世纪商务英语综合教程

Unit9

InterculturalCommunicationhttp://世纪商务英语综合教程III返回Marketinghttp://

Thecoreofinterculturalcommunication(alsocalledcross-culturalcommunication)istoestablishandunderstandhowpeoplefromdifferentculturescommunicatewitheachother.Itschargeistoproducesomeguidelineswithwhichpeoplefromdifferentculturescanbettercommunicatewitheachother.Inotherwords,livingandworkingabroadwouldbereallyeasyifeveryonespokeandbehavedinthesameway.But,assoonasyouleaveyourownculture,itquicklybecomesclearthatthingsarenotthesame.Therearesmallorlargedifferencesbetweencultures.Andhowwellyouareabletodealwiththesedifferenceswillaffecthowgoodyourexperiencewillbe.ContentsRealLifePractice4PracticalWriting51TextA2Lead-in11TextB3http://Lead-inLead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritinghttp://Listening1Presentation2SpotDictation3Discussion4Lead-in1ListeningPart1Listentothemini-lectureandtrytofigureoutthestagesofcultureshock.

http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingStage1Stage2Stage3Stage4honeymoonstage_____________________horrorstage_____________________humorstage_____________________homestage_____________________TapeScriptLead-in1ListeningPart2Listentothemini-lectureagainandchoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting1.Inthefirststage,thevisitorsfeelthateverythingis______.A.newandinteresting B.strangeandannoying C.curiousbutnotverygood2.Inthesecondstage,thevisitors______.A.feelmorecuriousaboutthenewculture.B.oftenbegintodislikethenewculture.C.begintobeafraidofthenewculture1√2√TapeScriptLead-in1ListeningPart2Listentothemini-lectureagainandchoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting3.Inthethirdstage,thevisitorsoftenrealizethat______.A.thenewcultureishumorousB.theirearlymistakesarefunnyC.theyshouldreflectonthenewculture4.Inthefinalstage,thevisitorsbegintofeelthat______.A.theyarecomfortablewiththenewcultureB.theywanttogobacktotheirhomecountriesC.theystilldon’tliketoliveintheforeigncountry3√4√TapeScriptLead-inGenerallyspeaking,cultureshockcanbedividedintofourstages.Firstofall,the“honeymoon”stage.Inthisstage,everythingseemsnew,curious,andnoveltothevisitors.Thefood,thebuildings,thesurroundings,andsoon.Anditproducesafeelingofeuphoria:adesiretolookaround,toexperiment,toexplore.Thesecondstageisthe“horror”stage,wherethecuriositywearsoff,andthevisitorsseethecountryfromadifferentviewpoint,andoftenbeginstocriticizethecountry,thelife,andthevaluesofthepeople.Thenextstage,wecouldsay,isthe“humor”stage.Thevisitorsbegintoreflectbackandlaughattheirmistakesintheearlierstages.Andthefinalstagecouldbecalledthe“home”stage.Now,peoplebegintofeelathome,andenjoylivinginthatforeigncountry.

返回TheStagesofCultureShockLead-in2Presentationhttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingThefollowingissueisconnectedwithcross-culturalcommunication.Discussthequestionswithyourpartnerandmakeapresentationtoexplainyourlist.1.Howmany“hidden”rulesofyourculturecanyoulist?

