202X届高考英语一轮复习专题五主旨要义课件

专题五主旨要义高考英语

(北京市专用)A组

自主命题·北京卷题组五年高考Group1Passage1(2019北京,C)词数:466Theproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfrom

numberstheydon'tknow.Bynextyear,halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Weare

finallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools,

appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately,it'stoo

little,toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions”(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable,scammerswill

havemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture,it'snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeon

yourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou'rehearingis

actuallyreal.That'sbecausethereareanumberofpowerfulvoicemanipulation(处理)andautomationtech-

nologiesthatareabouttobecomewidelyavailableforanyonetouse.Atthisyear'sI/OConfer-

ence,acompanyshowedanewvoicetechnologyabletoproducesuchaconvincinghuman-sound-

ingvoicethatitwasabletospeaktoareceptionistandbookareservationwithoutdetection.Thesedevelopmentsarelikelytomakeourcurrentproblemswithrobocallsmuchworse.Therea-

sonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecision.Adecadeofdata

breaches(数据侵入)ofpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearn

yourmother'sname,andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge,they'reabletocarryoutindivid-

uallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans,forexample,thatascammercouldcallyou

fromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyour

bankteller's,trickingyouinto“confirming”youraddress,mother'sname,andcardnumber.

Scammersfollowmoney,socompanieswillbetheworsthit.Alotofbusinessisstilldoneoverthe

phone,andmuchofitisbasedontrustandexistingrelationships.Voicemanipulationtechnolo-

giesmayweakenthatgradually.Weneedtodealwiththeinsecurenatureofourtelecomnetworks.Phonecarriersandconsumers

needtoworktogethertofindwaysofdeterminingandcommunicatingwhatisreal.Thatmight

meaneitherdevelopingauniformwaytomarkvideosandimages,showingwhenandwhothey

weremadeby,orabandoningphonecallsaltogetherandmovingtowardsdata-basedcommunica-tions—usingappslikeFaceTimeorWhatsApp,whichcanbetiedtoyouridentity.Credibilityishardtoearnbuteasytolose,andtheproblemisonlygoingtogetharderfromhere

onout.1.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstotheproblemofrobocalls?A.Panicked.B.Confused.C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.2.Takingadvantageofthenewtechnologies,scammerscan

.A.aimatvictimspreciselyB.damagedatabaseseasilyC.startcampaignsrapidlyD.spreadinformationwidely3.Whatdoesthepassageimply?A.Honestyisthebestpolicy.B.Technologiescanbedouble-edged.C.Therearemoresolutionsthanproblems.D.Credibilityholdsthekeytodevelopment.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WheretheProblemofRobocallsIsRootedB.WhoIstoBlamefortheProblemofRobocallsC.WhyRobocallsAreAbouttoGetMoreDangerousD.HowRobocallsAreAffectingtheWorldofTechnology答案

[语篇解读]本文为说明文,主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为信息安全。随着声音处理

技术的发展,电信诈骗的危险性也在增加,所以电话服务公司和消费者通力合作来确保通信安

全迫在眉睫。文章侧重于培养学生的思维品质。1.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:关于自助语音电话问题的解决方案作者觉得如何?由第一

段中的Unfortunately,it'stoolittle,toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions”becomewidelyavail-

able,scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.可以看出,这些解决方案太少、太滞后,而

且当解决方案广泛应用后,诈骗犯又有了更为聪明的诈骗方式。由此可推断出,作者对这些解

决方案感到失望,故D项正确。A:恐慌的;B:困惑的;C:尴尬的。2.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:利用这些新技术,诈骗犯们能够

。根据第三段第二

句Thereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecision.可知,自助语

音电话令人头疼的原因与数量关系不大,更主要的是精准度。诈骗犯利用新技术能够精确地

对受害者实施诈骗,A项符合语境,precisely与precision为同一词根。3.B推理判断题。本题题干意为:这篇文章暗示了什么?文章第二段指出,声音处理和自动化技术即将广泛应用,第三段则指出这些技术可能让电信诈骗更为危险。由此可得知,文章暗示

科技是一把双刃剑,带来了便利也带来了麻烦,故B项正确。4.C主旨要义题。本题题干意为:文章的最佳标题会是以下哪一项?通读文章可得知,第一段

指出电信诈骗的危险性越来越大,第二段指出上述问题出现的原因,第三段对此进行了解释,第

四段提出了解决方法,最后一段则回归主题,指出问题会愈发严重。故C项符合文章主旨,意为

“自助语音电话为何会愈发危险”。高考热词

1.severityn.严重;严厉2.automationn.自动化3.precisionn.精确4.credibilityn.可信性长难句Thismeans,forexample,thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliar

numberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller's,trickingyouinto

