《实用任务型学术写作》课件Unit 16 GRE

UnitSixteen

GREInthisunityouwilllearnhowtowriteforGREtests.GRE写作的分析性写作(AnalyticalWriting)分两部分。第一部分为观点题(issuetask),内容通常是对于社会、科学、历史、哲学、政治等方面的观点进行评论；第二部分为回应题(argumenttask)，内容通常是对给定情景中推理的驳斥。观点题的基本要素包括：1.立论：提出论点。总结作者的观点，某种程度肯定该观点，并指出该观点的片面性。2.论证:提出论证。结合作者的观点，表达自己的观点并给出理由和例子进行论证。3.结论:总结论证并重述观点。回应题的基本要素包括：4.立论:找出逻辑错误，归纳论点；判断逻辑推理过程中的隐含假设；概括论据中的他因。5.论证：论证具体的他因及反例；加条件讨论；提出改进方案，攻击逻辑错误。6.结论：

通过论证说明作者的论点漏洞，指出其在作出结论前需考虑其他情况。。TaskObjective观点题有短有长，没有具体字数限制，注重的是观点、逻辑和语言。短的有400字左右，长的有600字左右，通常在550字左右，高分作品平均在660字左右。一般分为4段来写。回应题也没有具体字数限制，同样注重的是观点、逻辑和语言。短的有400字左右，长的有500字左右，通常在450字左右，高分作品平均在600字左右。一般分为5段来写。ReadSample1

andFill in the following table using one key sentence.TaskPreparation1WritingtypesIssueArgumentAuthor’sopinion

Writer’sview

Conclusion

KeyWritingtypesIssueArgumentAuthor’sopinionTechnologycannotchangetheconditionofhumanity.Itmakesfinancialsenseforemployerstomaketheworkplacesafer.Writer’sviewTheauthor’sopinionappearstobeanincorrectstatement.Thereareseveralassumptionsthatmaynotnecessarilyapplytothisargument.Conclusion

Weshouldnotignoretheobvioustremendousadvancesthathavebeenmadeoverthepastonehundredyearsbythehumanraceinanarrowsense.Financialsensemaynotbetheonlyissueacompanyfaces.Othertypesofanalysesmustbemadesuchasthesocialramificationsofanunsafeworkenvironmentandtheoverallabilityofacompanytoimprovethatenvironment(i.e.,coalmine)ReadSample2andanswerthequestions.TaskPreparation21.Issue：1.Whatistheissueoftheessay?2.Whatistheopinionoftheauthor?3.Whatistheconclusionoftheessay?Argument：4.Doesthisauthor’sargumentmakeacogentcaseforincreased

resourcesbasedon

riveruse?5.Howmanyotherfactorshasthewritermentionedthatgovernmentmaydecideto

investinimprovingriversiderecreationalfacilities?Whatarethey?6.Isthereaconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’s

currentstate?Issue:1.Whatistheissueoftheessay?2.Whatistheopinionoftheauthor?3.Whatistheconclusionoftheessay?KeyEducationchoicebetweencontemporaryculturalcoursesandpastones.Collegesanduniversitiesshouldoffermorecontemporaryculturalcourses,becausetheyhavemuchgreaterrelevanceforstudentsthandoartsandliteratureofthepast.Aproperlyeducateduniversitystudentmustfindabalancebetweenstudyingcontemporaryculturewithoutneglectingthestudyofartsandliteratureofthepast.Argument:1.Doesthisauthor’sargumentmakeacogentcaseforincreasedresourcesbasedonriveruse?2.Howmanyotherfactorshasthewritermentionedthatgovernmentmaydecidetoinvestinimprovingriversiderecreationalfacilities?Whatarethey?3.Isthereaconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’scurrentstate?No,itdoesnot.Thewriterhasmentionedthreefactorsthatmaydecidetoinvestinimproving

riversiderecreationalfacilities.Theyarethescopeandvalidityofthatsurvey,uncertain

complaintsfromawiderangeofpeople,orperhapsfromoneortwoindividualswho

madenumerouscomplaintsandtherealreasoncausedthestrongsmelloftheriver.Thereisnoconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’s

currentstate.ReadSample3andjudgewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse(1-5forissues,6-10forarguments).TaskPreparation3Peopleworkmoreproductivelyinteamsratherthanasindividualisgoingtovarygreatlyonlybecauseofthetypesofteamsthatareorganizedandtheendrewardormotivationforboththeteam.()“TypeA”personalitiesrefertopeoplewhoarebornwiththedesiretosucceed,nomatterwhatthesituationortaskthattheyarefacing.()3.Peoplewhoarehighlymotivatedbysocialinteractionandthedesiretoworkwithotherstowardsacollectiveeffortwillbemosteffectivewhenworkingaspartofateam.()4.Oneperson’sperformanceinsideofateamwillbeproductivewithrespecttotheentireteam,whetherhowtheperformanceisrewarded.()FTFTTaskPreparation35.Fromapureproductivitystandpoint,thepresenceorabsenceofacharismaticandexceptionalleadercanmakenodifferenceswhetherapersonwouldbemoreproductiveasapartofateamorasanindividual.()6.Thedecisiontorestorethetimedevotedtoweatherandlocalnewstoitsformerlevelisonethatshouldbemadewithmorecarefulconsiderationofevidence,andviewer/clientfeedbackbythebusinessmanagerofthistelevisionstation.()7.Manyassumptionshavebeenmadeonthebusinessmanager’spartabouttheexactcauseoftheproblemswiththeprogram.()FFTTaskPreparation38.Thememorandumstatedthatmorecomplaintsreceivedfromviewerswereconcernedwiththestation’scoverageofweatherandlocalnews,butitdidnotstatethenatureofthecomplaints.()9.Sometimesitisthepersonalitiesandthechemistryofthebusinessmanagerthatgovernpeople’sdecisionsaboutwhichstation’snewstheywatch.()10.Thestationcannotexpecttogobacktotheprogrammingitoncehadandbesuccessful.()TFTDataBankPracticethesepatternsandexpressionsoftenusedinGREwriting.1.1Patternsandexpressionsinissues1.1.1论点1)Thespeakerclaimsthatsocietyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivities.Iagreedwiththespeakerinsofarassavingendangeredspeciesistheresponsibilityofhumanbeings.

2)Thearguerassertsthatmostpeoplechooseacareernotonthebasisofhisorhernaturaltalentsorinterestinaparticularkindofworkbutonlyonpragmaticconsiderations.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethattherearequiteafewofpeoplechooseacareeronpragmaticconsiderationinthispragmaticworld.However,therearestillsomanyindividualschooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsandinterest.3)Theoptimalapproach,inmyview,isabalancedonethatimposesabasiccurriculumyetleavestherestuptoeachstateorcommunity.4)

Ifundamentallyagreewiththespeakerthatthereal“trulyeducated”shouldbebasedonthelearningawidescopeofknowledge.However,closescrutinyrevealsthatoverstateeithertheimportanceoftheprofessionalknowledgeortheinformationoutsidewillleadintojeopardizedsituation.5)

Admittedly,fundamentalknowledge,socialskillsandmoraleducationshouldbeinstilledineveryschoolbeforeuniversity.6)

Itistruethatthegeneralwelfareofitsallpeopleisareliableindicatorofagreatnation.7)

Ontheotherhand,however,theachievementsofitsrulers,artistsandscientistsareofequalimportance,whichbytheirwaybringtheaimofwelfareofitspeopleintofruition.8)Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpede/hamperlearning.Otherwise,inmyview,welearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.9)Inthisstatement,theargueractuallyhasadualclaim.First,nomatterinwhichprofession,thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Second,revitalizationthroughnewleadershipisthesurestwaytosuccessforanyenterprise.10)Thediscussionofthisstatementturnsonwhatmeantby“littlerealprogress”fromthefirstsentence.1.1.2论证1)Firstofall,thephrase“littlerealprogress”fromthefirstsentencemustbedefined.Secondly,thephrase“theoverallconditionofhumanity”and“theconditionofhumanity”

mustbedefined.2)Secondlyandmostobviously,thecompoundswereonlytestedonrats.Ratsmayhaveasimilargeneticstructuretohumans,buttheyaremostcertainlynotthesameashumans.3)Additionally,thearguerbeginshisorherargumentbystatingthat

“aspeoplegrowolder”,PEPbreaksdowntheneuropeptidechemicalsinvolvedinlearningandmemory.4)Whenfacingaquestion,peopleareinclinedtotalkwiththosewhoareinaccordwiththeminsteadofwiththoseopposingthem.5)Whataboutthecoverageofasingleeventinsomeone’slife,forexample,aweddingorthebirthofababy?Isthemediacoverageoftheheroicdeathofafirefighterorpoliceofficerinthelineofdutyevergoingtodiminishthatperson’sreputation?Itseemshighlyunlikelythatintheexamples,althoughthesepeoplemayhavebeensubjectedtomediascrutiny.6)

Thereisnodoubtthattherearealargenumberofpeoplewhohavebeenhurtinonewayoranotherbyparticularlyintensemediascrutiny.7)

Lookingbacktothepasttoseethevariouseffectsofvarioushumanbehaviorsontheenvironmentcanshowvaluablelessonsonwhatcanhappenifproperprecautionsarenottaken.8)

