阅读理解和七选五原创题-高三英语二轮复习

ReadingTimeAHumansarecreatingAI,androbotsarelearningtoimprovethemselves.Whowillteachwhom?Whooneartharewiser?Usingahandhelddevice,AjayMandelkar,JimFanandYukeZhuusetheirsoftwaretocontrolarobotarm.Credit:L.A.CiceroBenderisoneoftherobotarmsthatateamofStanfordresearchersisusingtotesttwoframeworksthat,together,couldmakeitfasterandeasiertoteachrobotsbasicskills.TheRoboTurkframeworkallowspeopletodirecttherobotarmsinrealtimewithasmartphoneandabrowserbyshowingtherobothowtocarryouttaskslikepickingupobjects.SURREALspeedsthelearningprocessbyrunningmultipleexperiencesatonce,essentiallyallowingtherobotstolearnfrommanyexperiencessimultaneously."WithRoboTurkandSURREAL,wecanpushtheboundaryofwhatrobotscandobycombininglotsofdatacollectedbyhumansandcouplingthatwithlarge-scalereinforcementlearning,"saidMandlekar,amemberoftheteamthatdevelopedtheframeworks.HumansteachingrobotsYukeZhu,aPhDstudentincomputerscienceandamemberoftheteam,showedhowthesystemworksbyopeningtheapponhisiPhoneandwavingitthroughtheair.Heguidedtherobotarm--likeamechanicalcraneinanarcadegame（电子游戏）--tohoveroverhisprize:awoodenblockpaintedtolooklikeasteak.Thisisasimplepick-and-placetaskthatinvolvesidentifyingobjects,pickingthemupandputtingthemintothebinwiththecorrectlabel.Tohumans,thetaskseemsridiculouslyeasy.Butfortherobotsoftoday,it'squitedifficult.Robotstypicallylearnbyinteractingwithandexploringtheirenvironment--whichusuallyresultsinlotsofrandomarmwaving--orfromlargedatasets.However,thoselessonsaren'talwaysperfect.WhenZhupressedhardonhisphonescreenandtherobotreleaseditsgrip,thewoodensteakhittheedgeofthebinandclattered（发出哗啦的声音）ontothetable."Humansarebynomeansoptimalatthis,"Mandlekarsaid,"butthisexperienceisstillintegralfortherobots."/releases/2018/10/181026143359.htmVocabulary:hover:remainatornearaparticularlevel.Howcouldthetwoframeworksmakeitfasterandeasiertoteachrobotsbasicskills?A.ByshowingtherobothowtocarryouttasksB.ByrunningmultipleexperiencesatonceC.BycombininglotsofdatacollectedbyhumansD.Bycouplingmanydatawithmassover-learning2.WhichoftherightordertocarryoutthetaskbasedonYukeZhu?a.Recognizingdifferentwoodenblocksb.Raisingwoodenblocksc.Labelingthewoodenblocksandthebind.PuttingwoodenblocksintothebinA.c-a-b-dB.a-c-b-dC.b-a-c-dD.b-a-d-c3.Whatcanweinferfromtheunderlinedsentence?A.Thoserobotsaren’tperfectatall.B.Itishardtocontrolarobotbyanengineer.C.Itisnotoptimalforhumanstofinishanytask.D.TheRoboticTechnologyisprogressinggradually4.Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?A.Humansteachrobotsbasicskills.B.Humanshelprobotslearntasks.C.Thetwoframeworksareusedinrobotteaching.D.Thetwoframeworksaredevelopedtotestrobots.BModernculturedoesnotloveonlytheanti-hero;modernculturelovesnearlyanythingitfindspraiseworthy.Thisincludesawidefield.Thereisevenanotherspectrum,justwithinthissortofhero.Atthefarendsofthismorespecializedspectrumrangeworld-widefiguressuchasPrincessDianatolessknown,communityheroes.PrincessDianaisperhapsthemostfamouswomanintheworld;herdeathismournedbymillions.SheismostwellknownforhercampaignsagainstseveralsocialissuesincludingAIDS,poverty,drug-problems,andhomelessness.Herworktoraiseawarenessfortheseissueshasputherdowninhistory,andhasmadeheraherototheworld.However,heroesdonothavetobeworldheroestobeclassifiedheroes.Forexample:Therewasthehighschoolfootballplayerwhogaveuphisseniorseasontodonateoneofhiskidneystosavehisgrandmother.Orevenmoreremarkable,18-year-oldKeishaThomas,ablackgirlwhothrewherselfoverawhitemanwithaconfederateflagshirtwhowasbeingbeatenataKKKrallyinAnnArbor.?Thesewhollyunselfishactsmakethesepeopleheroes.Theabilitytoputothersbeforeoneselfisasomewhatrarequality.Apersoncanbeaherotohisorherfamily,ortotheworld.AjewelthieforaMobmembercanbeexceptionallyheroic.Thegreatestdifferenceintheherooftodayandtheherooftimespastisthenumberandsocialstanding.Intimespast,theherowasculturalperfection;todayanyonecanbeahero.Inthataspect,wehaveprogressedasacivilization.Nowthereisanevergrowingnumberofheroesthatsocietiescanidolizeandimitate.Withevermoreidols,therecomes,ideally,aboostinasociety’soverallgoodness.Ifeachindividualwasencouragedtopickapersonalhero,perhapstheworldwouldhavefewerproblems./Assets/3039.php5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“spectrum”mean?A.hero B.worth C.field D.figure6.