2.Whatarethereasonsbehindthese“hidden”rules?Withover70%ofcommunicationbetweenpeoplebeingnon-verbal,youneedtoknowhowtoacttobeproperlyunderstood.Also,ifyoubehaveinwaysthatpeopledon’tunderstandordon’tliketheymayjudgeyounegatively,nottakeyouseriously,oreventhinkthatthereissomethingwrongwithyou.Forexample,insomeculturesitiswrongtomakeeyecontactbutinothersitisexpected.Ifyougetitwrong,peoplemaythinkthatyouareinsultingthem.Lead-in3SpotDictationFourspeakersaretalkingabouttheirexperiencesofworkinginaculturallydifferentcountry.Listentotheirstoriesandfillinthemissinginformation.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingSpeaker1In1yougiveakisstowomenand,yeah,usuallyhereyoumay2.Igaveakisstoafriend’swife.Thatwouldbepretty3inArgentina,butnotin4.Shefeltalittlebit5butthatwasit.LatinAmerica______________shakehands______________normal_________London__________shy__________Lead-inhttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting3SpotDictationSpeaker2Ithinkthe1thingthatsortofhappenedtomewaswhenI,oneday,woremyTATEgalleryT-shirttoworkandithasgotTATEwritteninhuge2onit.IsatatmydeskandthenIrealizedthatallthe3thatcameingrinnedatmebroadly.AftersometimeIjustaskedanothercolleague,like,“4?”Thenthecolleaguewasabit5andheexplainedtomethatinFrenchTATEZmeansto6.TATEistheimperativeandsoIwaswearingthisT-shirtsaying,like,touch,allday.funniest__________pinkletters___________Frenchcolleagues___________________What’sgoingonhere_____________________embarrassed______________touch__________Lead-inhttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting3SpotDictationSpeaker3Itactuallyfeelsstill1tomeifIhaveto2mybossorsomebodyelsewhois3,withthe4form.Speaker4NowadaysIpersonallyfeelthatIdon’thaveany1incomparisontoanyofmyEnglishcolleagues.Actually,manyofmypatientsandtheirparentsdo2verymuchofmenotbeing3andtheyappreciate,verymuch,forexample,some4thatarestereotypically5.strange_________address__________olderthanme_______________informal__________appreciateit______________skills__________disadvantage_______________English__________German__________Lead-inhttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting4DiscussionDiscusstheflowingquestionswithyourpartnerandreportyouranswerstotheclass.1.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanswhengreetingandaddressingotherpeople?2.ArethereskillsorexpertisethatarestereotypicallyChinese?Makealistofthemandgiveyourreasons.TextA

Reading

Comprehension

Vocabulary

Translation

Part1

Part2

Part3

Part4http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting

SumplementaryReading

Part5

Discussion

Part3TextAReadingReadthepassageaboutcross-culturalcommunicationstrategiesandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1.Whyisithighlypossibleforpeoplefromdifferentculturestomisunderstandeachotherevenwhentheycommunicateinthesamelanguage?http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingBecauseculturesprovidepeoplewithwaysofthinking—waysofseeing,hearing,andinterpretingtheworld.Thusthesamewordscanmeandifferentthingstopeoplefromdifferentcultures,evenwhentheytalkthe“same”language.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Howshouldpeopleactwhenconflictsappearincross-culturalcommunication?Tostop,listen,andthink.Thismeanswithdrawfromthesituation,stepback,andreflectonwhatisgoingonbeforeyouact.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TextAReadingReadthepassageaboutcross-culturalcommunicationstrategiesandanswerthefollowingquestions.

3.What’sthefunctionofactivelisteningincross-culturalcommunication?http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingActivelisteningcansometimesbeusedtocheckthisout—byrepeatingwhatonethinksheorsheheard,onecanconfirmthatoneunderstandsthecommunicationaccurately._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Inwhatwaysdoesanintermediaryhelpincross-culturalcommunicationsituations?Theycantranslateboththesubstanceandthemannerofwhatissaid.Theycanalsoadjustthetimingofwhatissaidanddone.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whatmightbetheproblemwhenamediatorisfromthesamecountryasoneofthedisputants?Thisgivestheappearanceofbias._____________________________________________________________TextAReadingNewWordscross-culturalcommunicationn.跨文化交流 forgiving[fE5^IvIN]a.宽大的balcony[5bAlkEni]n.阳台 tense[tens]a.紧张的withdraw[wIT5drC:]v.收回,撤消 reflecton思考,反省misinterpret[7mIsIn5t\:prIt]v.曲解 tonedown使缓和timing[5taImIN]n.时间选择 rapport[rA5pC:]n.和谐,友好mediator[5mi:dieItE]n.调停者,斡旋者 intermediary[7int?5mi:diEri]n.仲裁者,调解者procedural[prE5si:dVErEl]a.程序上的 nationality[7nAFE5nAlIti]n.