OrganizationalbehavioralstudieshaveshownthatAsianculturearemuchmorelikelytodevelopthistypeofcollectivebehaviorasopposedtothemoreindividualisticbehaviorassociatewithWesterncultures.9)

Thisisanattempttoshifttheburdenofproofbackontothenonbelieversoftheargument.10)

Attimes,itisdifficulttodeterminewhatexactlyisthedifferencebetweencontemporarycultureandtheartsandliteratureofthepast.1.1.3结论1)Yettheachievementsofartistsandscientist,whileintegral,areinsufficient.Themilitaryanddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoresinthegeneralwelfareofanation.2)Themostreasonablewayofdecisionmakingconcerningcareerseekingistobestfulfillone’spragmaticconcernswithoutviolatingone’svalue,talentandinterests.Ifwecannotfulfillboth,wemustchoosetheonewhichweconcernmuchmoremorethantheother.3)Takeabalance.Auniversityshouldoffervariousdisciplinestostudentswhileensurethatthestudentscanlearntheirmajorwell.4)Therestrictionsplacedbygovernmentonscientificresearchshouldbejudgedaccordingtothedifferentnatureofvariousresearchprojects.5)Insummary,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,

itisnotdifficulttodrawtheconclusionthattostrengthentheargument,thearguermustshowadirectlinkbetweenthebreakingapartofneuropeptidesandlossofmoneyandlearningability.6)

Beingskepticisnotaradicalwayofthinking,butalogicalthoughtprocess.Itisimportantforhealthyskepticismtokeepourmindsopentonewideas,

andtopreventusfrombecomingunthinkingdogmatistswithnoindividuality.7)

Tomaketheargumentconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatMayorDurantapprovedafaultybridgedesignoranunqualifiedconstructioncompanythatcausedthebridge’sdamageandtrafficproblems.8)

Thereisnoproofgiveneitherthattelevisionviolenceofanykindcausesteenagecrimeorthatareductioninprimetimeviolencewillkeepteenagersfrombreakingthelaw.9)

Butnotallgovernmentalproceedingsshouldbetelevised.Therearetimeswhensecrecyisanabsoluterequirementformakingsurethatthecorrectdecisionsaremade.1.2Patternsandexpressionsinarguments1.2.1论点1)Thisargumentstatesthatitmakesfinancialsenseforemployerstomaketheworkplacesaferbecausebymakingtheworkplacesaferthenlowerwagescouldbepaidtoemployees.2)Thisconclusionisbasedonthepremisethatasthelistofphysicalinjuryincreases,thewagespaidtoemployeesshouldalsoincrease.3)However,thereareseveralassumptionsthatmaynotnecessarilyapplytothisargument.4)Itiseasytounderstandwhycityresidentswouldwantacleanerriver,butthisargumentisrifewithholesandassumptions,andthus,notstrongenoughtoleadtoincreasedfunding.5)Whiletheargumentappearssuperficiallyplausible,therearecertaincripplingobjectionsthatmustberaisedastoitslogic,particularlyregardingtheconclusion.6)

Eventhemostcursoryofexaminationsrevealstheseassumptionstobewhollyunreliable.7)

Unfortunately,thewritermakesanumberofunreliableassumptionsthatunderminehisargument.8)

Theargumentaboveiswell-presentedandappearstoberelativelysoundatfirstglance:

becauseofthehospitalstatisticsregardingpeoplewhogototheemergencyroomafterroller-skatingaccidents.9)

However,asmorelightisshedontheissueandmoredetailedfactsareconcerned,itiseasytoseethattheargumentsuffersfromseveralgravefallaciesinitsassumptionsaswellascommitsafalseanalogy.10)Itassumesthatlackofprotectivegearisthemaincauseofsevereinjuryinrollerskates,whichisnotnecessarilytrueunderanycircumstance.1.2.2论据1)Thefirstissuetobeaddressediswhetherincreasedlaborcostsjustifylargecapitalexpenditurestoimprovetheworkenvironment.2)Ialsofeelthatalthoughacostbenefitanalysisshouldbethedeterminingfactorwithregardtothesedecisionsmakingfinancialsense,itmaynotbethedeterminingfactorwithregardtomakingsocial,moralandethicalsense.3)Thisargumentalsoreliesontheideathatcompaniessolelyusefinancialsenseinanalyzingimprovingtheworkenvironment.4)Additionally,theauthorimpliesthatresidentsdonotusetheriverforswimming,boating,andfishing,despitetheirprofessedinterest,becausethewaterispollutedandsmelly.5)Forexample,Toyotaspendslargeamountsofmoneyimprovingitsenvironmentbecausewhileitsgoalistobeprofitable,italsopridesitselfonhighemployeemoraleandanalmostperfectlysafeworkenvironment.6)Finally,onemustunderstandthatnotallworkenvironmentscanbemadesafer.7)Whileapolluted,smellyriverwouldlikelycutdownonriversports,aconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’scurrentstateisnoteffectivelymade.8)Thoughtherehavebeencomplaints,wedonotknowiftherehavebeennumerouscomplaintsfromawiderangeofpeople.9)Buildingupontheimplicationthatresidentsdonotusetheriverduetothequalityoftheriver’swaterandthesmell,theauthorsuggeststhatarivercleanupwillresultinincreasedriverusage.10)Regardlessofwhethertheriver’squalityisabletobeimprovedornot,theauthordoesnoteffectivelyshowaconnectionbetweenwaterqualityandriverusage.

