北大课件-普心心理学与生活gp10motiva

Chapter11MotivationIntroductiontoPsychologyPekingUniversity人们为什么要……（蹦极）？一月17,20233艾滋病与预防措施认识问题不知道危害性研究表明：艾滋病知识与风险行为没有关系动机问题取悦对方表明信任追求快感：Stein等人(1994)一月17,20234有些学生为什么学不好？理由一：能力问题反应的快慢理由二：认识问题不知道理由三：动机问题想不想学MotivationThewordmotivationderivesfromtheLatintomove(movere)andreferstothemovingforcethatenergizesbehavior.

FunctionsofmotivationalconceptsToaccountforbehavioralvariabilityTorelatebiologytobehaviorToinferprivatestatesfrompublicactsToassignresponsibilityforactionsToexplainperseverancedespiteadversityOutlinesMotivationandRelatedConceptsPerspectivesonMotivationEatingSexualMotivationPsychosocialmotivesSomeConcludingThoughts1Motivation&RelatedConceptsTwocomponentsDirectionStrengthRelatedConceptsInstinct 本能Needs&Drives 需要或驱力Inducement 诱因2PerspectivesonMotivation2.1EvolutionaryPerspectiveInstinctsDarwin(1859)McDougall(1908)InclusiveFitnessPsychologicalmechanisms(familiarity/affection)Chemicalmechanisms(pheromones)Simmons(1990):CricketstudyPowerandLoveHomeostasisFeedbackSetpoint信息素（外激素）停留时间2.2PsychodynamicPerspectiveDrivessex/aggressionneedforrelatednesstoothersneedforself-esteemwishes/fearsConscious/unconscious(explicit/implicit)ThematicApperceptionTest,TATMurray(1943);McClellandetal(1989)Earlytoilettraining(McClelland&Pilon,1983)2.3BehavioristPerspectiveOperantconditioningRewarded/punisheddrivesIncentive--externalDrive-reductiontheoriesHull(1943,1952)Primary/secondarydrivesIncentive----anexternalstimulusorrewardArousaltheoryYerkes-DodsonLaw:optimumlevel2.4CognitivePerspectiveGoalsExpectancy-valuetheoriesGoal-settingtheorydiscrepancycontinuingfeedbackself-efficacysethighenoughgoalcommitmenttothegoal2.5AHierarchyofNeedsAbrahamMaslow(1962,1970)Maslow’shierarchyofneedsDeficiency/GrowthneedsAlderfer(1972,1989):ERGtheoryExistenceRelatednessGrowthSelf-actualizationEsteemLoveorBelongingnessSafetyPhysiological2.6ApplyingonlifeEvolutionary:braveryPsychodynamic:MultiplemotivesBehaviorist:punishingCognitive:expectancyMaslow:falsesenseofsafety,pursuehigherlevelneeds3EatingMetabolismReferringtotheprocessesbywhichthebodytransformsfoodintoenergyformovingmuscles,maintainingbodyheat,operatingthenervoussystem,andbuildingandmaintainingorgantissue.TwophasesAbsorptivephaseFastingphase3.1HungerandSatietyThesubjectiveexperienceofhungerCannon&Washburn(1912):emptystomachTheglucostatictheoryofhungerThompson&Campbell(1977):glucoselevelCampfieldetal(1985):injectingglucosedelaysfeedingbehaviorHomeostaticMechanismsLateral/VentralmedialHypothalamus(on/off)3.1HungerandSatietyExternalcuesandEatingBehaviorpalatabilityDeCastro&Brewer(1992):presenceofotherpeople(75%)3.2ObesityCulturalconceptionsofweightandobesityRand&Kuldau(1990):whitewomenworriedHarrisetal(1991):blackfemalesmoresatisfied;menmoreconcernedabouttheirdates.Garneretal(1980):Playboy,10%downinratioStereotypesabouttheobese(Milleretal,1991)对肥胖女性的评价（社交技能、魅力）低这种刻板印象从幼儿园就开始了WeightandObesityIdealWeight男性理想体重（kg）＝身高－110女性理想体重＝身高－105WeightIndex体重(kg)/身高平方(m)M>24,F>25WeightandHealthCardiovasculardiseaseHypertensionSomeformsofDiabetesBiologyandObesityStunkardetal(1986):weightofadopteesBrooketal(1975)MZ0.72-0.83DZ0.34-0.49Whyaresomepeopleobese?ThenumberandsizeoffatcellsSet-pointtheoryGarrow&Warwich(1978)changingmetabolismlevel(foodconsumptionorbodyweight)EnvironmentalfactorsandObesitySocioeconomicstatusDietExercisePsychologicalfactorsLowself-esteemAnxiety/depressionMotivationalprocesses(15%ofdietersinsist)节食？方法严格限制食物热量低碳水化合物食物单一食物行为矫正锻炼效果定点限制体重反弹个人化节食计划适当的目标节食并锻炼EatingDisordersAnorexianervosabrighttalentedperfectionistfeelingincontrolBulimia暴饮暴食、抑郁、失控感4SexualMotivationUniversaldrive/VariationinitsexpressionDrivenbyfantasiesaswellasbyhormonesAlfredKinseyetal(1948,1953)4.1ThesexualresponsecycleSexualresponsecycleExcitementPlateauOrgasmResolutionSubjectiveexperienceoforgasmVance&Wagner(1976):nogenderdiff.4.2NatureandNurtureinSexualMotivationGeneticallyprogrammed/stereotypedmatingritualsBiologyandSexualMotivationOrganizationaleffectsAdrenogenitalsyndromeAndrogeninsensitivitysyndromeActivationaleffectsBancroft(1984):acastratedmanCultureandSexualBehavior4.3SexualOrientationSexualOrientationDirectionofaperson’senduringsexualattractionHomosexuality=sinfulCommonamongeducatedmeninancientGreece.Westernsociety:2-7%men/1%womenAPAclassifieditasadisorderuntil1973Homosexualityisasexualpreference?Whyhomosexuality?PredictorsMarkedbehavioralcharacteristicsoftheoppositesexinchildhood(Green,1987)Samefindinginfemales(Whitam&Mathy,1991)EnvironmentalfactorBiologicalfactor注射一种物质导致黄体酮分泌(Gladueetal1984)同性恋男人下丘脑前部某神经核团和女人的一样小(LeVay,1991)孕期应激；基因差别。4.4SexualDysfunctionsQuitecommonInhibitedorgasminwomenPrematureejaculationinmenCausesPhysiologicalfactorsalcoholuse,fatigue,hypertension,kidneydiseasePsychologicalfactorsanxiety,difficultyinarelationship5PsychosocialMotivesPsychosocialmotivesRelatednessAttachmentmotivationaffiliationAgencyachievementpowerself-esteemautonomymastery5.1NeedsforRelatednessAttachmentmotivationIntimacyself-disclosure,warmth,andmutualcaringAffiliationinteractionwithfriendsoracquaintancesSocialrelationshipsandhealthBrownetal(1975):lowdepressionHouseetal(1988):beingillanddieearlier5.2AchievementandotheragencymotivesDesiringtobecompetentandeffectiveKaganetal(1978):withoutparent’srewardingin2yr.AchievementTodowell,tosucceed,andtoavoidfailureTochoosemoderatelydifficulttasks(Atkinson,1977)Tendtoworkmorepersistently(Atkinson,1977)Parenting,Culture,andAchi