“confirming”youraddress,mother'sname,andcardnumber.例如,这意味着某个诈骗犯可能

用一个看上去熟悉的号码给你打电话,用听起来与你的银行出纳员非常像的声音和你说话,诱

骗你“确认”你的住址、母亲的姓名和卡号。本句为主从复合句。means后为that引导的宾语从句,介词短语fromwhat...作状语,what引导宾

语从句。第二个that引导定语从句,先行词是avoice。现在分词短语usingavoice...和tricking

youinto...都作状语。Passage2(2018北京,A)词数:319MyFirstMarathon(马拉松)Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfor

twoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlaps

andthenhitasoftball.Ididn'tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas“notathletic”.TheideathatIwas“notathletic”stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,I

realizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathlet-

ic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn'tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweat-

ingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces(鞋带)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.

NotthestartIwanted!Atmile3,Ipassedasign:“GOFORIT,RUNNERS!”Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain,Istayed

thecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.Bymile21,Iwasstarving!AsIapproachedmile23,Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenever

mindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签),Icannow

callmyselfa“marathonwinner”.1.Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor

.A.waswelltrainedB.feltscaredC.madeuphismindtorunD.losthope2.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C.Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D.Toshareapreciousmemory.3.Howwastheauthor'sfirstmarathon?A.Hemadeit.B.Hequithalfway.C.Hegotthefirstprize.D.Hewalkedtotheend.4.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B.Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.答案

[语篇解读]本文为记叙文。“我”虽然没有运动天赋,但是通过坚持不懈的努力,“我”最

终完成了自己的第一次马拉松。1.C细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.”可知,

“我”虽然脚踝受伤,但还是决定去参加马拉松。2.C推理判断题。体育课上老师对“我”的评价是“notathletic”,这从侧面证明了“我”

不具备运动天赋,故选择C项。3.A细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段前两句“Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButI

finished!”可知,“我”完成了第一次马拉松,故选择A项。4.B主旨要义题。根据文章最后一段“Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshame

andworldlylabels,Icannowcallmyselfa‘marathonwinner’.”可知,这篇文章主要想告诉读

者胜利者要具备挑战自我的精神和坚强的意志,故选择B项。高考热词

1.determinedadj.有决心的2.requirev.要求3.athleticadj.擅长运动的4.realizev.意识到

5.provev.证明6.readjustv.重新调整7.starvingadj.极饿的8.approachv.接近高级语块runlaps跑圈长难句

WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,not

aboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.当我30多岁开始跑步时,我意识到跑步是一场

和自己的战斗和竞争或者我是否擅长运动无关。

When引导的时间状语从句,第一个or连接并列成分。Passage3(2017北京,C)词数:358Measles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearly

wipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine(疫苗).But

thediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinforma-

tionthatisspreadingquickly.Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,

comparedwith189foralloflastyear.Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.Whenvacci-

nationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawhole,everyoneisprotected.Thisis

called“herdimmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan'

tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn'twork.Butherdimmunityworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefusevaccination

andseekafreeride,immunitybreaksdownandeveryoneisinevenbiggerdanger.That'sexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrangeCounty,

California,where22measlescaseswerereportedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y.,wherea17-year-

oldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.Theresistancetovaccinehascontinuedfordecades,anditisdrivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.

Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherssuffer.Makingthingsworsearestatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout(决定不参加)ofwhataresup-

posedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildrenenteringkindergarten.Seventeenstatesallowparents

togetanexemption(豁免),sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobjecttoa

vaccine.Now,severalstatesaremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsforoptingout.Butno

onedoesenoughtolimitexemptions.Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonlyforlimitedmedicalorreligiousreasons.Butpersonalopin-

ions?Notgoodenough.Everyoneenjoysthelife-savingbenefitsvaccinesprovide,butthey'llexist

onlyaslongaseveryonesharesintherisks.1.Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat

.A.asmallnumberofmeaslescasescanstartadangeroustrendB.theoutbreakofmeaslesattractsthepublicattentionC.anti-vaccinemovementhasitsmedicalreasonsD.informationaboutmeaslesspreadsquickly2.Herdimmunityworkswellwhen

