剖析PersuasiveSpeech说服性演讲

剖析PersuasiveSpeech说服性演讲ContentsDefinitionofPersuasiveSpeechInformativevs.PersuasiveAudienceAdaptationTypesofPersuasiveSpeechMonroe’sMotivatedSequenceTipsforSuccessfulPersuasionAssignment2DefinitionofPersuasiveSpeechThekindofspeechwhereyouusereasoning,emotionalappealsoryourcredibilitytoconvincethelistenerstoagreewithyouortoinspirethemtoaction.WaysofPersuasionreasoning,emotionalappeals,credibilityPurposetoinfluencetheattitudes,beliefs,values,andactsoftheaudienceandothersRoleofspeakeranadvocate3Informativevs.PersuasiveInaninformativespeech,thespeakerconveysfactsanddetails.todefine,toexplainandtoclarifyInapersuasivespeech,thespeakertriestoshape/influencethelisteners’ideas,beliefs,attitudes,orbehavior.4AudienceAdaptationStronglyOpposedModeratelyOpposedSlightlyOpposedNeutralSlightlyinFavorModeratelyinFavorStronglyinFavorPersuasioninvolvesanymovementbyalistenerfromlefttoright.Persuasivespeech:MENTALDIALOGUEwiththeaudience5AudienceAdaptationAspeakershouldadaptthecontentandstrategytotheaudience:TheirpositionTheirmajorobjectionsTheirquestionsTheirfavoritestyleofcommunicationTipsforaudienceadaptationSetaparticularpartofthewholeaudienceasyourTARGETAUDIENCE.Tailoryourspeechtofitthevaluesandconcernsofyourtargetaudience.6TypesofPersuasiveSpeechPersuasivespeechesonquestionsoffact事实问题Persuasivespeechesonquestionsofvalue价值问题Persuasivespeechesonquestionsofpolicy方法问题

71.QuestionsofFactQuestionsoffactarequestionsaboutthetruthorfalsityofanassertion.Qsoffactcanbeansweredwithcertaintye.g.HowfarisNYtoBeijing?e.g.WhoisthefirstAfricanAmericanpresident?Qsoffactcannotbeansweredwithcertaintye.g.WillNAUenrollEnglishmajordoctorsin10years’time?e.g.Aredailymegadosesofvitaminsbeneficialtohumanhealth?(每天大量服用维生素有益健康？）8Attention！Persuasivespeechesonaquestionoffactcomeaboutinasituationwheretheaudiencehasseriousdoubtaboutthefactoracase.Informativespeechescomeaboutinsituationswheretheaudiencewantstolearnaboutthefacts.OrganizationbytopicsEachmainpointwillpresentareason(whyagree);Subdividethetopiclogicallyandconsistently.9Exle(1)SpecificPurpose Topersuademyaudiencethatanearthquakeof9.0oraboveontheRichterscalewillhitXi’aninthenexttenyears.Mainpoints

I.Xi’anislongoverdueforamajorearthquake.

II.Manygeologicalsignsindicatethatamajorearthquakemayhappensoon.

III.ExpertsagreethatamajorearthquakecouldhitXi’ananyday.10Exle(2)SpecificPurpose

topersuademyaudiencethatgeneticallyengineeredcrops(GEC)poseseriousdangerstotheenvironmentandtohumanhealth.CentralIdea

GECshavethepotentialtocreatemajorenvironmentalandhealthhazards.MainPoints

I.GECswillcreateenvironmentalhavocbyharmingbeneficialinsectswhilecreatingsuperbugsandsuperweedsthatwillbeverydifficulttocontrol.II.GECswillcreatehealthproblemsbyintroducingharmfultoxinsandallergensintofoodswithouttheknowledgeofcustomers.

112.QuestionsofValueQuestionsofvaluearequestionsabouttheworth,rightness,moralityandsoforthofanideaoraction.e.g.Isitjustifiabletoclonehumanbeings?e.g.Whataretheethicalresponsibilitiesofjournalists?12OrganizationestablishingstandardsforthevaluejudgmentapplyingthosestandardstothespeechtopicPersuasionisbasedonyourjudgmentaboutwhatisrightorwrong,goodorbad,moralorimmoral,etc.Speakerneedstojustifyher/hisvaluejudgmentinlightofaclearlydefinedsetofstandards13Exle(1)SpecificPurpose

Topersuademyaudiencethatcapitalpunishmentiswrong.MainPoints

I.Capitalpunishmentviolatesthebiblicalcommandment“Thoushaltnotkill.”

II.Capitalpunishmentviolatestheconstitutionalbanon“cruelandunusualpunishment.”14Exle(2)SpecificPurpose

topersuademyaudiencethatbicycleridingistheidealformoflandtransportation.CentralIdea

