevalidityofthemodelofElNinothatispresentedinthepassage?DuringsomeyearsElNinoextendssignificantlyfartheralongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruthanduringotheryears.DuringperiodsofunusuallycooltemperaturesalongtheeasternPacific,anElNinoismuchcolderthannormal.ThenormalupwellingofcoldwaterintheeasternPacificdependsmuchmoreonthelocalcharacteristicsoftheoceanthanonatmosphericconditions.ThevariationsinthetimeittakesRossbywavestocrossthePacificdependonthepowerofthewindsthatthewavesencounter.ThewesternboundaryofthePacificbasinissoirregularthatitimpedesmostcoastalKelvinwavesfromheadingeastward.Thepassagebestsupportstheconclusionthatduringananti-ElNinothefastest-movingsignalwavesarenegativeRossbywavesmovingeastalongtheequatorpositiveRossbywavesmovingwestalongtheequatornegativeKelvinwavesmovingwestalongtheequatorpositiveKelvinwavesmovingwestalongtheequatorpositiveKelvinwavesmovingeastalongtheequator第三篇GRE1991年2月SECTIONBSomerecenthistorianshavearguedthatlifeintheBritishcoloniesinAmericafromapproximately1763to1789wasmarkedbyinternalconflictsamongcolonists.Inheritorsofsomeoftheviewpointsofearlytwentieth-centuryProgressivehistorianssuchasBeardandBecker,theserecenthistorianshaveputforwardargumentsthatdeserveevaluation.Thekindofconflictmostemphasizedbythesehistoriansisclassconflict.YetwiththeRevolutionaryWardominatingtheseyears,howdoesonedistinguishclassconflictwithinthatlargerconflict?Certainlynotbythesideapersonsupported.AlthoughmanyofthesehistorianshaveacceptedtheearlierassumptionthatLoyalistsrepresentedanupperclass,newevidenceindicatesthatLoyalists,likerebels,weredrawnfromallsocioeconomicclasses.(Itisnonethelessprobablytruethatalargerpercentageofthewell-to-dojoinedtheLoyaliststhanjoinedtherebels.)Lookingattherebelside,wefindlittleevidenceforthecontentionthatlower-classrebelswereinconflictwithupper-classrebels.Indeed,thewareffortagainstBritaintendedtosuppressclassconflicts.Whereitdidnot,thedisputingrebelsofoneoranotherclassusuallybecameLoyalists.Loyalismthusoperatedasasafetyvalvetoremovesocioeconomicdiscontentthatexistedamongtherebels.Disputesoccurred,ofcourse,amongthosewhoremainedontherebelside,buttheextraordinarysocialmobilityofeighteenth-centuryAmericansociety(withtheobviousexceptionofslaves)usuallypreventedsuchdisputesfromhardeningalongclasslines.Socialstructurewasinfactsofluid—thoughrecentstatisticssuggestanarrowingofeconomicopportunityasthelatterhalfofthecenturyprogressed—thattotalkaboutsocialclassesatallrequirestheuseoflooseeconomiccategoriessuchasrich,poor,andmiddleclass,oreighteenth-centurydesignationslike“thebettersort.”Despitethesevaguecategories,oneshouldnotclaimunequivocallythathostilitybetweenrecognizableclassescannotbelegitimatelyobserved.OutsideofNewYork,however,therewereveryfewinstancesofopenlyexpressedclassantagonism.Havingsaidthis,however,onemustaddthatthereismuchevidencetosupportthefurtherclaimofrecenthistoriansthatsectionalconflictswerecommonbetween1763and1789.The“PaxtonBoys”incidentandtheRegulatormovementarerepresentativeexamplesofthewidespread,andjustified,discontentofwesternsettlersagainstcolonialorstategovernmentsdominatedbyeasterninterests.Althoughundertonesofclassconflictexistedbeneathsuchhostility,theoppositionwasprimarilygeographical.Sectionalconflict—whichalsoexistedbetweenNorthandSouth—deservesfurtherinvestigation.Insummary,historiansmustbecarefulaboutthekindofconflicttheyemphasizeineighteenth-centuryAmerica.Yetthosewhostresstheachievementofageneralconsensusamongthecolonistscannotfullyunderstandthatconsensuswithoutunderstandingtheconflictsthathadtobeovercomeorrepressedinordertoreachit.TheauthorconsidersthecontentionsmadebytherecenthistoriansdiscussedinthepassagetobepotentiallyverifiablepartiallyjustifiedlogicallycontradictoryingeniousbutflawedcapriciousandunsupportedTheauthormostlikelyrefersto“historianssuchasBeardandBecker”(lines5-6)inordertoisolatethetwohistorianswhoseworkismostrepresentativeoftheviewpointsofProgressivehistoriansemphasizetheneedtofindconnectionsbetweenrecenthistoricalwritingandtheworkofearlierhistoriansmakeacasefortheimportanceoftheviewsoftheProgressivehistoriansconcerningeighteenth-centuryAmericanlifesuggestthatProgressivehistorianswerethefirsttodiscovertheparticularinternalconflictsineighteenth-centuryAmericanlifementionedinthepassagepointouthistorianswhoseviewsofhistoryanticipatedsomeoftheviewsoftherecenthistoriansmentionedinthepassageAccordingtothepassage,LoyalismduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWarservedthefunctionofeliminatingthedisputesthatexistedamongthosecolonistswhosupportedtherebelcausedrawingupper,asopposedtolower,socioeconomicclassesawayfromtherebelcausetoleratingthekindsofsocioeconomicdiscontentthatwerenotallowedtoexistontherebelsidechannelingconflictthatexistedwithinasocioeconomicclassintothewareffortagainsttherebelcauseabsorbingmembersofsocioeconomicgroupsontherebelsidewhofeltthemselvesincontentionwithmembersofothersocioeconomicgroupsThepassagesuggeststhattheauthorwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesocialstructureofeighteenth-centuryAmericansociety?Itallowedgreatereconomicopportunitythanitdidsocialmobility.Itpermittedgreatereconomicopportunitypriorto1750thanafter1750.Itdidnotcontainrigidlydefinedsocioeconomicdivisions.Itpreventedeconomicdisputesfromarisingamongmembersofthesociety.IandIVonlyIIandIIIonlyIIIandIVonlyI,II,andIIIonlyI,II,III,andIVItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingsocioeconomicclassandsupportfortherebelandLoyalistcausesduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar?Identifyingaperson’ssocioeconomicclassistheleastaccuratemethodofascertainingwhichsidethatpersonsupported.IdentifyingapersonasamemberoftherebeloroftheLoyalistsidedoesnotnecessarilyrevealthatperson’sparticularsocioeconomicclass.BoththerebelandtheLoyalistsidescontainedmembersofallsocioeconomicclasses,althoughtherewerefewerdisputesamongsocioeconomicclassesontheLoyalistside.BoththerebelandtheLoyalistsidescontainedmembersofallsocioeconomicclasses,althoughtheLoyalistsidewasmadeupprimarilyofmembersoftheupperclasses.BoththerebelandtheLoyalistsidescontainedmembersofallsocioeconomicclasses,althoughmanyupper-classrebelseventuallyjoinedtheLoyalists.TheauthorsuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttherepresentativenessofcolonialorstategovernmentsinAmericafrom1763to1789?Thegovernmentsinadequatelyrepresentedtheinterestsofpeopleinwesternregions.Thegovernmentsmoreoftenrepresentedclassintereststhansectionalinterests.Thegovernmentswerelessrepresentativethantheyhadbeenbefore1763.Thegovernmentsweredominatedbytheinterestsofpeopleofanuppersocioeconomicclass.Thegovernmentsofthenortherncolonieswerelessrepresentativethanwerethegovernmentsofthesoutherncolonies.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutsectionalconflictsinAmericabetween1763and1789?Theseconflictswereinstigatedbyeasterninterestsagainstwesternsettlers.TheseconflictswerethemostseriouskindofconflictinAmerica.Theconflictseventuallyledtoopenlyexpressedclassantagonism.Theseconflictscontainedanelementofclasshostility.Theseconflictsweremotivatedbyclassconflicts.第四篇LSAT第27套SECTIONIDirections:Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.Mostofficeworkersassumethatthemessagestheysendtoeachotherviaelectronicmailareasprivateasatelephonecalloraface-to-facemeeting.Thatassumptioniswrong.Althoughitisillegalinmanyareasforanemployertoeavesdroponprivateconversationsortelephonecalls—eveniftheytakeplaceonacompany-ownedtelephone—therearenoclearrulesgoverningelectronicmail.Infact,thequestionofhowprivateelectronicmailtransmissionsshouldbehasemergedasoneofthemorecomplicatedlegalissuesoftheelectronicage.People’sopinionsaboutthedegreeofprivacythatelectronicmailshouldhavevarydependingonwhoseelectronicmailsystemisbeingusedandwhoisreadingthemessages.Doesagovernmentoffice,forexample,havetherighttodestroyelectronicmessagescreatedinthecourseofrunningthegovernment,therebydenyingpublicaccesstosuchdocuments?Someholdthatgovernmentofficesshouldissueguidelinesthatallowtheirstafftodeletesuchelectronicrecords,anddefendthispracticebyclaimingthatthemessagesthusdeletedalreadyexistinpaperversionswhosedestructionisforbidden.Opponentsofsuchpracticesarguethatthepaperversionsoftenomitsuchinformationaswhoreceivedthemessagesandwhentheyreceivedthem,informationcommonlycarriedonelectronicmailsystems.Governmentofficials,opponentsmaintain,arecivilservants;thepublicshouldthushavetherighttoreviewanydocumentscreatedduringtheconductingofgovernmentbusiness.Questionsaboutelectronicmailprivacyhavealsoarisenintheprivatesector.Recently,twoemployeesofanautomotivecompanywerediscoveredtohavebeencommunicatingdisparaginginformationabouttheirsupervisorviaelectronicmail.Thesupervisor,whohadbeenmonitoringthecommunication,threatenedtofiretheemployees.Whentheemployeesfiledagrievancecomplainingthattheirprivacyhadbeenviolated,theywereletgo.Later,theircourtcaseforunlawfulterminationwasdismissed;thecompany’slawyerssuccessfullyarguedthatbecausethecompanyownedthecomputersystem,itssupervisorshadtherighttoreadanythingcreatedonit.Insomeareas,lawsprohibitoutsideinterceptionofelectronicmailbyathirdpartywithoutproperauthorizationsuchasasearchwarrant.However,theselawsdonotcover“inside”interceptionsuchasoccurredattheautomotivecompany.Inthepast,courtshaveruledthatinterofficecommunicationsmaybeconsideredprivateonlyifemployeeshavea“reasonableexpectation”ofprivacywhentheysendthemessages.Thefactisthatnoabsoluteguaranteeofprivacyexistsinanycomputersystem.Theonlysolutionmaybeforuserstoscrambletheirownmessageswithencryptioncodes;unfortunately,suchcomplexcodesarelikelytounderminetheprincipalvirtueofelectronicmail:itsconvenience.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?Untilthelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailinboththepublicandprivatesectorshavebeenresolved,officeworkerswillneedtoscrambletheirelectronicmailmessageswithencryptioncodes.Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestberesolvedbytreatingsuchcommunicationsasiftheywereasprivateastelephoneconversationsorface-to-facemeetings.Anyattempttoresolvethelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacemusttakeintoaccounttheessentialdifferencebetweenpublic-sectorandprivatesectorbusiness.Atpresent,inboththepublicandprivatesectors,thereseemtobenocleargeneralanswerstothelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplace.Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplaceofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestberesolvedbyallowingsupervisorsinpublic-sectorbutnotprivate-sectorofficestomonitortheiremployees’communications.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthereasonsomepeopleusetoopposethedeletionofelectronicmailrecordsatgovernmentoffices?Suchdeletionrevealstheextentofgovernment’sunhealthyobsessionwithsecrecy.Suchdeletionrunscountertothenotionofgovernment’saccountabilitytoitsconstituency.Suchdeletionclearlyviolatesthelegalrequirementthatgovernmentofficeskeepduplicatecopiesofalltheirtransactions.Suchdeletionviolatesthegovernment’sownguidelinesagainstdestructionofelectronicrecords.Suchdeletionharmsrelationsbetweengovernmentemployeesandtheirsupervisors.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatestheorganizationofthepassage?Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyspecificexamplesillustratingtheproblem:apossiblesolutionissuggested,followedbyanacknowledgmentofitsshortcomings.Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyexplicationsoftwopossiblesolutionstotheproblem:thefirstsolutionispreferredtothesecond,andreasonsaregivenforwhyitisthebetteralternative.Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyanalysisofthehistoricalcircumstancesthathelpedbringtheproblemaboutapossiblesolutionisofferedandrejectedasbeingonlyapartialremedy.Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyenumerationofvariousquestionsthatneedtobeansweredbeforeasolutioncanbefound:onepossiblesolutionisproposedandarguedfor.Aproblemisintroduced,followedbydescriptionsoftwocontrastingapproachestothinkingabouttheproblem:thesecondapproachispreferredtothefirst,andreasonsaregivenforwhyitismorelikelytoyieldasuccessfulsolution.Basedonthepassage,theauthor’sattitudetowardsinterceptionofelectronicmailcanmostaccuratelybedescribedas:outrightdisapprovalofthepracticesupportforemployerswhoengageinitsupportforemployeeswholosetheirjobsbecauseofitintellectualinterestinitslegalissuescynicismaboutthemotivesbehindthepracticeItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldmostlikelyholdwhichoneofthefollowingopinionsaboutanencryptionsystemthatcouldencodesanddecodeelectronicmailmessageswithasinglekeystroke?Itwouldbeanunreasonableburdenonacompany’sabilitytomonitorelectronicmailcreatedbyitsemployees.Itwouldsignificantlyreducethedifficultyofattemptingtosafeguardtheprivacyofelectronicmail.Itwouldcreatesubstantiallegalcomplicationsforcompaniestryingtopreventemployeesfromrevealingtradesecretstocompetitors.Itwouldguaranteeonlyaminimallevelofemployeeprivacy,andsowouldnotbeworththecostinvolvedininstallingsuchasystem.Itwouldrequireachangeinthelegaldefinitionof“reasonableexpectationofprivacy”asitappliestoemployer-employeerelations.Giventheinformationinthepassage,whichoneofthefollowinghypotheticaleventsisLEASTlikelytooccur?Acourtrulesthatagovernmentoffice’spracticeofdeletingitselectronicmailisnotinthepublic’sbestinterests.Aprivate-sectoremployerisfoundliableforwiretappinganofficetelephoneconversationinwhichtwoemployeesexchangeddisparaginginformationabouttheirsupervisor.Acourtupholdstherightofagovernmentofficetodestroybothpaperandelectronicversionsofitsin-housedocuments.Acourtupholdsaprivate-sectoremployer’srighttomonitormessagessentbetweenemployeesoverthecompany’sin-houseelectronicmailsystem.Acourtrulesinfavorofaprivate-sectoremployeewhosesupervisorstatedthatin-houseelectronicmailwouldnotbemonitoredbutlaterfiredtheemployeeforcommunicatingdisparaginginformationviaelectronicmail.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeinwritingthepassageistodemonstratethattheindividualrighttoprivacyhasbeenerodedbyadvancesincomputertechnologycomparethelegalstatusofelectronicmailinthepublicandprivatesectorsdrawanextendedanalogybetweentheprivacyofelectronicmailandtheprivacyoftelephoneconversationsorface-to-facemeetingillustratethecomplexitiesoftheprivacyissuessurroundingelectronicmailintheworkplaceexplainwhythecourtshavenotbeenabletoruledefinitelyontheissueoftheprivacyofelectronicmail翻译中翻英(3*5分)是讲电池充电。大多数人认为频繁，短时间充电有害，其实错误。有些人整晚充电，100%后还充着，实际上手机会不断的给电池增加电量，高电压对电池寿命和内部化学物质有损害，从长时间看，会影响电池的使用寿命。You'vebeenchargingyoursmartphonewrongYes,weknow.Oursmartphonebatteriesarebadbecausetheybarelylastaday.Butit’spartiallyourfaultbecausewe’vebeenchargingthemwrongthiswholetime.Manyofushaveaningrainednotionthatchargingoursmartphonesinsmallburstswillcauselong-termdamagetotheirbatteries,andthatit’sbettertochargethemwhenthey’reclosetodead.Butwecouldn’tbemorewrong.Iffact,asitefrombatterycompanyCadex,calledBatteryUniversity,detailshowthelithium-ionbatteriesinoursmartphonesaresensitivetotheirownversionsof“stress.”And,likeforhumans,extendedstresscouldbedamagingyoursmartphonebattery’slong-termlifespan.Ifyouwanttokeepyoursmartphonebatteryintopconditionandgoaboutyourdaywithoutworryingaboutbatterylife,youneedtochangeafewthings.Don’tkeepitpluggedinwhenit’sfullychargedAccordingtoBatteryUniversity,leavingyourphonepluggedinwhenit’sfullycharged,likeyoumightovernight,isbadforthebatteryinthelongrun.Onceyoursmartphonehasreached100%charge,itgets“tricklecharges”tokeepitat100%whilepluggedin.Itkeepsthebatteryinahigh-stress,high-tensionstate,whichwearsdownthechemistrywithin.BatteryUniversitygoesintoabunchofscientificdetailexplainingwhy,butitalsosumsitupnicely:“Whenfullycharged,removethebattery”fromitschargingdevice.“Thisislikerelaxingthemusclesafterstrenuousexercise.”Youtoowouldbeprettymiserableifyouworkedoutnonstopforhoursandhours.Above:Thebatteriesinthesephonesgetstressedout,too.ImageCredit:SkyeGould/TechInsiderInfact,trynottochargeitto100percentAtleastwhenyoudon’thaveto.AccordingtoBatteryUniversity,“Li-iondoesnotneedtobefullycharged,norisitdesirabletodoso.Infact,itisbetternottofullycharge,becauseahighvoltagestressesthebattery”andwearsitawayinthelongrun.Thatmightseemcounterintuitiveifyou’retryingtokeepyoursmartphonechargedallday,butjustplugitinwheneveryoucanduringtheday,andyou’llbefine.Above:Don’tshootyoursmartphonebatteries,either.ImageCredit:24MPluginyourphonewheneveryoucanItturnsoutthatthebatteriesinoursmartphonesaremuchhappierifyouchargethemoccasionallythroughoutthedayinsteadofpluggingtheminforabigchargingsessionwhenthey’reempty.Chargingyourphonewhenitloses10%ofi