.A.exemptionsareallowedB.severalvaccinesareusedtogetherC.thewholeneighborhoodisinvolvedinD.newregulationsareaddedtothestatelaws3.Whatisthemainreasonforthecomebackofmeasles?A.Theoveruseofvaccine.B.Thelackofmedicalcare.C.Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.D.Thevaccineopt-outsofsomepeople.4.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Tointroducetheideaofexemption.B.Todiscussmethodstocuremeasles.C.Tostresstheimportanceofvaccination.D.Toappealforequalrightsinmedicaltreatment.答案

[语篇解读]

本文是一篇说明文。题材为科普知识类。14年前因为疫苗的使用,麻疹病在美

国几乎消失了。但是最近,美国麻疹病例的数量却呈小幅上升趋势,这无疑给人们敲响了警

钟。1.A推理判断题。文章第一段讲的是由于反疫苗运动,麻疹病卷土重来;再根据第二段第一

句可知,麻疹病例的数量听起来不多,但是它们却是一种危险趋势的开始。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知,群体免疫力只有在几乎整个群体都进行了疫苗免

疫后才能起作用,故选C项。3.D推理判断题。根据第一段第二句及倒数第三、四段的内容可知选D项。4.C主旨要义题。作者通过讲述日益增长的反疫苗运动以及一些州政府法律对于疫苗豁免

权的不限制,分析了美国麻疹病例的数量呈小幅上升趋势的原因,由此向读者强调接种疫苗的

重要性,故选C项。高考热词

1.disablev.使伤残,使残废2.comebackn.复出;重返3.misinformationn.错误信息4.casen.病例5.trendn.趋势6.selfishlyadv.自私地7.objectv.反对8.tightenv.加紧,加强(规则、法律或制度)9.regula-

tionn.规则高级语块wipeout彻底消灭长难句

Butthediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementand

misinformationthatisspreadingquickly.但是这种疾病正在卷土重来,起因是日益增长的反疫苗

运动以及正在迅速传播的错误信息。过去分词短语causedby...作后置定语,修饰comeback,两者之间为逻辑上的被动关系;thatis

spreadingquickly是定语从句,修饰先行词misinformation。Passage4(2016北京,B)

词数:368SurvivingHurricaneSandy(飓风桑迪)NatalieDoan,14,hasalwaysfeltluckytoliveinRockaway,NewYork.Livingjustafewblocks

fromthebeach,Nataliecanseetheoceanandhearthewavesfromherhouse.“It'stheoceanthat

makesRockawaysospecial,”shesays.OnOctober29,2012,thatoceanturnedfierce.Thatnight,HurricaneSandyattackedtheEast

Coast,andRockawaywashitespeciallyhard.Fortunately,Natalie'sfamilyescapedtoBrooklyn

shortlybeforethecity'sbridgesclosed.WhentheyreturnedtoRockawaythenextday,theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruins.ManyofNatalie'sfriendshadlosttheirhomesandwerelivingfaraway.Allaroundher,peopleweresuf-

fering,especiallytheelderly.Natalie'sschoolwassodamagedthatshehadtotemporarilyattenda

schoolinBrooklyn.Inthefollowingfewdays,themenandwomenhelpingRockawayrecoverinspiredNatalie.Volun-

teerscamewithcarloadsofdonatedclothingandtoys.Neighborsdevotedtheirsparetimetohelp-

ingothersrebuild.Teenagersclimbeddozensofflightsofstairstodeliverwaterandfoodtoelder-

lypeopletrappedinpowerlesshigh-risebuildings.“MymomtellsmethatIcan'tcontrolwhathappenstome,”Nataliesays,“butIcanalways

choosehowIdealwithit.”Natalie'schoicewastohelp.Shecreatedawebsitepage,matchingsurvivorsinneedwithdonorswhowantedtohelp.Natalie

postedinformationaboutaboynamedPatrick,wholosthisbaseballcardcollectionwhenhis

houseburneddown.Withindays,Patrick'scollectionwasreplaced.Inthecomingmonths,herwebsitepagehelpedlotsofkids:Christopher,whoreceivedanewbas-ketball;Charlie,whogotanewkeyboard.Nataliealsoworkedwithotherorganizationstobringmuch-neededsuppliestoRockaway.Hereffortsmadeherafamousperson.LastApril,shewasin-

vitedtotheWhiteHouseandhonoredasaHurricaneSandyChampionofChange.Today,thescars(创痕)ofdestructionarestillseeninRockaway,buthopeisintheair.Thestreets

areclear,andmanyhomeshavebeenrebuilt.“Ican'timaginelivinganywherebutRockaway,”