国籍disputant[dI5spju:tEnt]n.争论者 bias[5baIEs]n.偏见http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingTextAReadingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategieshttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting1Effectivecommunicationwithpeopleofdifferentculturesisespeciallychallenging.Thusthesamewordscanmeandifferentthingstopeoplefromdifferentcultures,evenwhentheyspeakthe“same”language.Whenthelanguagesaredifferent,andtranslationhastobeusedtocommunicate,thepotentialformisunderstandingsincreases.破折号表示解释说明，即后面的内容是对waysofthinking的补充解释。Culturesprovidepeoplewithwaysofthinking—waysofseeing,hearing,andinterpretingtheworld.TextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategies2Thekeytoeffectivecross-culturalcommunicationisknowledge.itisessentialthat后的从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词要用should+动词原型，should可以省略；understand和make并列做从句的谓语。Firstly,itisessentialthatpeopleunderstandthepotentialproblemsofcross-culturalcommunication,andmakeaconsciousefforttoovercometheseproblems.it是形式主语，assume和adjust是并列的动词不定式，在句中做真正的主语。Secondly,itisimportanttoassumethatone’seffortswillnotalwaysbesuccessful,andadjustone’sbehaviorappropriately.TextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategies3Forexample,oneshouldalwaysassumethatthereisasignificantpossibilitythatculturaldifferencesarecausingcommunicationproblems,andbewillingtobepatientandforgiving,ratherthanhostileandaggressive,ifproblemsdevelop.Oneshouldrespondslowlyandcarefullyincross-culturalexchanges,notjumpingtotheconclusionthatyouknowwhatisbeingthoughtandsaid.

TextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategies4Cross-culturalcommunicationexpertWilliamUry’ssuggestionforheatedconflictsistostop,listen,andthink,orasheputsit“gotothebalcony”whenthesituationgetstense.Bythishemeanstofromthesituation,stepback,andreflectonwhatisgoingonbeforeyouact.withdraw1)v.tostoptakingpartinanactivity,belongingtoanorganizationetc●Akneeinjuryforcedhertowithdrawfromthecompetition.2)ifaproductorserviceiswithdrawn,itisnolongerofferedforsaleorusewithdrawsomethingfromsale/fromthemarket●Thedrughasbeenwithdrawnfromthemarketforfurthertests.3)totakemoneyoutofabankaccount●Thiscreditcardallowsyoutowithdrawupto￡200adayfromATMs.withdrawTextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategies5Thishelpsincross-culturalcommunicationaswell.Whenthingsseemtobegoingbadly,stoporslowdownandthink.Whatcouldbegoingonhere?IsitpossibleIwhattheysaid,ortheymisinterpretedme?Oftenmisinterpretationisthesourceoftheproblem.misinterpret

