英语语法(不同文体的句法结构)

UnitTen:SentenceStructuresinDifferentStylesofWriting,abriefintroduction

Issuesofthisunit: 1)Frmalspeech 2)Sentencesinverydifferentwritings (science,law,advertisement,literature)A、Formalvs.InformalEx.(AnAmericanpolicemantalkingaboutthesamething)：a.法庭上面对法官说：“Iapprehendedthe allegedperpetrator.”

(我对这个行凶嫌疑人实施了拘捕)b.酒吧里对同事说：“Icollaredthiscreep.”

(我逮了这恶棍)Anotherexample:(Adoctortalkingaboutthepatient’scondition)：a.病情会诊会上：“Isuggesttheapplicationofextracorporealshockwavelithotripsy.”

(我建议实施体外激波碎石术。)b.对病人说：“Weshallcrashyourstonesfromoutsideyourbody.”

(我们会从你体外把结石碎掉。)

Informalspeech

Formalspeechsimplesyntax complex,compoundstr.simpledailywords technicalterms,mincedpersonaltone impersonaltoneEx.a.图书馆的告示：Impersonaltone

Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.

Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.Ex.b.图书馆的告示：personaltone

Wefindthatthenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.

Pleasemakesurethatyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon’tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone’sconvenience.

Sofromnowon,we’regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarned!B、新闻英语(amixtureofformalandinformal)：语法特征：长句，信息浓缩

September12,1997,USSecretaryofStateMedeleineAlbrightsaysatAlexandria

thatshetoldPresidentHosniMubarakofAmerica'sresolvetoworkwithEgyptandotherfriendlystatestoremainvigilantwhilealsorespondingtoopportunitiestoreducetension,

andthensheproceedstoSaudiArabia,thenextstoponherdebutregionaltour.

词汇运用特征：1.新闻习惯表达法（journalisticjargon），例如：

peoplepower,zipper-gate,wargames,operations

等等。 经常使用缩写，如：NATO,NASA,UNESCO,TMD,AIDS.2.新闻记者生造语词（coinage），表达新的概念或为了吸引眼球(asaneye-catcher)，例如：

technicalknow-how,hijack,stagflation,no-goarea,thevillageGuru,

Wintel

等等。

3.在报道中，语言使用灵活多变。例如：

Beijing'sdecisiontocancelaportvisittoHongKongbytheU.S.aircraftcarrierKittyHawklastmonthcould

godownindiplomatichistory

asawatershedinChina'sforeignpolicy.

The

high-decibel"no"

tothecarriergroup——andalsototheU.S.frigateReubenJames,whichwantedtodockatHongKongonNewYear'sEve——

coincideswithatoughstanceBeijinghasassumedinsovereigntydisputes

withVietnamoverisletsintheSouthChinaSea.

Chinaalsohasreactedwith

uncharacteristicvehemence

tothehospitalitythattheUnitedStates,CanadaandespeciallyGermanyhaveshowntheDalaiLama.C、科技英语特征

(typicalformalstyle)：1.最明显的是技术专门语汇： （先看一文学文本，以作比较）

Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!howinfiniteinfaculty!informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable!inactionhowlikeanangel!inapprehensionhowlikeagod!thebeautyoftheworld!theparagonofanimals!

(byShakespeare)看看科技文本与文学文本的巨大差异：

Manismetazoan,triploblastic,chordale,vertebrate,pentadactyle,mammalian,eutherian,primate;themainoutlinesofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofotheranimals,tothefishes.

(byBorradaile)2.用大词，不用日常小词：

Wecaneasilytakethesemachinestopiecesandputthemtogetheragainafterwehavelookedatthemallover.

Thesemachinescanbeeasilydismantledandreassembledaftercarefulexamination.

(Formalwordsaremorepreciseinmeaning.)3.偏向于使用名词来替代动词：

A1.Youcanrectifythisfaultifyouinserta wedge.

A2.Rectificationofthisfaultcanbedoneby insertionofawedge.

B1.Ifweaddorremoveheat,thestateof mattermaychange. B2.Theadditionorremovalofheatmay causechangesinthestateofmatter.

4.更多地使用被动式：

Ablastofhotair

isblown

intothebottomofthefurnacetomakethecokeburnfiercely.It

isforced

intothefurnacethroughpipes.Thesepipes

areplaced

aroundthecircumstanceoftheblastfurnaceabout8feetabovethebottom.