Nataliedeclares.“Myneighborhoodwillbeback,evenstrongerthanbefore.”1.WhenNataliereturnedtoRockawayafterthehurricane,shefound

.A.somefriendshadlosttheirlivesB.herneighborhoodwasdestroyedC.herschoolhadmovedtoBrooklynD.theelderlywerefreefromsuffering2.AccordingtoParagraph4,whoinspiredNataliemost?A.ThepeoplehelpingRockawayrebuild.B.Thepeopletrappedinhigh-risebuildings.C.Thevolunteersdonatingmoneytosurvivors.D.Localteenagersbringingclothingtoelderlypeople.3.HowdidNataliehelpthesurvivors?A.Shegavehertoystootherkids.B.Shetookcareofyoungerchildren.C.ShecalledontheWhiteHousetohelp.D.Shebuiltaninformationsharingplatform.4.Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus?A.Littlepeoplecanmakeabigdifference.B.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.C.Eastorwest,homeisbest.D.Technologyispower.答案

[语篇解读]本文为记叙文。飓风桑迪袭击了纳塔莉的家乡洛克威,损失很大,一些人的援助

行为鼓舞了纳塔莉,她创办了一个网站来帮助家乡的人们。1.B细节理解题。根据第三段开头“...theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruins.”可知B项正

确。2.A细节理解题。根据第四段开头第一句可知帮助洛克威进行重建的人们鼓舞了她,包括带

来捐赠品的志愿者、帮助他人的邻居以及帮助老人的青少年们,故A项正确。3.D推理判断题。根据倒数第三段可知纳塔莉创办了一个网站,发布需要帮助的幸存者的信

息,从而可以让捐赠者们找到捐赠的对象,由此可知她建立了一个信息分享平台,故D项正确。4.A主旨要义题。从整篇文章可以得知,纳塔莉虽然年纪不大,但是她在飓风后家乡的重建

过程中,创办了一个信息分享平台,为他人提供了巨大的帮助,故A项正确。高考热词

1.escapev.逃离2.temporarilyadv.暂时地3.devotev.倾注4.deliverv.递送5.trapv.困住6.survivorn.幸存者7.supplyn.日用(必需品)8.destructionn.破坏高级语块1.inruins破败不堪2.dozensof很多3.burndown烧毁长难句NataliepostedinformationaboutaboynamedPatrick,wholosthisbaseballcardcollec-

tionwhenhishouseburneddown.纳塔莉发布了关于一个叫帕特里克的男孩的信息,当他家的

房子被烧毁时,他失去了自己的棒球卡收藏品。句中who引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Patrick,when引导时间状语从句。Group2Passage1(2015北京,D)

词数:368Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,

socialchangesthatarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinatti-

tudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattending

college.Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“some-

what”overly-protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesurveys

alsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.This

isusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday'sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren'slivespast

thepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatparentsarefailingtolet

gooftheir“adult”children.Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents'involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwanted

tobeintouchwiththeircollege-agechildrenfrequently,wouldthishavebeenpossible?Probably

not.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgeto

dosowasn'tpresentagenerationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today'sgrandpar-

ents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeena

barrier.Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetween

parentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheir

parentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenonis

neithergoodnorbad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmany

implicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohave

leftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyand

notsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.1.Thesurveysinformusof

.A.thedevelopmentoftechnologyB.thechangesofadultchildren'sbehaviorC.theparents'over-protectionoftheircollegechildrenD.themeansandexpensesofstudents'communication2.Thewriterbelievesthat

.A.parentstodayaremoreprotectivethanthoseinthepastB.thedisadvantagesofnewtechnologyoutweighitsadvantagesC.technologyexplainsgreaterparentalinvolvementwiththeirchildrenD.parents'changedattitudesleadtocollegechildren'sdelayedindependence3.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TechnologyorAttitudeB.DependenceorIndependenceC.FamilyInfluencesorSocialChangesD.CollegeManagementorCommunicationAdvancement4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?

