句子成分分析公开课

英语复习讲与练07句子成分与划分方法及主干结构要略【高频考点回顾】

要点一基本句子成分.主语主语是动作发出者。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。一般位于句首，而在therebe句型和倒装句中，主语常位于be动词、助动词、谓语动词或情态动词之后。假设不定式短语作主语，常用it作形式主语，那么把真正的主语（不定式短语）放在句后。例如：（2020•全国III卷）It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.很难说到底有多少人同意他的观点，但研究说明，这一数字已经上升了一段时间。（2020•江苏高考）1wasinthemiddleoftheAmazon（亚马逊）withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.（2018•浙江高考）Theyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout..谓语谓语用于表示主语的动作或者表示主语具有的特征或状态，常位于主语之后。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应，即主谓一致。例如：（2020•江苏高考）Weusedtothinkthatinsectswere（bc）thesmallestorganisms.Youmustweighthebenefits（bcnefit）againstthecost..宾语宾语用于表示动作涉及的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或者介词之后。常用作宾语的主要有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。例如：Shewalkeduptothedeskandaskedtosee（see）themanager.Iappreciatebeinggiven（givc）thisopportunity.Hesuggestedtaking（take）thechildrentothezoo.(osupporthisfamily,Mr.Greenbegantoplantherbsandvegetables.Sincetheplantstookawhile(ogrow,hestartedcuttingdowntreestosellthewood.38.(think)abouthischildren'sclothes,hestartedgrowingcottontoo.Whenharvestcamearound,hewasalreadysellingherbs,vegetablesandcottoninthemarket39.peoplefromthetownmetregularly.Nowitoccurredtohimthathisfarmhadmuchpotential(潜力)andthatthe40.(die)ofthecowwasabitofluck.5Ilisknowntous(hateveryyearofhighschoolisahardandbusytime.Youmayhavetrouble41.(get)enoughsleep.Weallknowthatnotgettingenoughsleepisnotgoodforourhealth.42.ithasbeenfoundthatlesssleepcouldevencauseus43.(have)fewerfriends.AccordingtoresearchersfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,peoplewhodon'tgetenoughsleeparclesswillingtosocializewithothcrs.Thcyarc44.(simple)tootiredtogoout.Theresearcherscarried45.asmallstudy.Theytested18youngparticipants(参与者)whohadjusthadagoodnight'ssleep,andtested(hemagainafterasleeplessnight.Theparticipantswatchedvideosofpeople46.(walk)towardthem.Wheneachpersononthevideogottoo"close*',theycouldchoosetostopthevideo.Theresultsshowedthattheparticipantskepteachpersonat47.stanceof60percentfurtherbackiftheyhadn'tgottenenoughsleep.Butwhentheparticipantsgotagoodnight'ssleep,theyallowedthepersontogetinuch48.(close)tothem.Soifyouwanttobeamoresociableandpopularperson,49.(sleep)wellmighthelp."Onenightofgoodsleepmakesyoufeelmoreoutgoingand50.(social)confident,"Walkersaid.6Dressingsmartlyis,ofcourse,importantforyourconfidenceandsenseofself-empowerment.Butyourstylecandomorethanjustsend51.(message),toyourmindortoothers.Newresearchshowsthattheclothesyouwearcanactuallyhaveasignificanteffect52.howyouthink.Professionaldress,accordingtothestudy,increasesabstractthinkingandevengivespeople53.broaderviewpoint."Thedegreeofformalityofclothingnotonlycouldaftect54.peopleassessapersonandhowpeopleassessthemselves,butcouldinfluencedecision-makinginimportantwaysthroughitsinfluenceontheprocessingstyle,“theresearcherssay.Theyalsofindthatformalclothingis55.(associate)withenhanced(增强的)socialdistanceandcanincrease56.(psychology)distancebetweenpeople.Whenyouaremoresociallydistant,youtend57.(think)inamoredistantandabstractway.Forexample,indistantsocialsituations,titlesratherthannames58.(use)tocallanunfamiliarperson.Evenaftercontrollingsocioeconomicstatus,people59.wearmoreformalclothingshowastrongerpreference60.abstractprocessing.7Globaltemperaturechangesarcinfactanaturalprocess.However,humandemandsforenergy,manufacturedgoods,transportandanimalproductshaveincreasedcarbonemissions(排放).Wc61.(cause)over1℃ofwarmingsincethe19thcentury.Forcomparison,it62.