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoexpressbytakingPrincessDianaforexample?A.PrincessDianawasonceamostfamouswomanintheworld.B.Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutmodernheroesinmodernsociety.C.PrincessDianahasmanycontributionstoseveralsocialissues.D.Theworlddoesn’tregardPrincessDianaasaheroine.7.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefootballplayer’sdonatingoneofhiskidneys?A.Heshouldhavecompetedinhisseniorseason.B.Heshouldnotberegardedasarealhero.C.Hewasarealherotohisfamily.D.Hemustbeawardedasanationalhero.8.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondparagraph?A.Anyonecanbeaheroatanytimesifhewishes.B.Herostandardhasdevelopedwithsociety.C.Ajewelthiefisasomewhathero.D.Pickingyourselfaherocansolvemanysocialproblems.CHowdospeechandlanguagenormallydevelop?Themostintensiveperiodofspeechandlanguagedevelopmentforhumansisduringthefirstthreeyearsoflife,aperiodwhenthebrainisdevelopingandmaturing.Theseskillsappeartodevelopbestinaworldthatisrichwithsounds,sights,andconsistent(一致的，协调的，相容的)exposure(揭发)tothespeechandlanguageofothers.Thereisincreasingevidencesuggestingthatthereare"criticalperiods"forspeechandlanguagedevelopmentininfantsandyoungchildren.Thismeansthatthedevelopingbrainisbestabletoabsorbalanguage,anylanguage,duringthisperiod.Thebeginningsignsofcommunicationoccurduringthefirstfewdaysoflifewhenaninfantlearnsthatacrywillbringfood,comfort,andcompanionship.Astheygrow,infantsbegintosortoutthespeechsounds(phonemes)orbuildingblocksthatcomposethewordsoftheirlanguage.Researchhasshownthatbysixmonthsofage,mostchildrenrecognizethebasicsoundsoftheirnativelanguage.Asthespeechmechanism(jaw,lips,andtongue)andvoicemature,aninfantisabletomakecontrolledsound.Bysixmonthsofage,aninfantusuallybabblesorproducesrepetitivesyllablessuchas"ba,ba,ba".Bytheendoftheirfirstyear,mostchildrenhavemasteredtheabilitytosayafewsimplewords.Childrenaremostlikelyunawareofthemeaningoftheirfirstwords,butsoonlearnthepowerofthosewordsasothersrespondtothem.Byeighteenmonthsofage,mostchildrencansayeighttotenwords.Byagetwo,mostareputtingwordstogetherincrudesentencessuchas"moremilk."Duringthisperiod,childrenrapidlylearnthatwordssymbolizeorrepresentobjects,actions,andthoughts.Atthisagetheyalsoengageinrepresentationalorpretendplay.Atagesthree,four,andfive,achild'svocabularyrapidlyincreases,andheorshebeginstomastertherulesoflanguage./health/voice/speechandlanguage.asp9.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthestatementisNOTtrue?A.Thedevelopingbrainisbestabletoabsorbanylanguage.B.Thebeginningsignsofcommunicationoccurduringthefirstfewdaysoflife.C.Bysixmonthsofage,allchildrenrecognizethebasicsoundsoftheirnativelanguage.D.Byagetwo,childrenrapidlylearnthatwordssymbolizeorrepresentobjects,actions,andthoughts.10.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.A.Bysixmonthsofage,aninfantmustbabbleorproducerepetitivesyllablesB.Bytheendoftheirfirstyear,mostchildrenaremostlikelyawareofthemeaningoftheirfirstwords.C.Byagetwo,childrenrapidlylearnthatwordssymbolizeorrepresentobjects,actions,andthoughts.D.Thebraindevelopmentiscriticalimportantforchildrentodeveloptheirspeechandlanguageability.11.Thatthereare"criticalperiods"forspeechandlanguagedevelopmentininfantsandyoungchildrenmeans______.A.thatchildrenaresoyoungthatitiseasyforthemtostudy.B.thatthedevelopingbrainisbestabletoabsorbalanguage,anylanguage.C.thatthechildrenareeagertolearnthelanguage.D.wemusttakecareofchildren.12.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe“__________”.A.Howtohelpthechildrendeveloptheirspeechandlanguage.B.Howdospeechandlanguagenormallydevelop?C.Thewaystodevelopspeechandlanguage.D.Astudyaboutspeechandlanguagedevelopment.DFoodcrimeinvolvesseriousandintentionaldishonestythatimpactsdetrimentally（有害地）onthesafetyorauthenticityoffood,drinkoranimalfeed.AttheNationalFoodCrimeUnit,wehaveidentified

