法律英语法律出版社 各课课件第七课

lessonsevencriminallaw1/13/20231法律英语itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.

alfredstennyson,britishwriter

与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。

英国作家丁尼生a

1/13/20232background1/13/20233刑法的三个主要问题crime—felony;misdemeanorpunishment–guidelinesforsentencing(量刑指南)criminalliabilitycapitalpunishmentdeathpenalty1/13/202341/13/202351/13/20236insanitydefense

精神不正常辩护johnhinckleyronaldreagan1/13/20237textthecrimeofhomicidenotallhomicidesarecriminal.justifiablehomicide

——正当杀人excusablehomicide

——可宽恕的杀人1/13/20238justifiablehomicideself-defense正当防卫policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony警察预防暴力性重罪topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危险的重罪犯逃跑1/13/20239excusablehomicideapersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.没有严重过失1/13/202310criminalhomicide——有罪杀人akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人

谋杀非恶意杀人

非预谋杀人1/13/202311theelementsofthecrimesofmurdercourtsdecisionslegislaturesseparatestatutecriminalcodecommonlawby1/13/202312summaryquestions1.whatishomicide?areallhomicidescriminal?inwhatsituationarehomicidescriminal?2.bywhichmeanswastheelementsofcrimesstipulatedintheearlydaysofthecountry?1/13/2023131.murderkillingahumanbeingwith“malice”恶意、预谋杀人californiapenalcodesection187-199：murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.1/13/202314maliceexpressmalice——明示恶意impliedmalice——暗示恶意adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature

故意剥夺他人生命noconsiderableprovocation

没有出现相当程度的挑衅

anabandonedandmalignantheart

冷酷邪恶的心1/13/202315expressmalicevs.

impliedmalice

firearifleatamovingpassengertrainpushanotheroffthesideofamountain1/13/202316penaltyformurderdeathpenalty死刑prisontermsextendingto“life”终身监禁prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的监禁1/13/202317(a)felony–murder重罪中的谋杀1/13/202318killingduringthecourseofafelonysuchasrobbery.在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人gungoesoffaccidentallykillingtherobberyvictim,orabystander,orapoliceofficer.手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警察adangerouscrimeasrobberysatisfiestherequirementofmalice抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件1/13/202319co-felonsguiltyofmurder

重罪共犯谋杀inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。1/13/202320malicemalicemayalsobeattributedtoarobberwhosepartnerinthecrimeintentionallykillssomeoneduringthecommissionofthecrimeortheattemptedescape.在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，抢劫者的同伙故意杀死人，那么抢劫者也属于有恶意。1/13/202321每个参与者都有恶意thedangerousnessoftherobberyitselfactasanagentfortheothersinaccomplishingtheirobjective1/13/202322deathpenalty死刑在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。1/13/202323(b)degreesofmurder

恶意杀人罪的等级varyingpenaltiesformurderpunishablebydeathorlongimprisonmentfirstdegreemurderseconddegreemurderpunishablewithalesserpenalty1/13/202324firstdegreemurdera“willful,deliberateandpremeditated”killing,suchasapoisoningorakillingduringthecommissionofadangerousfelony有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。1/13/202325commonlawmurder

恶意杀人manslaughter

非恶意杀人1/13/202326summaryquestions1.whatisthedifferencebetweenmurderandmanslaughter?2.whatisfelony-murder?3.accordingtothecommonlaw,howmanydegreesofmurderwerethere?1/13/2023272.manslaughterunlawfulkillingofanotherwithoutmalice.

无恶意的非法杀人voluntaryinvoluntaryprisonterm:1-14years1/13/202328(a)voluntarymanslaughter

自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人anintentionalkillingupon“greatprovocation”andintheheatof“passion”巨大挑衅激情之下故意杀人1/13/202329voluntarymanslaughter1/13/2023301/13/202331aclassicexampleakillingofparamourorofthespouse,orbothmanslaughtertheprovocationwasgreatinthe“heatofpassion”1/13/202332betreatedlessharshlythanmurderfrailtiesofthehumannature人类的脆弱性instinctivereaction本能的反应bediscouragedbycriminalsanction通过刑事处分加以阻拦

1/13/202333insuchparamourkillingcasestheconvictionrateisquitelow.在杀死奸夫（妇）的案例中，定罪率很低concoctedexplanationofself-defense编造的有关自卫的解释acquittalbyreasonof“theunwrittenlaw”根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决1/13/202334inapplyingtestwhetheranintentionalkillingwasupongreatprovocationandintheheatofpassion,thequestionisputtothejury,ortothejudgeinnon-jurycases,astowhethertheaccusedreactedasa“reasonableman”.对故意杀人是否由于受到极大的刺激和处于激情之下的判断，是由陪审团作出的，在没有陪审团的案件中，由法官作出判断。由他们决定被告是否是一个“理性的人”。1/13/202335(b)involuntarymanslaughter

非自愿性非恶意杀人，过失杀人unintentionalkilling无意的杀人resultingfromgrossnegligence,重大过失orasaresultofdangerous

unlawfulconduct非法的危险行为1/13/202336vehicularmanslaughtermanslaughter1/13/202337negligenthomicide