D、法律英语特征

(highlyformalinstyle)：1.技术词汇，定义精确，排除任何歧义：

demise=death;

forcemajeure

不可抗力

alibi=theevidencetoshowthatthesubjectwasnotpresentonthespotwhenthecrimehappened.

tort

=anywrongfulact,damage,orinjurydonewillfully,negligently,orincircumstancesinvolvingliability,butnotinvolvingbreachofcontract,forwhichacivilsuitcanbebrought;(民事侵权行为，不包括毁约)

amendehonorable

=公开道歉并赔偿损失2.古语词，已经不再使用的词

(archaicwords)：

hereinafter=inthisdocumentand afterthispoint;

thereof=ofit

thereby=bymeansofwhich3.语法特征：要求语句必须完整，与其他文体不同的是，法律文本语句要求所有的结构，包括短语、分句等等都尽量组合成一个单一的独立的语句，把各个意义成分综合在一起，以表达完整独立的含义：

例如：

Iherebygiveandconveyto(赋予)you,allandsingular,myestateandinterests,right,title,claim,andadvantagesofandintheorange,togetherwithallrind(果皮),juice(果汁),pulp(果肉)andpits(果核),andallrightsandadvantagestherein,anythinghereinbeforeorhereinafter,orinanyotherdeedordeeds,instrumentorinstrumentsofwhatevernatureorkindwhatsoever,tothecontrary,inanywise,notwithstanding.

Whatdoesthispassagesay:

Well, Thepassagethatyouhavereadsaysjustthis:

“Iletyoueatmyorange.”E、广告英语特征

(informalinmanycases)：1.生造词：

例如：“Windex”是一窗玻璃清洁剂的名称,由“window”和“excellent”组和而成；

“washingmachine”加“automatic”构成新的形容词：“washmatic”；

转换词：

“Xerox”

“Pleasexeroxthispaperforme.” “TodayI’llgiveyouaxeroxedcopyofthematerial.”2.口语化风格，使用日常用词：

例如：

一种名为“Guiness”的啤酒广告语：

“MyGoodness!MyGuiness!”

Wehavetakenourwhiskyinmanyways,butalwaysseriously.

——威士忌酒的广告3.简单句型： 有人统计发现，广告语的句子平均每句只有10个单词，例如：

“Cool!” “Thinkonce.Thinktwice.Thinkbike.”

Gowell,goShell.

Gotoworkonanegg.4.修辞手法：押韵及押头韵：

头韵(alliteration)

“Sea,sun,sand,seclusion——andSpain!” “Betterlatethanthelate.”

尾韵

(rhyming)

You’llwonderwherethedirthaswent, Whenyoucleanyourteethwith Pepsy-dent.

Loseounces,Savepounds.F、文学英语语句

(variablestyles)：

Literaturedoesnothaveafixedpatterninwritingstyle.Thestyleofwritingdependsonwhoiswritingandwhatiswrittenabout.Therefore,literarywritingsareasdiversifiedaslifeitselfis. However,onethingiscertain:literarywritingresortstoimagecreationinordertomakethereadersfeelasiftheywereinthesituationofthestory.

Ex.长句、完整句型：

Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver——smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastbouldersandoverwaterfalls.

Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.

(From“HowtoGrowOld”

byB.Russell)

Ex.短句，不完整句：

Shekissedme.Myyouth.

Neveragain.

Onlyonceitcomes.Orhers.Takethetraintheretomorrow.

No.

Returningnotthesame.

...ThenewIwant.Nothingnewunderthesun.

...

Thinkyouareescapingandrunintoyourself.

Longestwayroundistheshortestwayhome.

...Allchanged.Forgotten.

Theyoungareold.

(From“Ulysses”byJamesJoyce)

Ex.甚至不合语法句：

Youdon’tknowaboutme,

without

youhavereadabookbythenameof“TheAdventureofTomSawyer,”but

thatain’tnomatter.Thatbookwas

made

byMr.MarkTwain,andhetoldthetruth,mainly.There

wasthings

whichhestretched,butmainlyhetoldthetruth.Thatisnothing.Inever

seen

anybodybutlied,onetimeoranother,

without

itwasAuntPolly…...

(From“HuckleberryFinn”byMarkTwain)

AnunderstandingofstylesinwritingsinEnglishmighthelpyoualot. Hopeyoubetterfamiliaritywiththeminthedaystocome.

Finally:SometipsforyourEnglishgrammarlearning 由于英语语法的特性：

famousforhavingthesmallestnumberofrules;

notoriousforhavingatleastoneexceptiontoalmosteveryrule.

所以，专读语法书、记背语法条目是效率十分低下的学习方法。 好的学习方法应该将语法书作为工具书，有必要时查阅。语法