seventechniquesasthemainmethodsthroughwhichfoodcrimecanbecommitted.

Theseventechniquesare:theft-dishonestlyappropriatingfood,drinkorfeedproductsinordertoprofitfromtheiruseorsaleunlawfulprocessing–slaughtering*orpreparingmeatandrelatedproductsinunapprovedpremises*orusingunauthorizedtechniqueswastediversion-unlawfullydivertingfood,drinkorfeedmeantfordisposal(处置),backintothesupplychainadulteration（掺杂、伪造）-reducingthequalityoffoodbyincludingaforeignsubstance,inordertolowercostsorfakeahigherqualitysubstitution-replacingafoodoringredientwithanothersubstancethatissimilarbutinferiormisrepresentation-marketingorlabellingaproducttowronglyportray（描绘）itsquality,safety,originorfreshnessdocumentfraud(欺骗)-includesthemaking,useandpossessionoffalsedocumentswiththeintenttosell,marketorotherwisevouch（保证）forafraudulent（欺骗性的）orsubstandard（非标准化的）productFoodCrimeConfidentialisareportingfacilitywhereanyonewithsuspicionsaboutfoodcrimecanreportthesesafelyandinconfidence,overthephoneoronline.Thismeansthatyourdetailswillnotbesharedwithanyoneelse.Whilestillofconcern,instanceswherethereisnodirectintentiontodeceive

ordeliberatedishonestydo

notconstitute（构成）foodcrimeandshouldnotbereportedtotheNFCU.Theseshouldbereportedheretotherelevantlocalauthority.

IfyousendinformationaboutawrongdoingorcriminalactivitytotheNFCU,youcanbereassuredthatyourpersonalinformationwillbeprotected.ItwillnotbesharedwithanyotherpartofourAgencyoranyotherpartner.Theonlytimeyourinformationwillbesharedisifyougiveusyourpermissionasrequestedattheendoftheform.Pleaseusethelinks

