建筑英语第九讲

建筑英语ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS精选pptUNITSIX

Chinese

ArchitectureThearchitectureofChinaisasoldasChinesecivilization.Fromeverysourceofinformation—literary,graphic,exemplary—thereisstrongevidencetestifyingtothefactthattheChinesehavealwaysenjoyedanindigenoussystemofconstructionthathasretaineditsprincipalcharacteristicsfromprehistorictimestothepresentday.OverthevastareafromChineseTurkistantoJapan,fromManchuriatothenorthernhalfofFrenchIndochina,thesamesystemofconstructionisprevalent;andthiswastheareaofChineseculturalinfluence.Thatthissystemofconstructioncouldperpetuateitselfformorethanfourthousandyearsoversuchavastterritoryandstillremainalivingarchitecture,retainingitsprincipalcharacteristicsinspiteofrepeatedforeigninvasions—military,intellectual,andspiritual—isaphenomenoncomparableonlytothecontinuityofthecivilizationofwhichitisanintegralpart.—Liang,Ssu-ch'eng,

1984精选pptOnChineseArchitecture关于中国建筑精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph1

Chinesearchitecturereferstoastyleofarchitecture

thathastakenshapeinAsiaoverthecenturies.ThestructuralprinciplesofChinesearchitecturehaveremainedlargelyunchanged,themainchangesbeingonlythedecorativedetails.SincetheTangDynasty,ChinesearchitecturehashadamajorinfluenceonthearchitecturalstylesofKorea,JapanandVietnam.中式建筑是指一种在过去几个世纪于亚洲成型的建筑风格。中式建筑的结构原理也大致保持不变，主要变化仅在装饰细节方面。自唐代以来，中式建筑已经对韩国，日本和越南等国的建筑风格产生重大影响。精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph2

Chinesearchitectureenjoysalonghistoryandgreatachievements,andhascreatedmanyarchitecturalmiraclessuchastheGreatWallandtheForbiddenCity.Intheprocessofitsdevelopment,superiorarchitecturaltechniquesandartisticdesignwerecombinedtomakeChinesearchitectureauniquearchitecturalsystem.中国建筑有着悠久的历史和伟大成就，创造了许多建筑奇迹，如长城和故宫。在其发展过程中，卓越的建筑技术和艺术设计相结合，使中国建筑形成独特的建筑体系。superior:adj.上层的；上好的精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph3

BasicIdeaChinesearchitectureisbasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry.Officebuildings,residences,temples,andpalacesallfollowtheprinciplethatthemainstructureistheaxis.Thesecondarystructurearepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemaincourtandyard.ThedistributionofinteriorspacereflectsChinesesocialandethnicalvalues.Forexample,atraditionalresidentialbuildingassignsfamilymembersbasedonthefamily’s

hierarchy.基本理念中式建筑是基于平衡和对称的原则。行政建筑，民居，寺庙和宫殿都遵循主结构为轴线的原则。二级结构被定位为由两侧建筑围合形成的主要庭院。室内空间的分布反映了中国社会和民族的价值观。例如，传统居住建筑对家庭成员的空间分配是基于家族的等级的。hierarchy:n.等级制度精选ppt精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph5-1

ColorTimberframeworkdecidesthatcoloristhemainornamentusedonancientChinesearchitecture.Inthebeginning,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis

whilelaterpaintingbecameanarchitecturalornament.Inthefeudalsociety,theuseofcolorwasrestrictedaccordingtostrictsocialstatusclassification.色彩木框架结构决定了颜色是中国古代建筑中使用的主要装饰品。最初，油漆被用于木材防腐，而后来，绘画成为建筑装饰。在封建社会中，色彩的使用按照严格的社会地位等级受到限制。antisepsis:n.防腐法精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph5-2

Sinceyellowwasdeemed

thenoblestcolorandgreenandredthesecond,theywereoftenappliedonpalacepainting.Usually,dragonorphoenixwaspaintedongreenbackgroundwithmassgoldpowderorgoldfoil.Thepaintingwillgivethestructureamagnificentnobleimageunderthebackgroundofwhitegranitebasement.Itisuniquethatsuchsharpcolorcanachieveartisticeffects.由于黄色被视为最高贵的颜色，绿色和红色第二，他们常常应用于宫廷绘画。通常情况下，用大量金粉或金箔绘出的龙或凤被漆在绿色背景上。在白色花岗岩基座的映衬下，这些彩绘将为结构打造出宏伟高贵的形象。通过这样鲜明对比的颜色以实现独特的艺术效果。Deem:v.认为；视作Granite：n.花岗岩精选ppt精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph6-1

