英语专业四级考试语法词汇讲座王宪

专四语法词汇讲座王宪题型题数计分比重考试时间

客观题301515%15min.2005-2010年语法结构题考点分布年份050607080910状语从句21521动词时态、语态43412非谓语动词113131虚拟语气223111比较结构11421代词21223情态动词132121倒装1112形容词、副词231122005-2010年语法结构题考点分布其他：名词性从句、定语从句、反意疑问句、主谓一致、句子基本成分、介词、并列结构、插入语，等等。状语从句主要九大类：让步、条件、比较、方式、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果让步状语从句although,though,eventhough,evenif,while,as,forall,muchas,whatever,whenever,wherever,whichever,howeverBeherichorpoor，I’llmarryhimallthesame.(=nomatterheisrichorpoor)FoolasJaneis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.Forallhisnotablecontributions,heisreadytoacceptsuggestionsfromdifferentsources.MuchasIlikeeconomics,Ilikesociologymuchbetter.状语从句中who/what/when…+ever

=nomatterwho/what/when…Wecanassignthetaskto___iscapabletrustworthy.

(94/54)A.whomeverB.whoC.whomD.whoever

但，注意区别下面的句子：

条件状语从句引导词as/solongas,otherwise,or,if，unless（=ifnot）,onconditionthat,providing/provided/giventhat,suppose/supposing(that),incaseWe’llvisitEuropenextyear_____wehaveenoughmoney.

A)lestB)untilC)unlessD)provided

“如果有足够的钱，我们明年将访问欧洲”。

分词连词–provided(that)I’llcomeprovided(providing)(that)youletmeknowingoodtime.Providedwedrewusefullessonsfromthem,wemayturndifficultiestogoodaccount.Givenhissupport,Ithinkwe’llwintheelection.

“如果获得他的支持，我想我们会赢得这次选举。”

[介][连词]–given(that)___time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.

A.HavingB.Given

C.Giving

D.Had

I’lllendyouthebookoncondition(that)youreturnitonMonday.只要你能在星期一还我，这书我可以借给你。连词–oncondition(that)其他状语从句AistoB___CistoD.

Intellectistothemind___sightistothebody.

(2001/45)

智力对于大脑，就像视力对于躯体一样。

what引导的是一个类比性状语从句，说明主句行为的方式、方法，其结构为“AistoBwhatCistoD”，意思是“A对于B来说，就像C对于D一样”。

A)whatB)asC)thatD)likeMoreExamples:TothePortuguese,thedrysaltedcodiswhatpastaistotheItalians.

(Lu:ECD)Enginesaretomachineswhatheartsaretoanimals.

(JianhongDict.)2isto4as8isto16.(或As2isto4,(so)8isto16.)2比4等于8比16.(Lu:ECD)MoreExamples:AistoBwhatCistoD也可作WhatAistoB,(that)CistoD.AistoBasCistoD也可作AsAistoB,(so)CistoD.（复合）连词–inthat

表原因Barryhadanadvantageoverhismother___hecouldspeakFrench.

(01/49)

A.sincethatB.inthat

C.atthatD.sothat

Liquidsarelikesolids_____theyhaveadefinitevolume.

A.inthat

B.forthat

C.withthatD.atthat连词–themoment/theinstant

…

一…就Youseethelightning_____ithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.

A.theinstantB.foraninstantC.ontheinstantD.inaninstant

“闪电一发生你就看到闪光，但过一会儿你才听到雷声”。

Themomentthespeaker

appearedontheplatform,weallstoodupandclappedwarmly.

Everytimewehaddifficulties,theoldprofessorwouldcometohelp.

我们一碰到困难，这位老教授就来帮助我们。EverytimeIcome,heisreading.

我每一次来，他都在读书。连词–everytime每当比较结构CCE3-10,3-12,4-10注意两个词：than，as(CCE

4-7)；并注意区别这两个词的其他用法另：such&so（CCE3-11）less/more…than…(1)

Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan___inthepublicmindtoday.

(99/46)

A)exists

B)existC)existingD)toexist

WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan_____EasternNebraska.

(96/50)A)inB)itreceivesin

C)does

D)itdoes

inless/more…than…(2)

Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatdealmoreluxuriousthan___.

(98/44)

A.isnecessary

B.beingnecessary

C.tobenecessaryD.itisnecessary

Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan_____.(02/49)A.havebeenputinB.beingputin

C.hasbeenputinD.tobeputin与than有关的其他结构nomorethan

nomore…than

nootherthannobetterthan

noless…than

nolessthanother/ratherthan

not…anymorethanFatcannotchangeintomuscle____musclechangesintofat.

(99/44)

A.anymorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.muchmorethan

“两者都不…”;“不…也不…”

HeisnotapoetanymorethanIamanovelist.