I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion答案

[语篇解读]本文为议论文,题材为社会生活。文章介绍了无处不在的科技变革影响了生活

的方方面面。然而科技带来的社会变化常常被误认为是人们的态度发生了改变。1.C细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知调查表明现在的父母在子女搬进大学宿舍之后会

继续对子女进行过度保护。2.C推理判断题。根据最后一段可知C项正确。3.A主旨要义题。根据文章第一段第二句和最后一段最后一句可知选A。4.B逻辑结构题。第一段简要介绍,提出论点。第二、三段提出两个分论点,第四段提出次

要点,第五段介绍了另外一个次要点,最后一段总结全文。高考热词

1.mistakev.误解2.involvementn.参加3.attendv.经常去,定期去(学校、食堂等)4.suggest

v.表明5.indicatev.表明;显示6.interpretv.把……理解(解释)为7.requestn.要求高级语块1.bringabout引起,导致2.letgoof释放,放开3.bearinmind牢记长难句Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnot

someimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.但是记住这一点是有用

的:这些变化都来自科技而不是一些父母想象中的想要把孩子护在羽翼下的欲望。句中it是形式主语,真正的主语是tobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnology

andnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings,bearinmind后

的that引导宾语从句。Passage2(2014北京,C)

词数:388ChoosingtheRightResolution(决定)MillionsofAmericansbegan2014withthesameresolutiontheystarted2013with,agoaloflosing

weight.However,settingweightlossasagoalisamistake.Toreachourgoaloflosingweight—theoutput,weneedtocontrolwhatweeat—theinput(输入).

Thatis,wetendtocareabouttheoutputbutnottocontroltheinput.Thisisabadwaytoconstruct

goals.Thealternativeistofocusyourresolutionontheinput.Insteadofresolvingtoloseweight,try

anactionableresolution:“I'llstophavingdessertforlunch,”or“I'llwalkeverydayfor20minutes.”Creatingagoalthatfocusesonawell-specifiedinputwilllikelybemoreeffectivethan

concentratingontheoutcome.Recentlyanewsciencebehindincentives(激励),includingineducation,hasbeendiscussed.Forex-

ample,researcherRolandFryerwantedtoseewhatworksbestinmotivatingchildrentodobetterinschool.Insomecases,hegavestudentsincentivesbasedoninput,likereadingcertainbooks,while

inothers,theincentiveswerebasedonoutput,likeresultsonexams.Hismainfindingwasthatin-

centivesincreasedachievementwhenbasedoninputbuthadnoeffectwhenbasedonoutput.Fryer

'sconclusionwasthattheincentivesforinputsmightbemoreeffectivebecausestudentsdonot

knowhowtodobetteronanexam,asidefromgeneralruleslike“studyharder”.Readingcertain

books,ontheotherhand,isawell-settaskoverwhichtheyhavemuchmorecontrol.Aslongasyouhavedirectcontroloveryourgoal,youhaveamuchhigherchanceofsuccess.Andit

'seasiertostartagainifyoufail,becauseyouknowexactlywhatyouneedtodo.Ifyouwanttocutdownonyourspending,agoodgoalwouldbemakingmorningcoffeeathome

insteadofgoingtoacafé,forexample.Thisisawell-specifiedaction-basedgoalforwhichyoucanmeasureyoursuccesseasily.Spendinglessmoneyisn'tagoalbecauseit'stoogeneral.Similarly,ifyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourfamily,don'tstopwiththisgeneralwish.Thinkaboutan

actionablehabitthatyoucouldadoptandstickto,likeafamilymovienighteveryWednesday.Inthelongrun,thesenewgoalscouldbecomeahabit.1.Thewriterthinksthatsettingweightlossasagoalisamistakebecause

.A.itishardtoachieveformostAmericansB.itisfocusedtoomuchontheresultC.itisdependentontoomanythingsD.itisbasedonactionabledecisions2.InRolandFryer'sresearch,somestudentsdidbetterthantheothersbecause

.A.theyobeyedallthegeneralrulesB.theypaidmoreattentiontoexamsC.theyweremotivatedbytheirclassmatesD.theywererewardedforreadingsomebooks3.Accordingtothewriter,whichofthefollowingstatementsisagoodgoal?A.“I'llgiveupdessert.”B.“I'llstudyharder.”C.“I'llcutdownmyexpenses.”D.“I'llspendmoretimewithmyfamily.”4.Thewriterstronglybelievesthatweshould

.A.developgoodhabitsandfocusontheoutcomeB.beoptimisticaboutfinalgoalsandsticktothemC.pickspecificactionsthatcanbeturnedintogoodhabitsD.setambitiousgoalsthatcanbalancetheinputandoutput答案