RoofAlthoughthetypicalChineseroofwasprobablydevelopedintheShangDynasty(1523-1027BC)ortheZhouDynasty(1027-256BC),itsfeatureswereunknowntousuntiltheHanDynasty.ThenitappearedintheformthatwerecognizetodayasahallmarkofChinesearchitecture—agraceful,overhangingroof,sometimesinseveraltiers,withupturnedeaves.屋顶虽然典型的中国屋顶可能是在商朝（公元前1523年至1027年），或周朝（公元前1027-256）发展的，然而直到汉朝我们才知晓其具体特征。此后，它出现的形式就是我们今天所熟知的的中国建筑的标志性特征——优美、悬屋顶、有时多层，还有飞檐。hallmark：n.标志；特征tier：n.排；行；层；等级精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph6-2

Theroofrestsonaseriesoffour-partbrackets(knownastoukong),whichinturnaresupportedbyotherclustersofbracketssetoncolumns.Thetremendousweightcouldeventuallybebroughtdownviathebracketssystemtothecolumns.Decorativepossibilitiesweresoonrealizedinthecolorfulglazedtilingofroofsandthecarvingandpaintingofbrackets,whichbecamemoreandmoreelaborate.屋顶搁在一系列由四部分组成的支架（称为斗拱），而后者又是通过固定在柱子上的其他簇支架来支撑。巨大的重量最终可以经由支架系统下传到柱子。人们很快就意识到这样的结构为装饰创造了可能性，于是出现了由色彩丰富的琉璃砖铺设的屋顶和精雕刻细绘的支架，而这些也变得越来越精细。Rest：v.

(使)倚靠；

基于；搁置Cluster：n.群；簇Tiling：n.盖瓦；铺瓷砖

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RoofisofgreatimportanceinChinesearchitecture.Itnotonlyprotectsresidentsfromtheelements,butalsohasadeepermeaning.Iteither

displaysthehonoroftheownerofthehousewithitsout-reachingupturnedeaves,orforexample,inaBuddhisttemple,helpswardoffevilspirits.Thearc

atwhichtheroofturnscomesfromtheintricatefitofrafters.Almosteverywealthyhomehadelaborateroofontheirhouse.屋顶在中国建筑中具有重要意义。它不仅可以保护居民免受恶劣天气的影响，而且还具有更深层次的意义。它或以其外展的飞檐展示了房屋主人的荣耀，或如在一个佛教寺庙以辟邪。屋角形成的弧线来自于椽的复杂配合。几乎每一个富有的家庭都有精心制作的自家屋顶。elements：n.恶劣天气ward：vt.守护；躲开fit：n.配合，匹配

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Oneperfectexampleofsplendidroofwouldbefoundinsidethewonderfulpalaces,theForbiddenCityandtheMingTombs.Theyallhaverooftileswhicharebrilliantyellow,greenandred.Theridgesofeachroofcarryfigurinesofmythicalcreatures.Thecurveofeachroofcanbenomorethanasweepandthemostintricatedesignsontheroofarealmostalwayspointingsoutheast.在壮丽的宫殿里，如故宫和明十三陵，很容易发现华丽屋顶的完美例子。他们都有亮黄色、绿色和红色的屋瓦。每个屋脊上都矗立着神话动物的雕像。每个屋顶的曲线可以仅仅是一段延伸的翘角，而屋顶上最复杂的设计几乎总是指向东南方。figurine：n.小塑像

sweep：n.延伸的（常指弯的）路﹑河﹑岸等精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph8-1

GroundPlanofBuildingComplexDuringtheHanDynastyacharacteristicgroundplanwasdeveloped;itremainedrelativelyconstantthroughthecenturies,appliedtopalacesandtemplebuildingsinbothChinaandJapan.Surroundedbyanexteriorwall,thebuildingcomplexwasarrangedalongacentralaxisandwasapproachedbyanentrancegateandthenaspiritgate.Behindtheminsequencecameapublichallandfinallytheprivatequarters.建筑群的平面图汉代时期发明了一个典型的建筑群平面图;经历了几个世纪，它仍然没有相对的大变化，适用于中国和日本的各种宫殿和寺庙建筑。由外墙环绕的建筑群沿中轴线排列，先经城门后神门而入。在其后依次是议政宫，最后是私人住所。Quarter：n.住处;（尤指）营房精选ppt精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph8-2