(take)5.000yearsfortheEarthtowarmupby4-7℃aftericeages.Thesmallnumbersmayseeminsignificant,63.thistemperatureincreasehashadahugeimpactglobally.Sealevelshaverisen15cminthepastcentury.Animalsandecosystemscan'tkeepupwiththenewrateofchange,64.forcesmanyspeciesintoextinction.Inturn,thiscomesbacktobotherhumans,whorelyonabalanceofallecosystems65.(keep)ourwayoflife.Unlesswecompletelychangeourhabits,ourfuturecouldbe66.(hone).Infaceofclimatechange,whatgovernmentsshouldbefocusingonnowispromoting67.useofrenewableenergy,supportinggreenfarming,andreducingpopulation68.(grow).Individualscanpayattentionto69.(cut)outcarandplanetravel,limitingtheirintakeofanimalproducts,andconsumingfarlessmanufacturedgoods.Itwilltakemuchmorethanavillage,butit'spossible—andeveryoneisresponsible7().whathappensnext.8Thisyear,ZhangGuimeisent150femalestudents?I.collegefromafreeall-girlshighschoolshehadstartedin2008insouthwestChina'sdeepmountains.Forthepast13years,atotalof1,954femalestudents72.(graduate)fromthisschool,thefirstandonlyoneofitskindinthecountry."Toeducateagirlislochangethedestiny(命运)ofthree73.(generation)."Zhangsaid.74.64-year-oldteacherfromsouthwestChina'sYunnanProvincewaspresentedwiththeJulyIMedalbyXiJinpingataceremonyinBeijingonTuesday.BecauseofhereffortstoimprovefemaleeducationinChina,moregirlscanchangetheirdestiny.WhenthePeople'sRepublicofChina75.(found)in1949,femaleilliteracy(文盲)wasmuchhigherthanthatoftheirmalecounterparts(同行).Inthe1950s,theChinesegovernmentlaunchedcampaigns76.helpedsome16millionfemalesbecomeeducated.Inrecentdecades,wipingoutilliteracyand77.(improve)thereadingskillsofwomenisregardedasoneofthe78.(hi.ah)priorilies(优先考虑的事)inChina,according(othegovernment'sguidelineforhelpingthecountry'sfemales.Thefemaleilliteracyrateforthoseaboveage15hasdecreasedfrom79.(rough)90%intheearly1950sto7%in2019.In2021.Chinascored0.973intheGlobalGenderGapReport80.(release)bytheWorldEconomicForum(withascoreof1beingcompletelyequal)..补足语补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。宾语补足语简称宾补，是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分，一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句等。这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语例如：Thebookinthestudymustbekeptingoodorder.书房里的书必须放得井井有条。Youmustkeeptheclassroomclean.你必须保持房间清洁。.表语表语用于说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态等，常位于be,become,get,keep,look,grow,seem,sound,turn等系动词之后。常用作表语的主要有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、表语从句等。例如：(2020•新高考全国I卷)Astheauthorexplains,thisis(be)neitheratravelnorahistorybook,orevenapieceofreportage.(2020•全国II卷)Thegoodnewsisthatit'ssimpletolearnandcanbeworththeeffort.Ifeltfnghtened(frighten)asIwaitedforthemysteriousman.Itissurprising(surprise)thatheshouldhavebeensostupid..定语定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，单词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语或从句作定语时，往往放在被修饰词之后。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。例如：(2020•全国I卷)1thinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificant(significancc)waywhentheycan.(2020•全国III卷)Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtoiheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthat/whichmadethetaskeasierforthem.Hissurprised(surprise)looksuggestedthatheknewnothingaboutit..状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征，以及时间、地点、原因、目的等，其位置不固定。常用作状语的有介词短语、副词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句等。例如：（2019•全国卷I）Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingfbrbiometrictechnologies—likefingerprintscans-tokeep（keen）othersoutofprivatee-spaces.（2020•全国I卷）TherearethreebooksIrereadarmuany（每年地）.Seenfromthespace（从太空看）、theEarthisabluesphere..