1.2.3总结1)Inconclusion,whileatfirstitmayseemtomakefinancialsensetoimprovethesafetyoftheworkenvironmentsometimesittrulydoesnotmakefinancialsense.2)Thestationcannotexpecttogobacktotheprogrammingitoncehadandbesuccessful.3)Obviously,somethingaboutthepreviousprogrammingmustnothavebeenworking;otherwisetheywouldnothavechangedtheirstructurethelasttime.4)CarefulanalysisofallthefactorsIhavepresentedisthebestfirststeptomakingachangeinthestructureoftheirnewsprogram.5)Overall,theargumentisfarfromforcefulenoughtopersuadetherollerskatersshouldinvestinhigh-qualityprotectivegearandreflectiveequipmentinordertoreducetheirrisk.6)Asitstands,

theargumenthastoomanyholeswithwhichitcanbetornapart.7)Clearly,then,weneedtohaveadditionalevidenceinordertogetamorecompleteunderstandingofthestrengthsandweaknessesofDr.Karp’sarticle.8)Theyneedtolookcarefullyatactualnumbers,bothofviewershipandofpositivereviews.Theyalsoneedtoidentifytherelationshipthattheirtargetaudiencehaswithmoviereviewersanddeterminehowtheirtargetaudiencefeelsabouttheirmovies.Finally,theyneedtotakeanuancedlookatthemoviereviewsthattheyuseintheiradvertising.9)Moreresearchshouldbeconductedtoseeifindeedsuchchangestocutoperationcostswillbeeffective,andifnot,whatshouldbedoneinstead.10)Overall,themanagementmakesapredictionthatisuntrustworthyandpotentiallydamaging.2.ReadthefollowingtipsforGREwriting.

Somepointstokeepinmindduring

GREwriting:观点最重要：GRE作文注重观点和逻辑思维能力，而不仅是注重语言能力。语言需要有保障：第一，必须要用学术写作的方法，而不能出现口语化的表达。第二，整散结合，长短句交替出现，有节奏音韵，不至于显得空洞乏味。最后，避免单词的重复。逻辑结构很关键：建议全篇是以总分总的结构来书写，同时，段落中也采用总分总的结构，这样使得文章严密完整。也就是，先要有Topicsentence,之后跟上Supportingsentence,而Supportingsentence又要用Developingsentence来对应支撑。另外，要学会灵巧正确地运用连接词，例如However,so,because等等。Presentaninsightfulpositionontheissue.Developthepositionwithcompellingreasonsand/orpersuasiveexamples.Sustainawell-focused,well-organizedanalysis,connectingideaslogically.Expressideasfluentlyandprecisely,usingeffectivevocabularyandsentencevariety.Demonstratefacilitywiththeconventions(i.e.Grammar,usageandmechanics)ofstandardwrittenEnglishbutmayhaveminorerrors.好的GRE作文是一套完整的思维过程，在这一点上，如果中文作文写的出色的同学，在考虑文章写作的连贯性角度讲就要更胜一筹。所以，对于GRE写作的考察，要避免单词罗列以及不知所云，而是尽量提出独特观点。1.1.Readthefollowingissueandargumentwritingcarefully.IdentifythesentencesorparagraphsthatcorrespondtotheelementsinGREwriting.TaskRealizationKeySentence1:issueSentence2:pointSentence3:pointSentence4:argumentSentence5:argumentSentence6:conclusionParagraph1:pointParagraph2:argument1Paragraph2:argument2Paragraph3:argument3Paragraph4:conclusion2.Readthetwoexamplesbelowandidentifyagoodopeningissueandargument.3.Read the three samples in Task Preparation closely. Examine the verb tensegenerallyusedforinformationelementbothinissueandargumentwritingandthencompletethefollowingtablebywritingdownthetenseoftheverb(s).Issue/argumentPointDemonstrationConclusionTenseofverbs(动词时态)Presenttense/presentperfecttensePresenttense/pasttense/presentperfecttensePresenttense5.CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingChineseintoEnglish.

1)(通常情况下)，

theartistisseenasanindivi