他不是诗人正如我不是小说家一样。nomore...than

(=not...anymorethan)

“和……一样不”。than前后都是否定的含义。Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.=Awhaleisnotafishanymorethanahorseis.鲸和马都不是鱼。(鲸之非鱼类，正如马之非鱼类。)MyelderbrotherisnomoreasingerthanIam.

我哥哥和我都不是歌唱家。

nomorethan只，仅仅，只不过是

(=only)，后面接名词或数词，在句中起形容词作用。例如：

Thestreetisnomorethantwomileslong.这条大街只有两英里长。

Whatheissayingisnomorethanajoke.他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。nootherthan只有，正是。它常用来加强语气，多用于书面语。

Themurdererturnedouttobenootherpersonthantheinspectorhimself.

结果是，那个杀人犯不是别人，正是巡官自己。

Themanwasnone

otherthanmyhusband.那个人(不是别人)正是我的丈夫。nobetterthan

和……一样，

实际上等于(practicallythesameas)

Amanwhocannotreadandwriteisnobetterthantheblind.不识字的人跟瞎子没有两样。

Thepatientisnobetterthanhewasyesterday.病人的情况和昨天一样。

noless...than

和……一样，不逊于。其中的than前后都是肯定的意思。Thispersonisnolessdiligentthanheusedtobe.这个人和从前一样勤奋。Thetechniqueofwritingisnolessdifficultthanthatoftheotherarts.写作技巧和其他艺术技巧一样困难。

Sunlightisnolessnecessarythanfreshairtoahealthybody.日光和新鲜空气对身体健康是同样必不可少的。

noless...thanJohnis____hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.

(98/41)

A.nolessB.nomoreC.notlessD.nosonolessthan

多达，竟有……之多，不下于(asmanyas,asmuchas)。Hewonnolessthan1000Yuaninthelottery.他居然中了一千元的奖券。

Thebankpayshimayearlysalaryofnolessthan90,000.

银行给他的年薪竟高达九万。

otherthan/ratherthan

otherthan

意思是：不同于，除……之外；ratherthan意思是：而不是。Innocountry___Britain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.

A)otherthanB)morethanC)betterthanD)ratherthan

除了在英国，一个人不可能在其它国家在一天内经历四季。Itisnotsomuchthelanguage___theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.

(99/45)

A.but

B.nor

C.as

D.like与as有关的结构(1)notsomuchAasB:与其说是A，倒不如说是B；不是…而是…She’snotsomuchpoorascarelesswithmoney.

她倒不是穷而是太不在乎钱了。与as有关的结构(2)Shedidherwork___hermanagerhadinstructed.

(02/41)

A.as

B.until

C.when

D.though

As作连词Doastheteachersays.Whydidn’tyoudoasyouwereinstructedtodo?

Carefulsurveyshaveindicatedthatasmanyas50percentofpatientsdonottakedrugs

asdirected.

与as有关的结构(3)Fool___Janeis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.

(02/48)

A.who

B.as

C.that

D.like

As引出让步状语时,要求句子部分倒装。Richasheis,heisnothappy.Inexperiencedasshewas,shedidagoodjob.

Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.Let’sdiscussonlysuchquestionsasconcerneveryoneofus.Heopposedtheidea,ascouldbeexpected.Shewasnotunconscious,ascouldbejudgedfromhereyes.Asmightbeexpected,theresponsetothequestionwasverymixed.Asisknowntotheworld,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.as引起定语从句(4)非谓语动词四种形式：不定式，动名词，分词，独立主格

（非谓语动词使用时有时也涉及到时态、语态的问题）不定式短语不定式与疑问词连用在某些动词后作宾语Hewilladviseyouwhethertodoit.We’dbetterfindoutwheretoputit.Haveyoudecidedwhentoholdtheparty?Shewilltellyouwhichbustotake.DoyouknowhowtoexpresstheideasinEnglish?不定式短语TheClarkshaven’tdecidedyetwhichhotel___.(98/49)A.tostayB.istostay

C.tostayatD.isforstaying…issaidto…AIDS

issaid

___thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsintheregion.

(02/46)

A.being

B.tobe

C.tohavebeen

D.havingbeenProfessorJohnson

issaid

___somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.

(99/43)

A.havingmadeB.making

C.tohavemade

D.tomake独立结构

（AbsoluteConstruction）在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。例如：

Seeingthosepictures(=whenhesawthosepictures),hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.

Seenfromthehill,thetownlooksmagnificent.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立结构(AbsoluteConstruction)。例如：

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.

Weatherpermitting,we’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.

Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.

独立结构

（AbsoluteConstruction）There___nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.

(00/45)

A.tobeB.tohavebeenC.beingD.be独立结构

（AbsoluteConstruction）情态动词表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如：“IwonderhowTomknewaboutyourpast.”“Hemust/could/may/mighthaveheardofitfromMary.”