vt.tonotunderstandthecorrectmeaningofsomethingthatsomeonesaysordoes,oroffactsthatyouareconsidering●Myspeechhasbeenmisinterpretedbythepress.misinterpretsomethingassomething●Shehadmisinterpretedhissilenceasanger.misinterpretedTextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategies6Activelisteningcansometimesbeusedtocheckthisout—byrepeatingwhatonethinksheorsheheard,onecanconfirmthatheorsheunderstandsthecommunicationaccurately.Ifwordsareuseddifferentlybetweenlanguagesorculturalgroups,however,evenactivelisteningcanoverlookmisunderstandings.7Oftenintermediarieswhoarefamiliarwithbothculturescanbehelpfulincross-culturalcommunicationsituations.8Theycantranslateboththesubstanceandthemannerofwhatissaid.Forinstance,theycantonedownstrongstatementsthatwouldbeconsideredappropriateinoneculturebutnotinanother,beforetheyaregiventopeoplefromaculturethatdoesnottalktogetherinsuchastrongway.TextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategiesTheycanalsoadjustthetimingofwhatissaidanddone.Someculturesmovequicklytothepoint;otherstalkaboutotherthingslongenoughtoestablishorarelationshipwiththeotherperson.Ifdiscussionontheprimarytopicbeginstoosoon,thegroupthatneedsa“warm-up”firstwillfeeluncomfortable.Amediatororintermediarywhounderstandsthiscanexplaintheproblem,andmakeappropriateproceduraladjustments.rapportn.［singular,U］agoodunderstandingofsomeoneandanabilitytocommunicatewellwiththem●Shehasanexcellentrapportwithherstaff.establish/buildup/develop(a)rapport●Hebuiltupagoodrapportwiththeteammembers.●We’dworkedtogetherforyearsanddevelopedaclose/goodrapport.rapportTextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategies9Yetsometimesintermediariescanmakecommunicationevenmoredifficult.Ifamediatoristhesamecultureornationalityasoneofthedisputants,butnottheother,thisgivestheappearanceofbias.Evenwhen...让步状语从句；主句是itiscommon；it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式tobe...；who引导定语从句，修饰person；hisorher指代mediator；because引导原因状语从句；heorshe指代mediator。Evenwhenbiasisnotintended,itiscommonforamediatortobemoresupportiveormoreunderstandingofthepeoplewhoareofhisorherownculture,simplybecauseheorsheunderstandthembetter.

TextAReadinghttp://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingCross-culturalCommunicationStrategiesYetwhenthemediatorisofathirdculturalgroup,thepotentialforcross-culturalmisunderstandingsincreasesfurther.主句是engaginginextradiscussions...isappropriate。asis/was/does,etc:usedtoaddthatwhatyouhavesaidisalsotrueofsomeoneorsomethingelse●IvotedLabour,asdidmywife.●Eve’sverytall,aswashermother.Inthiscase,engaginginextradiscussionsabouttheprocessandthemannerofcarryingoutthediscussionsisappropriate,asisextratimeforconfirmingandre-confirmingunderstandingsateverystepinthedialogueornegotiatingprocess.TextATranslation1有效地与来自不同文化的人交流是非常具有挑战性的。文化决定了人的思维方式——观察、聆听、理解这个世界的方式。因此，同一个词对来自不同文化的人来说可能意味着不同的东西，即使他们讲的是同一种语言。当语言不同，交流中必须使用翻译的时候，产生误解的可能性就更大了。2

有效的文化交流的关键是知识。首先，人们必须了解跨文化交流的潜在问题，并有意识地努力克服这些问题。其次，有必要假设一个人的努力不会总是成功的，并随时恰当地调整个人的行为。3

例如，人们应该总是假定文化差异很有可能导致交流问题，并在出现问题的时候，乐于以耐心和宽容之心对待，而不是采取敌对和攻击的态度。在跨文化交谈过程中，人们应该慢一些、小心地谈话，而不应该迅速得出结论认为你明白对方的想法和话语。

返回跨文化交流策略TextATranslation4

跨文化交流专家威廉·尤里对激烈冲突的建议是：停下来、聆听、思考，也就是他所形容的当情况变得紧张的时候，要“到阳台上去”。这句话的意思是暂时停止争吵，各退一步，然后在采取下一个行动之前反思一下这是怎么回事。5

这种方法在跨文化交流中也很有帮助。当事情看起来越来越糟的时候，停下来或慢下来思考。这是怎么回事？有没有可能我误解了他们说的话或他们误解了我？通常，误解是问题的根源。6

积极聆听可以用来检查是否出现误解——通过重复自己认为别人是什么意思，他就可以确定他是否准确地理解了交流的内容。但是，如果不同的语言或文化群体之间的用词不同，那么即使是积极聆听也会无法注意到误解的产生。7