Eachresidentialunitwasbuiltaroundacentralcourtwithagarden.Basedonimperialzoosandparks,theprivateresidentialgardensoonbecameadistinctivefeatureofthewalledcomplexandanartforminitself.Thegardenwaslaidoutinadefinitescheme,witharestareaandpavilions,ponds,andsemi-plannedvegetation.每个住宅单元都是围绕一个带花园的中庭来建造。以皇家动物园和花园为基础，私人住宅的花园很快有了自己的特色——被围墙圈起的建筑群，并且其本身也成为一种艺术形式。花园的布局依据一个明确的方案，常有休息区、凉亭、池塘和半规划的植被。figurine：n.小塑像

sweep：n.延伸的（常指弯的）路﹑河﹑岸等精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph9

FengshuiFengshuiisaspecialChinesetraditioninarchitecture,andusuallylinksthewholeprocessfromsiteselection,designing,constructionandinteriorandexteriordecoratinginancienttimes.Feng

standsforwindorairandshuimeanswater.Fengshui

combinesthetrinityoftheHeaven,theEarthandhumans,andseeksharmonybetweenselectedsite,orienting,naturaldoctrineandhumanfate.Itrepulseshumandestructionofnatureandstressescohabitationwiththeenvironment,whichisregardedasperfectandoccult.风水风水是中国建筑特有的传统，在古代常贯穿选址、设计、建造到室内外装饰的整个过程。风代表风或空气，水则是指水。风水结合了天，地和人，形成三位一体，并寻求选址、定向、自然学说和人类命运的和谐。它拒绝了人类对自然的破坏，强调了与环境共同生存，这被看作是完美和神秘的。cohabitation：n.同居，共生doctrine：n.学说；主义occult：adj.不可思议的精选ppt精选pptMajorformsofChineseArchitecture中国建筑的主要形式精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph1

Chinesearchitectureisuniqueintheworldofarchitecturalstyles.Intermsoftheformorformationandfunctions,itcanbeclassifiedintosixmajortypes.中国建筑在世界建筑中具有独一无二的风格。就形式或形成和功能而言，它可以分为六种主要的类型。精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph2

Gong(Palace)AfterthefoundingoftheQinDynasty,gongcametomeanagroupofbuildingsinwhichtheemperorslivedandworked.Ataboutthesametime,Chinesepalacesgreweverlargerinscale.TheEfanggongoftheFirstEmperorofQinmeasured2.5kmfromeasttowestand1,000pacesfromnorthtosouth.TheWeiyanggongoftheWesternHanDynastyhad,withinaperipheryof11kilometers,asmanyas43hallsandterraces.宫秦朝建立后，宫常指供帝王生活和工作的一组建筑。大约在同一时间，中国的宫殿规模越来越大。在秦始皇的阿房宫从东到西长2.5公里，从北至南有一千步长。西汉的未央宫周长11公里，有多达43个宫殿和露台。Periphery：n.周边；边缘；外围paces：n.速度；步伐；(一)步精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph2-2

TheForbiddenCityofBeijing,whichstillstandsintactandwhichservedastheimperialpalaceforbothMingandQingemperorscoversanareaof720,000squaremetersandembracesmanyhalls,towers,pavilionsandstudies.Itisoneofthegreatestpalacesintheworld.Inshort,thepalacegrewintoaveritablecityandisoftencalledgongcheng(palacecity).Apartfromthepalace,othergrandbuildingswithsimilarscaleandsizearealsocalledgongeitherforsecularorreligioususe.北京的故宫仍然屹立不变，作为曾经为明、清皇帝服务的皇家宫殿其占地面积72万平方米，包括许多厅堂、塔、亭阁和书房。它是世界上最大的宫殿之一。总之，宫演变成了一个名副其实的城市，通常被称为宫城。除了皇宫，其他具有类似规模和大小的宏大建筑群也被称为宫，无论是作世俗用还是宗教用。Intact:

adj.完好无缺的；原封不动的veritable:adj.真实的secular:adj.世俗的精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph3-1