同位语同位语用于对名词或代词的进一步解释说明，且与之前的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位，常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。如:（2020•浙江高考）“Adaptivesignalscanmakesurethatthetrafficdemandthatisthereisbeingaddressed,MsaysAlexStevanovic,aresearcheratFloridaAtlanticUniversity.佛罗里达大西洋大学的研究员亚历克斯・斯特万诺维奇说：“自适应信号可以确保现有的交通需求得到满足。”例如：Theyeachgrabbedashovelandbegantoshoveldirtintothewell.他们每人拿了一把铲子，开始往井里铲土。（2020•天津高考）ThisledJonestotheconclusionthattherearetoomanyextremelylonelypeopleinhiscommunity,whoareeasytargetsofcheating.这让琼斯得出了结论，在社区中有太多极其孤独的人，他们很容易成为行骗的H标。（2020•江苏高考）Itisnotaproblemwhetherwccanwinthebattle;it'sjustamatteroftime.Theyeachplay（play）akeyroleinallowingthe^backgroundsearch”tohappenwithoutapagereload.要点二划分句子成分的基本方法分析句子结构首先要找出主语和谓语。然后，再分析其他的词和短语•，确定它们的成分。.如果说明名词或代词，有三种情况:①修饰关系，是定语。如：（2020-天津高考）Directedsoundisanewtechnologythatallowscompaniestousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights（聚光灯）areusedinthetheater.定向声音是一种新技术，它使公司能够像剧院使用聚光灯•样使用声音。（directed,new和thesame均修饰后面的名词，故是定语。）②解释说明的关系，在语法上又处于同等地位，是同位语。如：（2020•全国II卷）PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.芝加哥大学幼儿数学开展专家、心理学家苏珊・莱文发现，在2岁至4岁之间玩拼图游戏的儿童后来会开展出更好的空间技能。（anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago为SusanLevine的同位语。）③逻辑上的主谓（或主系表）关系，意义上的补充，是补足语。如：（2020•全国II卷）1encouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan'taffordtopurchaseabook.我鼓励读者在买不起书的时候去当地的图书馆。（readers和logoto（heirlocallibrary逻辑上构成主谓关系,故togototheirlocallibrary作宾语补足语。）.如果说明动词，有两种情况：①修饰关系，是状语。如：（2020•江苏高考）Whensomethingnewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.当新事物出现时，我们通常甚至不知道它的名字。（moreoftenthannot用来修饰动词know,作状语）②动作的对象或承受者，是宾语。如：（2020•浙江高考）Toshowtheversatility（多面性）oftheshortplay,Ihaveincludedaguidanceplay,aradioplayandatelevisionplay.为了展示短剧的多面性，我把一部指导剧、一部广播剧和•部电视剧包括在其中。（theversatility作动词show的宾语;aguidanceplay,aradioplayandatelevisionplay作动词include的宾语。）.如果说明形容词，有两种情况：①^饰关系，是状语。如：（2020•江苏高考）Beforeoneoftheseworkouts,themenskippedbreakfast,meaningthattheyexercisedonacompletelyemptystomachafteralongovernightfast（禁食）.在其中一次锻炼之前，这些人不吃早餐，这意味着他们在长时间禁食后完全空腹进行锻炼。（completely用来修饰形容词empty,作状语）②词义的补充，一般是定语。如：（2020•江苏高考）Beatenfirstbythemarchoftechnologyandlatelybytheterribleweatherinjunkyards（废品场），thephoneboxesrepresentativeofanagearenowmakingsomethingofacomeback.最早被科技进步打败，最近又被废品场的恶劣天气打败，代表一个时代的亭现在又卷土重来。（representativeofanage修饰phoneboxes,作定语。）.在系动词后，说明主语的特征、状态和身份等，是表语。如：（2020•全国I卷）Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.最好的书是那些随着时间推移而不断开放的书。（theones作系动词are的表语）.如果和句子没有语法联系，较独立成分，那么为插入语。包括：Hey!1didn,texpecttomeetyouhere.嗨!我没想到会在这儿遇到你。Dear,dear!WherehaveIpulmykeys?哎呀！我把钥匙放在哪啦？（2020•全国II卷）Asanovelist,I'vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.作为一名小说家，我发现了与图书馆的新关系。要点三英语句子的主干结构根据句子成分，英语简单句可归纳为3个主干结构句型：.句型:Therebe+主语+地点状语（或时间状语）（存在句）用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义，而且大都是用于描述性文章中。表示“（客观）存在、有“。这里的【here没有实际意义，不可与副词"there那里”混淆。例如：©Theremaybearainthisafternoon.今天下午可能有雨。②Therestandsatallbuildingacrosstheriveroverthere.那边河对面耸“•看一幢高层建筑物。③Therewasacarstolenlastnight.昨晚有辆车被偷了。.句型：主系表结构S+V+P句了•谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个说明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做系动词。表示状态的系动词有:be,look,seem,appear,smelktaste,sound,keep,remain等。表示转变或结果的系动词有:become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove等。例如：@Withwintercomingon,itisaettin?colderandcolderdaybyday.冬天慢慢到来，天气也一天比一天冷了起来。②（2020•江苏高考）Physicalexercisebeforebreakfastisbetterforhealth.早餐前体育锻炼对健康更有益。③Thepizzatastesdeliciouswithoutanycheeseatall.不加奶酪的比萨饼很好吃。.