abovetoshareinformationwithus.However,youcanalsocontacttheUnitbycalling

FoodCrimeConfidentialon

02072768787..uk/safety-hygiene/food-crimeVocabulary:slaughter：the

\o"killing"killing

ofmany

\o"people"people

cruelly

and

\o"unfairly"unfairly,

\o"especially"especially

ina

\o"war"war:E.g.Hardlyanyoneinthe

\o"town"town

\o"escaped"escaped

theslaughterwhenthe

\o"rebels"rebels

were

\o"defeated"defeatedpremise:an

\o"idea"idea

or

\o"theory"theory

onwhicha

\o"statement"statement

or

\o"action"action

is

\o"based"based:E.g.The

\o"research"research

\o"project"project

is

\o"based"based

onthepremise

\o"stated"stated

\o"earlier"earlier.13.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisnotTRUE?A.Foodcrimedoesharmtoeveryaspectofourlives.B.Adulterationisusedtolowercostsorfakeahigherquality.C.Thereismoredishonestyinfood,drinkorfeedproductstomakemoreprofit.D.Replacingafoodwithanothersimilarbutinferiorsubstanceisoneofafoodcrime.14.Whatshouldwedoifwefindafoodcrime?A.Fightwithcriminals.B.Coverafoodcrimeconfidently.C.Protectourpersonalinformation.D.Don’tshareinformationwithothers.15.What’sthebesttitleofthispassage?A.Foodcrimeisdetrimental.B.Howtoreacttoafoodcrime?C.Becourageoustofightwithafoodcrime.D.What’sthefoodcrimeandhowtodealwithit?EInhumans,othermammals,andmanyotheranimalsthathavebeenstudied—suchasfish,birds,ants,andfruit-flies—regularsleepisnecessaryforsurvival._____16_____.Inmammals,themeasurementofeyemovementduringsleepisusedtodividesleepintotwobroadtypes:rapideyemovement(REM)andnon-rapideyemovement(NREM)sleep.____17______.SleepproceedsincyclesofREMandNREMphases.Inhumans,thiscycleisapproximately90to110minutes.Eachphasemayhaveadistinctphysiologicalfunction.Drugssuchasalcoholandsleepingpillscansuppresscertainstagesofsleep.Thiscanresultinasleepthatexhibitslossofconsciousness.____18______.InREM,thebrainisactiveandthebodyinactive,andthisiswhenmostdreamingoccurs._____19_____,REMsleepissimilarinappearancetothewakefulEEGthathaslowvoltageandmixedfrequency.DuringREMsleepthereislossofskeletalmuscletone,andanactivesympatheticnervoussystem.InNREMsleep,thebodyisactiveandthebraininactive,andthereisrelativelylittledreaming.Non-REMencompassesfourstages;stages1and2areconsidered'lightsleep',and3and4'deepsleep'._____20_____,unlikeREMsleepwhichischaracterizedbyrapideyemovementsandrelativeabsenceofmuscletone.Thereareoftenlimbmovements,andparasomniasleepwalkingoccursinnon-REMsleep./terms/sleep.htmTheyaredifferentiatedsolelyusingEEGRelatedcloselytoanelectroencephalography(EEG)Characterizedbyanelectroencephalography(EEG)Butthisdoesnotfulfillitsphysiologicalfunctions.Acyclicalalternatingpatternmaysometimesbeobservedduringastage.Thecapabilityforarousalfromsleepisalsoneededforhealthandsurvival.Eachtypehasadistinctsetofassociatedphysiological,neurologicalandpsychologicalfeatures.FAfirst-aiderissomeonewhohasundertakentrainingappropriatetothecircumstances._21__firstaidatworkemergencyfirstaidatwork,or,anyotherleveloftrainingorqualificationthatisappropriatetothecircumstancesEmployerscanusethefindingsoftheirfirst-aidneedsassessmenttodecidetheappropriateleveltowhichfirst-aidersshouldbetrained.Emergencyfirstaidatwork(EFAW)trainingenablesafirst-aidertogiveemergencyfirstaidtosomeonewhoisinjuredorbecomesillwhileatwork.FirstaidatworktrainingincludestheEFAWsyllabusandalsoequipsthefirst-aidertoapplyfirstaidtoarangeofspecificinjuriesandillness.

____22____itisstronglyrecommendedthatfirst-aidersundertakeannualrefreshertraining.Certificatesforthepurposesoffirstaidatworklastforthreeyears.Beforetheircertificatesexpire,first-aiderswillneedtoundertakearequalificationcourseasappropriate,toobtainanotherthree-yearcertificate.___23________24____Thefindingsofanemployer'sfirst-aidneedsassessmentwillhelpthemdecidehowmanyfirst-aidersarerequired.Therearenohardandfastrulesonexactnumbersandtheywillneedtotakeintoaccountalltherelevantcircumstancesoftheirparticularworkplace.Thetableintheleaflet