Ting(Pavilion)Acommonsightinthecountry,aChinesepavilion(ting)isbuiltnormallyeitherofwoodorstoneorbambooandmaybeinanyoftheshapes—square,triangle,hexagon,octagon,afive-petalflower,afanandothers.Butallpavilionshavecolumnsforsupportandnowalls.Inparksorscenicareas,pavilionsarebuilttocommandapanoramicvieworbuiltbythewaterfronttocreateintriguingimages.亭子在国内常见的景象是一个中式亭通常不是用木头就是用石头或竹子建的，而且可以是任何形状——方形、三角形、六角形、八角形、五瓣花形、扇形及其他。但所有亭子都以柱子来支撑而无墙壁。在公园或风景名胜区，亭子常为了能观赏全景而建造，或者建在水边以创造引人入胜的景象。Panoramic：adj.全景的intriguing：adj.吸引人的；有趣的

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Pavilionsservediversepurposes.Thewaysidepavilioniscalledliangting(coolingkiosk)toprovidewearywayfarerswithaplaceforrest.The“stelepavilion”givesarooftoastonetablettoprotecttheengravedrecordofanimportantevent.Pavilionsalsostandbybridgesoroverwater-wells.Inthelattercase,dormerwindowsarebuilttoallowthesunto

castitsraysintothewellasithasbeenthebeliefthatwateruntouchedbythesunwouldcausedisease.亭子有多种服务目的。路旁的亭子被称为凉亭（冷却亭），为疲惫的旅人提供休息的地方。“碑亭”是将石碑覆盖一覆顶，以保护重要事件的雕刻记录。亭子也会出现在桥边或水井上。在后者情况下，亭子顶部要建一天窗，以便阳光投射进入井中，因为那时的人们相信不见阳光的水会引起疾病。Kiosk:

n.亭；凉亭；报摊wayfarer:n.旅人；徒步旅行者stele:n.石碑精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph4

Tai(BuildingwithTerrace)Thetaiwasanancientarchitecturalstructure,averymuchelevatedterracewithaflattop.Generallybuiltofearth,stoneandsurfacewithbrick,theyareusedasabelvedere

onwhichtolookintothedistance.Infact,however,manywell-knownancienttaiarenotjustabareplatformbuthassomepalatialhallsbuiltontop.台（带露台的楼）台是一种古老的建筑结构，一个非常高的平顶露台。一般用泥土和石头建造，表面用砖砌，它们常用作远眺的观景楼。然而，事实上，许多知名的古台不只是一个光秃秃的平台，而是在其上建了一些富丽堂皇的厅堂。belvedere：n.观景楼palatial：adj.宫殿般的；宏伟的精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph5

Taicouldbebuilttoservedifferentpracticalpurposes.Forexample,itcouldbeusedasanobservatoryasistheonenearJianguomeninBeijingwhichdatesbacktotheMingandQingdynasties.ItcouldalsobeusedformilitarypurposeslikethebeacontowersalongtheGreatWall,totransmiturgentinformationwithsmokebydayandfirebynight.AlsoontheGreatWall,thereisasquaretaiatintervalsofevery300to400metersfromwhichthegarrisontroopskeptwatch.OnthetrackoftheancientSilkRoad,ruinsoftheoldfortificationsintheformofearthenterracescanstillbeseen.台可以有不同的实际用途。例如，它可以作为一个天文台，就像北京建国门附近的那个，其可以追溯到明清时期。它也可以用于军事用途，如长城沿线的烽火台，白天用烟夜晚用火来传送紧急信息。另外在长城，每隔300米至400米就有一个由驻军守卫的方台。沿着古代丝绸之路的轨迹走，仍然可以看到现在已成为土梯田的古防御工事的遗迹。garrison：n.守备队；驻地；要塞troop:

n.群；组；军队；大量精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph6

Lou(StoreyedHouse)Chinesecharacterloureferstoanybuildingoftwoormorestoreyswithahorizontalmainridge.TheerectionofsuchbuildingsbeganalongtimeagointheWarringStatesPeriod,whenchonglou(multi-storeyhouse)wasmentionedinhistoricalrecords.楼（多层的建筑）中国汉字中的楼指的是任何有两层或以上的有着水平主脊的建筑物。这些建筑物在很久以前的战国时代就已出现，当时的历史记载里已提到重楼（多层建筑）。Erection：n.直立；建造；建筑物精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph7