过失杀人罪recklesshomicide

疏忽大意杀人罪forapplicationtokillingsbymotoristswhoweredrivinginarecklessorgrosslynegligentmanneranumberofstateshavecreatedcrimesas1/13/202338becauseofthedifficultyencounteredinconvictingmotoristsforthemorerevoltinglylabeledoffenseofmanslaughter之所以制定这种特殊的有关杀人法律，是因为难以将撞死人的有罪司机划归比较令人讨厌的杀人犯罪。thisspecialkindofhomicidelegislationwasenactedaminimumpenaltyof

oneyearinpenitentiary1/13/202339advisable(明智的)tocategorizesuchconductwithlessrevoltinglabelofrecklessornegligenthomicideandalsotopermittheimpositionoflesserpenaltiesthanoneprescribedformanslaughter.将这种行为划归不那么令人讨厌的疏忽大意杀人罪或过失杀人罪，对其施加比一般杀人罪更轻的处罚。1/13/202340thepermissiblerangeofpenaltiesinrecklesshomicideornegligenthomicidestatutesisgenerallyafineupto$1000,罚款1000美元orincarcerationotherthaninapenitentiaryforanyperioduptooneyear,禁闭，而不是监狱，时间最多1年orimprisonmentinapenitentiaryuptofiveyears.关押在监狱，刑期最长5年1/13/202341theflexibilityofpenaltiesintrafficdeathcaseshastheeffectofencouragingpleasofguiltyfromoffenders,anditresultsinconvictionsthatmightnotbesecuredifajudgeorjuryhadnochoiceotherthanapenitentiarysentenceoranacquittal.对交通事故致死案处罚的灵活性会鼓励罪犯认罪，并导致那些如果法官或陪审团除监禁判决或无罪释放外别无选择时，可能无法得出有罪判决。1/13/202342summaryquestions1.whatisvoluntarymanslaughter?2.whatisinvoluntarymanslaughter?3.whatisthepunishmentofmanslaughter?4.whyhaveanumberofstatescreatedarelatedcrimeof“recklesshomicide”or“negligenthomicide?1/13/2023433.federalhomicidelawnogeneralfederalhomicidelaw联邦没有涉及杀人的一般法律exceptionkillingwithinafederalterritory,

infederalbuildingsoruponfederalproperty,orkillingoffederalofficialsorofficers.1/13/202344银行抢劫犯杀死联邦调查局人员在邮局杀人1/13/2023454.modernmurder-manslaughterlegislationillinoiscriminalcode避免使用“恶意”和“冷酷而邪恶的心”这样的概念，而是使用了更精确、更好理解的术语。

1/13/202346murder:apersonwhokillsanotherindividualwithoutlawfulexcuse

commitsmurder(a)ifheintendedtokillhimordogreatbodilyharm故意杀死他人，或造成严重身体伤害；1/13/202347(b)if,withoutintendingtokill,itclearlyappearsthathemusthaveknownthathisconductprobablywouldcausedeath不是故意杀人，但显然他能够预见他的行为会导致死亡；1/13/202348(c)ifdeathresultedfromthecommissionofaveryseriouscrimelikerobbery,burglaryorrape.实施严重的犯罪而导致他人死亡，如抢劫、入室抢劫和强奸。1/13/2023495.capitalpunishmentmuchcontroversy

whethercapitalpunishmentservesitsintendedpurpose——adeterrenttomurder.死刑是否能实现其预期的目的——威慑杀人案件的发生ratheracademic1/13/202350therapiddeclineinexecutions1966年执行1例死刑

1967年执行2例死刑

1968年执行0例死刑判决的死刑有400多例executionsentenceofdeath死刑判决多，执行少1/13/202351anincreasingunwillingnesstoexecutemurdererswhohavebeensentencedtodeath越来越不愿意对被判死刑的人执行死刑alegalconceptregardingjuryselectionincapitalcasesthatwillmakejuryimpositionofthedeathpenaltymuchmoredifficulttoobtain在死刑案件中对陪审员的挑选，使得死刑判决越来越难以作出。1/13/202352thesupremecourtheld:即任陪审员不得仅仅因为其反对死刑的良心顾忌而被要求退出陪审团。prospectivejurorsconscientiousscruplesdeathpenalty1/13/202353thecourtsaidthattodoso,constitutesadeprivationofdueprocess,becausethedefendantwouldnotthenbeaccordedatrialbya“fairandimpartialjury”.这样做构成了对正当程序的剥夺，因为对被告的审判将不是由“公正、公平的陪审团”做出的。1/13/202354exclusionbecauseofsuchbeliefsaloneispermissibleonlywhentheprospectivejuroustatesthathewouldnotconsidersettingthemasideintheparticularcaseforwhichhewascalledforjuryservice.当即任陪审员陈述，他在担任陪审员的特定案件中不会考虑放弃反对死刑的良心顾忌时，是个唯一的例外，这时可以要求该即任陪审员退出陪审团。1/13/202355summaryquestions1.whatisafederalcrimeofmurder?2.whatismurderaccordingtothe1961illinoiscriminalcode?3.whatlegalconceptwasdevelopedbytheussupreme

courtin1960’s?1/13/202356专业词汇criminallawmodelpenalcodecrimepunishment