情态动词Mary’sscoreonthetestisthehighestinherclass.She____havestudiedveryhard.

A)mayB)shouldC)mustD)oughttoYou____Markanything.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.

A)needn’thavetoldB)needn’ttellC)mustn’thavetoldD)mustn’ttellThemeeting’sbeencancelled.Ann___allthatwork.(95/55)

A)needtodo

B)needhave

C)needn’thavedoneD)needednottodo“Shemustbeinthedormitorynow.”“No,she___bethere.Isawherintheclassroomaminuteago.”

A.mustn’t

B.can’t

C.couldn’t

D.wouldn’t

情态动词should

有时从句中的谓语由should加动词原形构成，句子谓语却不一定用虚拟语气，这种情况实现的可能性虽然较小，但也不是完全没有.

Askhertoringmeupifyoushouldseeher.你万一见到她，请让她给我打电话。

ShouldI(IfIshould)befreetomorrow,Iwillcome.如果/万一明天我有时间我就来。

Shouldshecall,whatwill(would)Isay?她要是打电话来，我怎么说？▲情态动词+动词完成式的结构（对过去行为或动作的推测或评论）musthavedone对过去事实肯定的猜测，“一定发生了”；其否定意思“一定没发生”用can’t/couldn’thavedone结构。could/may/mighthavedone不太肯定的推测，“很可能，或许发生了”should/oughttohavedone表示“本来应该发生而事实上却未发生”needn’thavedone表示“本不必做而事实上却做了”情态动词+动词完成式(1)

musthavedone表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can(could)来表示。

Sincetheroadiswet,itmusthaverainedlastnight.Hecan’thavemissedtheway.Idrewhimamap.“Thedictionaryhasdisappeared.Whocouldhavetakenit?”情态动词+动词完成式(2)

may/mighthavedone表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。may比

might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些

。

Ican’tfindmykeys.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattheschoolyesterday.情态动词+动词完成式(3)

couldhavedone

在肯定句型中,往往用作委婉的批评。本应该做什么，而没做;有时也用作猜测。

Youcouldhavetoldusearlier.Tomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.

情态动词+动词完成式(4)

oughtto/shouldhavedone和

oughtnotto/shouldn’thavedone用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。

Withalltheworkfinished,Ishouldhavegonetothepartylastnight.Yououghtnottohavemadefunofhim.Heisnottheoneyoulaughatbutlearnfrom.

情态动词+动词完成式(5)

needn’thavedone表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。

Youneedn’thavewakenmeup;Idon’thavetogotoworktoday.

1.主从句谓语动词的时态

（if,unless,otherwise

等引导；倒装）2.名词性从句的虚拟形式

（shoulddo）3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式

（without,butfor,butthat…,but,etc.）4.其他常用虚拟形式的句型（Iwish…）（Itistimethat…

）etc.虚拟语气其他AttributiveClause(1)I’veneverbeentoLhasa,butthat’sthecity___.(99/47)

A.I’dmostliketovisit

B.whichIliketovisitmostlyC.whereIliketovisitD.I’dlikemuchtovisit

IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity___.

(97/50)

A.whereIliketovisitmost

B.I’dmostliketovisit

C.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.whereI’dlikemosttovisit

AttributiveClause(2)Sherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast___shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.(98/42)

A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.when

Thephysicisthasmadeadiscovery,____ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.

(97/45)

A.IthinkwhichisB.thatIthinkis

C.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitis

AttributiveClause(3)Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy____payrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork.(96/44)

A.whichB.where

C.whetherD.whatMoreExamples:ThereisonepointwhereI’dlikeyouradvice.(ZhangDZ,p566)‘where’是一个副词，在从句中只能充当状语，意思和there差不多，如果在从句中不是充当状语就不能用它。比较：Thisistheplace(which)I’velongwantedtovisit.Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.附加疑问句Do

helpyourselftosomefruit,_____you?

(00/44)

A.can’t

B.don’t

C.wouldn’t

D.won’t

Whenyouhavefinishedwiththatvideotape,

don’t

forgettoputitinmydrawer,___?

(97/42)

A.doyou

B.willyou

C.don’tyou

D.won’tyou在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用willyou,won’tyou,wouldyou等。附加疑问句Shewouldhavebeenmoreagreeableifshehadchangedalittlebit,wouldn’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcome,willhe?YouandIcouldhardlyunderstand,couldwe?Thereusedtobepetrolstationnearthepark,didn’tthere/usedn’tthere?在含有情态动词的句型中（注意区分两种）在Iwish结构中：mayI在Iam结构中：aren’tI和amI在不定代词作主语时

1.anything,everything,nothing,something--〉it2.anyon