[语篇解读]本文为议论文。作者认为“减肥”不是一个很有效的目标,并具体解释了设立

什么样的目标更加有效。1.B细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“Toreachourgoaloflosingweight—theoutput,we

needtocontrolwhatweeat—theinput(输入).Thatis,wetendtocareabouttheoutputbutnotto

controltheinput.”可知将减肥设定为目标过于注重输出,输出output相当于结果result,故选择B

项。2.D细节理解题。通读第三段的相关内容特别是最后一句可知本题应选择D项。3.A推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句“Creatingagoalthatfocusesonawell-specified

inputwilllikelybemoreeffectivethanconcentratingontheoutcome.”可知设立目标应具体化,

不能过于关注结果。四个选项中A项“我要放弃甜食”很具体,是一个很好的目标;B项“我

要更努力地学习”,C项“我要削减开支”和D项“我要花更多的时间陪家人”都很笼统,不

容易实施,故选择A项。4.C主旨要义题。作者在文章的倒数第二段举例说明了设立目标应挑选具体的行动,最后一段又再次强调“Inthelongrun,thesenewgoalscouldbecomeahabit.”从长远来看,这些新的目

标(具体的行动)能成为一种习惯。因此本题选择C项。高考热词

1.constructv.创立2.alternativen.可供选择的事物3.resolutionn.解决4.measurev.估量5.adoptv.采用高级语块1.resolveto决心2.concentrateon专心于3.stickto坚持长难句Creatingagoalthatfocusesonawell-specifiedinputwilllikelybemoreeffectivethan

concentratingontheoutcome.建立一个关注具体细节的输入的目标似乎比关注结果要更有

效。句中Creatingagoalthatfocusesonawell-specifiedinput是主语,主语中that引导了一个修饰goal

的定语从句。Gracelosthertailasababywhenshegotcaughtupinafishtrap.Whenthedolphinarrivedatthe

OceanParkinDecember2005,shewasfightingforherlife.“Isshegoingtomakeit?”Hertrain-

er,AbbeyStone,fearedtheworst.Gracedidmakeit—buthertaildidn't.Sheendeduplosingher

flukesandthelowerpartofherpeduncle.Overthepastsixyears,shehaslearnedtoswimwithouthertail.DolphinsswimbymovingtheirPassage3(2013北京,B)

词数:315TailSpinTwodolphinsracearoundinabigpoolintheOceanPark.Thesmallerdolphin,Grace,showsoffa

fewofhertricks,turningaroundandwavinghellotothecrowd.Themostamazingthingabouther,

however,isthatshe'sevenswimmingatall.Shedoesn'thaveatail.flukesandpeduncleupanddown.Gracetaughtherselftomoveanotherway—likeafish!Shepush-

esherselfforwardthroughthewaterbymovingherpedunclefromsidetoside.ThemovementsputharmfulpressureonGrace'sbackbone.Soacompanyofferedtocreateaman-

madetailforher.ThetailhadtobestrongenoughtostayonGraceassheswambutsoftenough

thatitwouldn'thurther.ThefirsttimeGraceworetheartificialtail,shesoonshookitoffandletitsinktothebottomofthe

pool.Now,sheisstilllearningtousethetail.Somedaysshewearsitforanhouratatime,othersnot

atall.“Thenewtailisn'tnecessaryforhertofeelcomfortable,”saysStone,“butithelpstokeep

thatrangeofmotion(动作)andbuildmuscles(肌肉).”Now,thedolphinisabouttogetanevenhappierending.Thismonth,GracewillstarinDolphin

Tale,afilmthatfocusesonherrescueandrecovery.Herprogresshasinspiredmorethanjustanew

movie.Manypeopletravelfromnearandfartomeether.SeeingGraceswimwithherman-made

tailgivespeoplesomuchcourage.1.WhenGracefirstarrivedattheOceanPark,hertrainerworriedabouther

.A.physicalbuildB.potentialabilityC.chanceofsurvivalD.adaptationtothesurroundings2.Aman-madetailiscreatedforGraceto

.A.letherrecoverfasterB.makehercomfortableC.adjustherwayofswimmingD.helpherperformbettertricks3.ThestoryofGraceinspirespeopleto

.A.sticktotheirdreamsB.treatanimalsfriendlyC.treasurewhattheyhaveD.facedifficultiesbravely答案

[语篇解读]本文为记叙文,讲述了一只名叫格雷斯的海豚勇敢面对困难的故事。1.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“WhenthedolphinarrivedattheOceanParkinDecem-

ber2005,shewasfightingforherlife.‘Isshegoing