句型：主谓宾结构S+V+O按照是否含有宾语和宾语的不同形式，包括以下4种结构：（DS+V住+谓）句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动伺，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的有:appear,apologize,arrive,come,die,disappear,exist,fall,happen,rise等。例如：®Hisheartbrokewhenhiswifedied.他妻子死时他的心都碎了。②Hersonusedsignlanguagetotellherwhaihardened.她儿子用手语告诉她发生了什么事。③Hisvoicerosealmosttoascream.他提高了嗓门，几乎在尖叫。⑵S+V+O（主+谓+宾）谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须后接一个宾语,即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。例如：①（2020•江苏高考）Asaresult,（heyburnedmorefatduringwalksonanemptystomachthanwhentheyhadeatenfirst.结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比先吃早饭后锻炼时多。②（202。天津高考）Youwillhearfrommesoon.你很快就会收到我的信。③TheywillreceivetheirawardsataceremonyinStockholm.他们会在斯德哥尔摩举行的仪式上接受颁奖。⑶S+V+O+O（主+谓+宾+宾）有些谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中，作间接宾语的常常是“人”，作直接宾语的常常是“物，如：Hegaveusgoodadviceonthework.他对这项工作给我们提出了很好的建议。这种句型可以转化为其他两种句型：动词+宾语+forsb.;动词+宾语+tosb.。例如：Hegavegoodadviceontheworktous.例如：®Hetolduswh、weshouldloveourcountry.他告诉我们为什么我们应该热爱我们的祖国。②Hecookedusadeliciousmeal.=Hecookedadeliciousmealforus.他给我们做了•顿美味的饭菜。③Hegavemetheenvelopeandwcparted.他给了我那个信封，我们就告别了。（4）S+V+O+C（主+谓+宾+补）有些及物动词，如果只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，这样才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。常用于这种句型的动词有：appoint,call,choose,elect,entitle,find,make（使、让）,name等。例如：（1）1heardasongbeingsungjustnow.刚才我听到一首歌正在被唱。©Withoutknowledge,wecannevermakeourcountryricherandstronger.没有知识，我们就不能使我们国家更加富强、强大。③Ihearsomeoneknockingonthedoor.我听到有人正在敲门。(4)(2020-天津高考)You'llfinditeasiertogetacopyofwhateveryou'relookingfor.你会发现找一份你要找的东西更容易。【高频考点强化】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。1Chineseastronautsreturnafter90daysaboardspacestationAtrio(三人组)ofChineseastronautsreturnedtoEarthonFridayaftera90-daystayaboardtheirnation'sfirstspacestationinChina'sL_(long)missionyet.StatebroadcasterCCTVshowedfbotageofthespacecraftparachuting(的匕伞)tolandintheGobiDesertwhereit(meet)byhelicoptersandoff-roadvehicles.Minuteslater,acrewoftechniciansbeganopeningthehatchofthecapsule.3.appearedundamaged.Thethreeastronautsemergedabout3()minuteslaterandwereseatedin4^(chair)justoutsidethecapsuletoallowthemtimetoreadjusttoEarth'sgravityafterthreemonthsof5i_(live)inaweightlessenvironment.ThethreewereduetoflytoBeijingonFriday.“WithChina'sgrowing6^_(strong)andtherisinglevelofChinesetechnology,I(firm)believetherewillbeevenmoreastronautswhowillsetnewrecords,MmissioncommanderNietoldCCTV.AfterlaunchingonJune17,thethreeastronautswentontwospacewalks,deployeda10-meter(33-fbot)mechanicalarm,andhad8.videocallwithCommunistParlyleaderXiJinping.China9^(send)14astronautsintospacesince2003,whenitbecameonly(he(hirdcountryaftertheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatestodosoon10.(it)own.2Attheendofthe16thcentury,aboutsevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.Nearlyallofthemlived11.England.AtfirsttheEnglish12.(speak)inEnglandbetweenAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday.ltwasbasedmoreonGerman13.theEnglishwespeakatpresent.14.(gradual).EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethose15.ruledEnglandspokefirstDanishandlaterFrench.Thesenewsettlers16.(enrich)theEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.Sobythe1600'sShakesparewasabletousea17,(wide)vocabularythaneverbefore.In1620,someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica.Finallybythe19thcenturythelanguage18.(settle).Atthattime,twobigchangesinEnglishl9.(spell)happened.FirstShakespeare,whoenlargedtheEnglishvocabulaiyandthe20.NoahWebstergaveAmericanEnglishitsownidentity.3Ayoungwoman