Firstaidatwork:yourquestionsanswered,providesgeneralguidanceonhowmanyfirst-aidersorappointedpersonsmightbeneeded.___25____Itisveryunlikelythatanyactionwouldbetakenagainstafirst-aiderwhowasusingthefirst-aidtrainingtheyhavereceived.HSEcannotgiveanyspecificadviceonthisissueasitdoesnotfallwithinHSE'sstatutorypowers.Itisrecommendedthatyouseeklegaladvice,oradvicefromyouremployer'sinsurancebrokersonwhethertheirpoliciescoverfirst-aiders'liability..uk/firstaid/first-aider.htmA.Canlegalactionbetakenagainstfirst-aiders?B.Toundertaketrainingappropriatetothecircumstances,C.Howmanyfirst-aidersdoesanemployerneed?D.Theymustholdavalidcertificateofcompetenceineither.E.Oncecertificateshaveexpiredthefirstaiderisnolongerconsideredtobecompetenttoactasaworkplacefirstaider.F.Tohelpkeeptheirbasicskillsuptodate,G.Whatcanwedotobeafirst-aider?ReadingTimeA1.D.细节理解题。根据"WithRoboTurkandSURREAL,wecanpushtheboundaryofwhatrobotscandobycombininglotsofdatacollectedbyhumansandcouplingthatwithlarge-scalereinforcementlearning,"意为RoboTurkandSURREAL是两大构架（framework),可以通过把人类收集的数据和大范围的强化学习整合起来，从而扩大机器人能做的工作的范围。从而可知选项D正确。A是关于RoboTurk的，B是关于SURREAL的，C选项片面。2.A.结构文档题。根据“Thisisasimplepick-and-placetaskthatinvolvesidentifyingobjects,pickingthemupandputtingthemintothebinwiththecorrectlabel.”可知A正确。C项虽然在文中没有直接提起，但是从逻辑可知必须先标记木块和箱子，再识别不同的木块，然后把木块提起来，最后把木块放进带标记的箱子里。3.D.推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，“在这一点上人类绝对不可能是完美的，但是对于机器人来说这个经历仍然是要整合的。”this指的就是Zhu给机器人手臂下指令但是机器人并没有完美完成把木块放入木箱的任务。由此可知D项“机器人技术正在慢慢的进步。”4.B.主旨大意题。根据第一段“BenderisoneoftherobotarmsthatateamofStanfordresearchersisusingtotesttwoframeworksthat,together,couldmakeitfasterandeasiertoteachrobotsbasicskills.”，以及后面次标题“Humansteachingrobots”可知，选项B正确。A项和“thoselessonsaren'talwaysperfect.”相似是干扰项。B5．C。词义猜测题。根据上句Thisincludesawidefield.可知此处所指的是一个“范围，类别”，本句中的evenanother也给出了提示，下半句中的thissort也可以作为一个暗示。因此要选择C项。6．B。此题考查理解作者态度。从上句中Atthefarendsofthis…tolessknown,communityheroes.和本段下文中However,heroesdonothavetobeworldheroestobeclassifiedheroes.以及下文的例子都说明了看问题的角度不同导致人们对“现代英雄”的认识标准也是不同的。7．C。大意推断题。从下文中Orevenmoreremarkable,…可以看出作者对此footballplayer的做法是肯定的。从上文中However,heroesdonothavetobeworldheroestobeclassifiedheroes.可以看出作者承认看待“英雄”的角度是不同的。8．B。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句Apersoncanbeaherotohisorherfamily,ortotheworld.的内容可知：评判标准的不同，才有不同的“英雄”人物。根据下文中Intimespast,…,wehaveprogressedasacivilization.可知，随着时代的不同，我们看待“英雄”的标准也不同了。故选B项。C9.C。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Thismeansthatthedevelopingbrainisbestabletoabsorbalanguage,anylanguage…….”可知A不是正确答案；根据第二段第三句“Thebeginningsignsofcommunicationoccurduringthefirstfewdaysoflifewhenaninfantlearnsthatacrywillbringfood,comfort,andcompanionship。”可知B不对；根据最后一段第二、三句，“Byagetwo,……Duringthisperiod,childrenrapidlylearnthatwordssymbolizeorrepresentobjects,actions,andthoughts.”可知D不是正确答案；根据第二段最后一句，“bysixmonthsofage,mostchildrenrecognizethebasicsoundsoftheirnativelanguage.”可知应该选C。10.D．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Bysixmonthsofage,aninfantusuallybabblesorproducesrepetitivesyllables”可知A不对；根据第三段第三句“Bytheendoftheirfirstyear,mostchildrenhavemasteredtheabilitytosayafewsimplewords.Childrenaremostlikelyunawareofthemeaningoftheirfirstwords,……”可知B不对；根据第四段第二句“Byagetwo,mostchildren……rapidlylearnthatwordssymbolizeorrepresentobjects,actions,andthoughts.”可知C是文章直接告诉我们的，不是推断出来的；根据第一段第一句“Themostintensiveperiodofspeechandlanguagedevelopmentforhumansisduringthefirstthreeyearsoflife,aperiodwhenthebrainisdevelopingandmaturing.”可知应该选D.11.B。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“"criticalperiods"forspeechandlanguagedevelopmentininfantsandyoungchildren.