通常，熟悉双方文化的中间人在跨文化交流情况下会有所帮助。8

他们既可以翻译谈话的内容，也可以翻译谈话的方式。例如，语气很强的语言在一种文化里是适合的，而在另一种文化里是不适合的，如果听话者的文化比较习惯于委婉的语言，那么中间人在翻译时，就可以将这种强语气翻译得缓和一些。

返回跨文化交流策略TextATranslation他们还可以调整讲话和做事的时机。有些文化中谈话喜欢直入主题；有些喜欢先闲聊几句以便于与对方建立和谐的关系。如果对主要问题的讨论来得太快了，需要先“热身”的一方就会觉得不舒服。一个了解这一点的中间人或调解人就可以解释这个问题，然后对谈话程序做出适当调整。9

但是有时候中间人也有可能使交流变得更加困难。如果中间人与争论一方来自同一文化或国家，与另一方却不同，这就显得他具有偏见。就算中间人并没有有意地持有偏见，通常他也会更加倾向于支持或理解与他来自同一文化的人，就是因为他能够更好地理解他们。但是，当中间人来自于第三种文化，跨文化交流产生误解的可能性会更大。在这种情况下，额外讨论一些进行讨论的过程和方式会比较可取，在对话或谈判过程中每一步也要额外花些时间来进行确定和进一步确定。

返回跨文化交流策略TextAComprehensionChoosethebestanswerforeachquestionaccordingtothepassage.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting1.What’sthekeytoreducingmisunderstandingsincross-culturalcommunication?A.Workingwithaqualifiedtranslator.B.Speakingthesamelanguage.C.Makinganefforttosolverelatedproblems.D.Havingtheknowledgeofpotentialproblemsanddifficulties.2.Incross-culturalcommunicationsituations,peopleshould_______.A.bepatientandtolerant B.behostileandaggressiveC.respondquickly D.makeconclusionsquickly3.Whatdoesthephrase“gotothebalcony”(Para.4,Line2)mostprobablymean?A.Listencarefully. B.Gooutside.C.Takesometimeforconsideration. D.Takeactions.1√2√3√TextAComprehensionChoosethebestanswerforeachquestionaccordingtothepassage.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Somestatementswhichareproperinoneculturemightbetakenastoostronginanotherculture.B.Theintermediariesneedtoadjusttheprocessofcommunication.C.Insomecultures,peopletendtomakesomesmalltalksbeforegettingdowntobusiness.D.Qualifiedintermediariescaneliminatemisunderstandingsincross-culturalcommunication.5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthatitisbetterto_______.A.workwithoutintermediariesinthattheyoftencausemisunderstandingsB.useamediatorwhoisofthesameculturewithoneofthedisputantsC.useamediatorwhoisofathirdcultureD.takesometimetodiscusstheprocessofcommunication4√5√TextAVocabularyPart1Matchtheexpressionsontheleftwiththeexplanationsontheright.

http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting1.balconyA.astruturethatyoucanstandon,thatisattachedtotheoutsidewallofabuilding,abovegroundlevel2.misinterpretB.torecucetheeffectofsomethingsuchasaspeechorpieceofwriting,sothatpeoplewillnotbeoffended3.timingC.abletowaitcalmlyforalongtimeortoacceptdifficulties,people’sannoyingbehavior,etcwithoutbecomingangry4.repportD.theskillofdoingsomethingatexactlytherighttime5.reflectonE.friendlyagreementandunderstandingbetweenpeople6.tonedownF.tonotunderstandthecorrectmeaningofsomethingthatsomeonesaysordoes,oroffactsthatyouareconsidering7.patientG.atendencytosupportoropposeaparticularpersonorthinginanunfairwaybyallowingpersonalopinionstoinfluenceyourjudgment8.biasH.tothinkcarefullyaboutsomethingAnswer1.A2.F3.D4.E5.H6.B7.C8.GTextAVocabulary1.Therehasalwaysbeenaslightinfavorofemployingartsgraduatesinthecompany.2.Hisrefusaltoworklatewasasalackofcommitmenttothecompany.3.Thetwogovernmentshaveagreedtoacomprehensivedialoguetoresolvetheproblem.4.TheRedCross’sconcernistopreserveandprotecthumanlife.5.Elevenmillionbottlesofwaterhadtofromsaleduetoahealthscare.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingPart2Completethesentenceswiththefollowingexpressions.Changetheformwherenecessary.

