2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

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SectionI UseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itnotonlyhisandhis1thoseoftheyoungbutaAyoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownthenaskhisto3thenegotiations,ortheman'sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrymg6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,_7_bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride'sandgroom'swrists,andmarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessinwiththewife'sparentsandmay 12canbuildanewhousenearby.

10 acandlearoundacircleofhappily11 .Newlywedstraditionallymovewiththemuptoayear, 13 Divorceislegalandeasyto 14 butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare.Ll__withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains 16 propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn'thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.[A]aswellas [B]bywayof [C]onbehalfof [D]withregardto[A]adaptto [B]providefor [C]competewith [D]decideon[A]renew [B]close [C]arrange [D]postpone[A]Intheory [B]Intime [C]Aboveall [D]Forexample[A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D][A]within [B]into [C]from [D]through[A]since [B]or [C]so [D]but[A]test [B]recite [C]copy [D]create[A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying[A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving[A]association [B]meeting [C]collection [D]union[A]grow [B]part [C]live [D]deal[A]whereas [B]until [C]for [D]if[A]follow [B]obtain [C]challenge [D]avoid[A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed[A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever[A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed[A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided[A]clears [B]shows [C]warms [D]breaks[A]while [B]once [C]sothat [D]inthatSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingB,CorD.Markyouronthe(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat"inciteexcessivethinness"bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That'sastart.thebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectgrwaytosizeortphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance'sactions,Denmark'sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:areawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople."Thecharter'smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and­shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.Thephrase"impingingon"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoindicatingthestateof.heighteningthevalueof.losingfaithin.doingharmto.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWforpursuingperfectphysicalconditions.caringtoomuchaboutmodels'character.showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.settingahighagethresholdformodels.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceAChallengetotheFashionIndustry'sBodyIdealsText2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.Britainthishashadaresult.Whilepollsshowratecountryside"alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave"thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever."Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience"arefreshingair."Hill'spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon'tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorse thissentiment.TheConservatives'planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorising"off-plan"buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat"housingcrisis"equals"concretedmeadows"ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope'smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative-thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.Britain'spublicsentimentaboutthecountrysideisnotwellreflectedinpolitics.isfullybackedbytheroyaltilltheShakespeareanhasmuchtothetoParagraph2,perlyprotected.effectivelyreinforced.graduallydestroyed.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.TheConservativesmayabandon"off-plan"building.Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne'spreferenceshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationofthesizeofpopulationinBritain.thenenthetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.thepoliticallifeintoday'sBritain.Text3"Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,"wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,"Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits."ButevenifyouacceptFriedman'spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa"signal"thatacompany'sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany'sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse"haloeffect,"wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica'sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms'politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany'srecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,"saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesbankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman'sstatementaboutCSRwithtolerance.skepticism.approval.uncertainty.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRtectingitfrombeingdefamed.winningtrustfromconsumers.raisingthequalityofitsproducts.Theexpression"morelenient"(Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtolesscontroversial.moreeffective.morelasting.lesssevere.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany'sCSResacrossasreliableevidence.increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.constitutespartoftheinvestigation.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.Thenecessaryamountofcompanies'spendingonitisunknown.Companies'financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate."Sometimeinthefuture,"thepaper'spublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there'splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper-printingpresses,deliverytrucks-isn'tjustexpensive;it'sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon'thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldn'twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway."Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseforthem,"hesaid,"butifyoudiscontinueit,you'regoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou."Sometimesthat'sworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming."Itwasseenasablunder,"hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeattheTimes?"Iwouldn'tpickayeartoendprint,"hesaid."Iwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct."Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andthey'dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustain the quality of something believein."Soifyou'reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,"Perettisaid."Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue."Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear-morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription."It'sareallyhardthingtodoandit'satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn'thavealegacybusiness,"Perettiremarked."Butwe'regoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingswe'redoingthatdon'tmakesensewhen themarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it'sbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive."TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlyduetothehighcostofoperation.theincreasingonlineadsales.thepressurefromitsinvestors.thecomplaintsfromitsreaders.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshouldendtheprinteditionforgood.makestrategicadjustments.seeknewsourcesofreadership.aimforefficientmanagement.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs5and6thata"legacyproduct"helpsrestorethegloryofformertimes.ismeantforthemostloyalcustomers.willhavethecostofprintingreduced.expandsthepopularityofthepaper.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected.cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving.aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges.legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnceMakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGoodKeepYourNewspapersForeverinFashionCherishtheNewspaperStillinYourHandPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)CreateanewimageofyourselfHaveconfidenceinyourselfDecideifthetimeisrightUnderstandthecontextwithprofessionalsKnowyourgoalsMakeitefficientNomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.AccordingtoresearchfromPrincetonUniversity,peopleassessyourcompetence,trustworthiness,andlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecond,solelybasedonthewayyoulook.Thedifferencebetweentoday'sworkplaceandthe"dressforsuccess"eraisthattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader.Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.Insomesettings,redsneakersordresscanconveystatus;inothersnotsomuch.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedln.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthanadecadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleastformalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbeconfusing.Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?Andwhat'sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoals?Herearesometips:141.Asanexecutivecoach,I'veseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduringtransitions-whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,orchangingworkenvironments.Ifyou'reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou'renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothersperceiveyou.Maybethere'snoneedforanupgradeandthat'sOK.42.42.Getclearonwhatimpactyou’rehopingtohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyourimagepivotit?Foroneperson,thegoalmaybetotakenmoreseriouslyandenhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranother,itmaytobeperceivedasmoreapproachable,ormoremodernandstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinancetoadvertising,maybetheywanttolookmore“SoHo.”OKtousecharacterizationslikethat.)43.43.Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsofyourenvironment?Whatconveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudiences?Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryouunderstandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.44.44.Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceastorelikeJ.ahairstylistinsteadofawithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyourspouseorfriend.notasexpensiveasyoumightthink.45.45.Thepointofastyleupgradeisn’ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimefussingoverwhattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesatoncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatatime.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)Wedon'thave to learn how to mentallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormendabrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan'tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itisliketheimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon'tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon'tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.(47)Ourmental