Ancienthouseswithmorethanonestoreyweremeantforavarietyofuses.Thesmallertwo-storeyhouseofprivatehomegenerallyhastheowner’sstudyorbedroomupstairs.Themoremagnificentonesbuiltinparksoratscenicspotswerebelvederesfromwhichtoenjoythedistantscenery.Inthiscase,itissometimestranslatedasa“tower”.高于一层的古代建筑常有多种用途。私人住宅的两层小楼一般将主人的书房或卧室设在上层。更宏伟的是那些建在公园或风景名胜的观景楼，可以在其上享受远处的风景。在这种情况下，楼有时也被翻译为“塔”。精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph8

Ancientcitieshasbellanddrumtowers(zhonglouandgulou),usuallypalatialbuildingswithfour-sloped,double-caved,glazedroofs,all-around

verandasandcoloredandcarvedbracketsupportingtheoverhangingeaves.Eachtowerhousedabigbellordrumwhichwasusedtoannouncethetime.古城一般有钟鼓楼（钟楼和鼓楼），通常为四面坡、双面洞、釉面屋顶、环绕阳台以及支撑着悬檐的彩刻支架的富丽堂皇的建筑。每座塔都有一个大钟或大鼓以公布时间。Caved：n.洞穴；山洞verandas：n.阳台；游廊精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph9

Ge(StoreyedPavilion)TheChinesecharactergeissimilartolou

inthatbothareoftwoormorestoreybuildings.Butlouhasadoorandwindowsonlyonthefrontsidewiththeotherthreesidesbeingsolidwalls.Geisusedusuallyenclosedbywoodenbalustradeordecoratedwithboardsallaround.阁（亭楼阁）汉字中的阁类似于楼，两者都是两层或多层建筑。但楼只在前面有门和窗而其他三面均是实心墙。阁则通常由木质栏杆围合或四周由板装饰着。精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph10-1

Suchbuildingswereusedinancienttimesforthestorageofimportantarticlesanddocuments.Wenyuangeforinstance,intheForbiddenCityofBeijing,wasineffecttheimperiallibrary.KuiwengeintheConfuciusTempleofQufu,ShandongProvincewasdevotedtothesafekeepingofthebooksandworksofpaintingandcalligraphybestowedbythecourtsofvariousdynasties.这样的建筑，在古代的重要文章和文件的存储。例如在紫禁城的文渊阁，其实是皇家图书馆。山东曲阜孔庙里的魁文阁，专门保存各朝代宫廷赠送的绘画和书法作品。Bestow：v.授予；给予精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph10-2

VisitorstothecityofNingbo,ZhejiangProvince,canstillseeTianyige,whichhousesthegreatestprivatecollectionofbookshandeddownfromthepast.MonasteriesofalargesizenormallyhavetheirownlibrariesbuiltinthestyleofageandcalledCangjinggetokeeptheircollectionsofBuddhistscriptures.Someofthege,notablythoseerectedinparks,likeotherpavilionsortowers,wereusedforenjoyingthesights.游客到浙江宁波仍然可以看到天一阁，里面存放着从过去流传下来的书籍，堪称私人收藏之最。大规模的寺院通常都有自己的藏经阁以保存收藏的佛经。有些阁，尤其是那些竖立在公园，像其他亭或塔的，常用于欣赏风景。Monastery：n.修道院；寺院精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph11

Ta(Pagoda)DerivedfromIndianstupa,taorpagodaishighrisingstructurewhichhousesBuddha’srelics.ItisacombinationofBuddhistphilosophyandChinesetradition.IntheTangDynastypagodaswereusuallysimple,squarestructures;theylaterbecamemoreelaborateinshapeandadornment.塔源于印度佛塔，塔或宝塔是内存佛陀遗物的高耸建筑。它是佛教哲学与中国传统相结合的产物。唐代佛塔通常是简单的方形结构，后来其造型和装饰变得更复杂。Derivedfrom:来源于精选ppt课文翻译Paragraph12

Inthe11thcenturyadistinctivetypeofpagodawascreatedintheLiaoterritory.Builtinthreedifferentstages,withabase,ashaft,andacrown,thestructurewassurmountedbyaspire.Itsplanwasoftenoctagonal,possiblyasaresultoftheinfluenceofTantricBuddhisminwhichthecosmologicalschemewasarrangedintoeightcompasspointsratherthanfour.1