tense mediator interpret reflecton tonedownbias timing withdraw primary engageinbias___________engagein_____________interpreted____________bewithdrawn______________primary___________TextAVocabulary

6.Themanagerdemandedtimetohowtopromotesales.7.Inhispublicstatementtheministerhiscriticismshehadmadeinprivate.8.Ferryschedulesandprecisearesubjecttoweatherconditionsonthedayofdeparture.9.Thesituationinthatarearemainsanddangerous.10.Shecalledinatosettlethedispute.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingPart2Completethesentenceswiththefollowingexpressions.Changetheformwherenecessary.

tense mediator interpret reflecton tonedownbias timing withdraw primary engageinreflecton____________timings___________toneddown_____________mediator_____________tense___________TextATranslationPart1Translatethefollowingsentences,usingtheexpressionsgiveninthebrackets.

http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting2.我们采取行动之前必须充分考虑市场可能产生的效应｡(reflecton)3.政府收回残币使之不再流通｡(withdraw)4.在跨文化交际飞速发展的今天,翻译作为一种中介元素,占有极其重要的地位｡(cross-culturalcommunication)1.你最好把你文章里的攻击性语句写得含蓄些｡(tonedown)You’dbettertonedownthemoreoffensiveremarksinyourarticle._______________________________________________________________Thelikelyreactionsofthemarketwouldneedtobereflectedonbeforeweact._______________________________________________________________Thegovernmentwithdrawswornoutmoneyfromuse._______________________________________________________________Intherapiddevelopmentofcrossculturalcommunicationoftoday,translation,asanintermediateelement,holdsanessentialposition.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TextATranslationPart2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting1.Forexample,oneshouldalwaysassumethatthereisasignificantpossibilitythatculturaldifferencesarecausingcommunicationproblems,andbewillingtobepatientandforgiving,ratherthanhostileandaggressive,ifproblemsdevelop.2.Oneshouldrespondslowlyandcarefullyincross-culturalexchanges,notjumpingtotheconclusionthatyouknowwhatisbeingthoughtandsaid.例如，人们应该总是假定文化差异很有可能导致交流问题，并在出现问题的时候，乐于以耐心和宽容之心对待，而不是采取敌对和攻击的态度。

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________在跨文化交谈过程中，人们应该慢一些、小心地谈话，而不应该迅速得出结论认为你明白对方的想法和话语。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TextATranslationPart2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWriting3.Activelisteningcansometimesbeusedtocheckthisout—byrepeatingwhatonethinksheorsheheard,onecanconfirmthatheorsheunderstandsthecommunicationaccurately.4.Forinstance,theycantonedownstrongstatementsthatwouldbeconsideredappropriateinoneculturebutnotinanother,beforetheyaregiventopeoplefromaculturethatdoesnottalktogetherinsuchastrongway.积极聆听可以用来检查是否出现误解——通过重复自己认为别人是什么意思，他就可以确定他是否准确地理解了交流的内容。

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________例如，语气很强的语言在一种文化里是适合的，而在另一种文化里是不适合的，如果听话者的文化比较习惯于委婉的语言，那么中间人在翻译时，就可以将这种强语气翻译得缓和一些。

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TextASupplementaryReadingReadthefollowingpassageandfillineachblankwithanappropriatefromthebox.http://Lead-inTextATextBRealLifePracticePracticalWritingcorresponds translation misunderstanding assumeconfirm interpret communication conflicts

Languagedifferencesgreatlyincrease1problems,evenifthespeakershavesomeknowledgeoftheothers’language.