Bicycleridingistheidealformoflandtransportationbecauseitisfasterthanwalkingorrunning,doesnotexploitanimalsorpeople,isnonpolluting,andpromotesthehealthoftheriders.MainPointsI.Anidealformoflandtransportationshouldmeetfourmajorstandards:fasterthanrunningorwalking,notexploitinganimalsorpeople,nonpolluting,andbeneficialforthepersonwhousesit.II.Bicycleridingmeetsallthesestandardsforanideaformoflandtransportation:fasterthanrunningorwalking,notexploitinganimalsorpeople,nonpolluting,andbeneficialforthepersonwhousesit.153.QuestionsofPolicyQuestionsofpolicyarequestionsaboutwhetheraspecificcourseofactionshouldorshouldnotbetaken.e.g.Shouldsame-sexmarriagesbelegalized?e.g.ShouldNAUpayteachersbytheirresearchoutput?16Speechestogainpassiveagreement:Aim:toconvincetheaudiencethatagivenpolicyisdesirablewithoutencouragingtheaudiencetotakeactioninsupportofthepolicy.Exle(Tryit!)Topersuademyaudiencethatthereshouldbestrictersafetystandardsonamusement-parkrides.Topersuademyaudiencethattheauthorityshouldprohibitnetbarsfromopeningnearschools17Speechestogainimmediateaction:Aim:togettheaudiencetodosthinsupportofthepolicy.Specificrecommendationsshouldbemadeforaction.Exle(Tryit!)Topersuademyaudiencetodonatemoneyforastudentwhoiscriticallyill.Topersuademyaudiencetostartaregularexerciseprogram.Topersuademyaudiencetotakepartinmorepublicspeakingactivities.18Monroe’sMotivatedSequenceAnorganizationalpatternforplanningandpresentingpersuasivespeechesthatinvolvesfivesteps(门罗五步法)AttentionNeed:maketheaudiencefeelaneedforchangebystatingtheproblemclearlywithsupportmaterials.Satisfaction:satisfytheneedbyprovidingasolutionVisualization:visualizethebenefitsofyourplanAction:callforaction19Step1:AttentionApersuasivespeechshouldbeginbygettingtheaudience’sattentionTheattentionstepaddressescoreconcernsoftheaudience,makingthespeechhighlyrelevanttothem20Step2:NeedTheneedstepisolatesanddescribestheissuetobeaddressedinthepersuasivespeechIfyoucanshowtheaudiencethattheyhaveanimportantneedthatmustbesatisfied,theyhaveareasontolistentoyourpropositions21Step3:SatisfactionThesatisfactionstepidentifiesthesolutionThisstepofferstheaudienceaproposaltoreinforceorchangetheirattitudes,beliefs,andvaluesregardingtheneedathand22Step4:VisualizationThepurposeofthevisualizationstepistocarrytheaudiencebeyondacceptingthefeasibilityofyourproposaltoseeinghowitwillactuallybenefitthemThevisualizationstepinvokesneedsofself-esteemandself-actualization23Step5:ActionTheactionstepinvolvesmakingadirectrequestoftheaudiencetoactaccordingtotheiracceptanceofthemessage24TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion1.Increasingcredibility/ethosExplainyourcredibilitye.g.

I’vebeenshoppingbooksonbothdangdangandjoyomanytimes,soletmetellyouwhichoneisbetter.e.g.

MyinformationcomesfromtheworkofDr.HongZhaoguang,themostwell-knowncardiovascularexpertinChina.Showcommongroundwithyouraudience.e.g.

I’mfor/againsttheindependentenrollment,andIknowalotofyouarenotwithme.Iaskonlythatyouhearmeoutandseeifmyargumentshaveanymeritwhatsoever.Thoughwemaydisagreeonthissubject,youandIhaveatleastonethingincommon:Wewanttomakeouruniversityenrollmentsystemafairone.252.ProvidingevidenceChooseevidencefromreliable,reputablesources.Provideavarietyofevidence.e.g.Accordingtoaninterviewconductedbymewith20students,60%ofthepeopleareagainsttheindependentenrollment.TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion263.UsesoundreasoningErrorsinreasoning(logicalfallacy)1)HastygeneralizationAconclusionreachedonthebasisofinsufficientevidence.Itisoftenincludeswordslikealways,never,allandnone.e.g.

Chinaistheonlycountryintheworldwherestudentshavetostudyveryhardforoneexamthatwilldecidetheirfuture–thecollegeentranceexam.TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion273.UsesoundreasoningErrorsinreasoning(logicalfallacy)2)Redherring

A~argumentdistractslistenersfromtherealissueandleadsthemtowardanirrelevantissue.转移注意力的事/话题e.g.

Yes,thecurrentuniversityenrollmentsystemhasproblems,butsodoesourmedicalcaresystem,andhousingsystem.Whydon’twereformthem?TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion283.UsesoundreasoningErrorsinreasoning(logicalfallacy)3)Attackonapersoncriticizinganopponentratherthantheopponent’sargumente.g.

ItisknownthatEdgarAllenPoewasanalcoholic.Hisstoriesarenothingbutthefantasiesofadrunkenmind.TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion293.UsesoundreasoningErrorsinreasoning(logicalfallacy)4)Falsecause,posthoc~assumesthatbecauseAoccursbeforeB,AcausesB.e.g.Thecrimeratehasincreasedsincethegovernortookoffice;I’mcertainlynotgoingtovoteforhimagain.TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion303.UsesoundreasoningErrorsinreasoning(logicalfallacy)5)Buildingonanunprovenassumption(beggingthequestion)e.g.Sincedistancelearningwithacomputerismoreeffectivethantraditionalclassroomeducation,allofyoushouldtakeyourcollegecoursesonyourhomecomputers.6)Falseanalogye.g.Hewillmakeawonderfulpresident.Justlookatthecontrolheexertsoverhisownchildren.TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion313.UsesoundreasoningErrorsinr