英语三级语法

GrammarBookOnePresenttenseProgressiveTensePerfectTenseComparativeandsuperlativedegreeSubject–verbagreementPassiveVoiceAttributiveClauseAdverbialclausesBookTwoModalAuxiliariesInversionSubjunctiveMood(1)SubjunctiveMood(2)SubjunctiveMood(3)

InfinitivesGerundParticipleContentsHopeEnglishBookIUnit1PresentTense1)经常性或习惯性的动作

e.g.:Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.

2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实

e.g.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.

ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.HomeHopeEnglishBookIUnit1Back

3)格言或警句中e.g.:Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

Eg.:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.PresentTenseHomeHopeEnglishBookIUnit1Back

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性

e.g.:Idon’twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.PresentTenseStudythefollowinggrammartipsforsimpletensesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.PresentTense1.现在进行时1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“tobe十现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义．例如：

Whatareyoudoing?

Thebridgeisunderconstruction．

2)表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如have，be，hear，see，like等词一般不用进行时．ProgressiveTenseProgressiveTense2．过去进行时的用法

过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was(were)十现在分词”构成．例如:

In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.

HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein．The

fifth

generation

computers,

with

artificial

intelligence,

_______and

perfected

now.

A)

developed

B)

have

developed

C)

are

being

developed

D)

will

have

been

developed

C具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中"。

G-Task1Studythefollowinggrammartipsforcontinuoustensesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.ProgressiveTenseHome

表示某个已经发生且对现在造成影响或结果的动作，这种情况常不与任何状语连用。

e.g.:I'msorryIhavelostmykey.Ican'topenthedoor.

对不起，我把钥匙弄丢了。门开不了了。表示过去某一时刻发生，且延续到现在的动作或状

态，这种情况常与表示一段的时间状语连用。

e.g.:ShehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.

注意：短暂性动词用于现在完成时中，不能和for，since等表示一段时间的状语连用。PerfectTensee.g.:HehasleftAmerica.

他已离开美国。

（短暂性动词不能和表示延续的时间连用）

ShehasbeenawayfromAmericaforfiveyears.

她离开美国已达五年之久。（延续性动词可以和表示延续的时间连用）这类动词常见的有：come来，go去，begin开始，arrive到达，leave离开，stop停止，die死，marry娶、嫁，borrow借，return还，buy买，join参加，become成为，等。PerfectTense

3.使用现在完成时的标志

for,since,just,before,recently,already,yet,never,ever,sofar.

不使用现在完成时的标志

Yesterday,lastyear,twoyearago,in1999,justnow4.在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中代替将来完成时

I'llgowithyouwhenIhavemadethemodelplane.5.在“It'sthefirst/second/thirdtimethat...”句中可以用现在完成时。

It'sthefirsttimethatIhaveseenthiskindoffilm.

如果是was,用过去完成时6.完成体与since-分句

Thehousehasbeeninbadrepairsincehelivedinit.Ihaven’teatensnailssinceIwasastudentsatIndiana.Since-分句中，动词通常用非持续性动词的一般过去时，与之搭配的主句通常用现在完成体。

HehaswrittentomefrequentlysinceIwasill.Movedout.Left痊愈。

PerfectTense

过去完成时的用法某些动词的过去完成时表示一个打算要做却没有做成的

Ihadintendedtocomeovertoseeyoulastnight,butsomeonecalledandIcouldn'tgetaway.

昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。

Wehadhopedtocatchtheearlybus,butfounditwasgone.

我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。

这类动词有：intend打算，hope希望，plan计划，mean预定，want想要，

think想要，等。

2.用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中

Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemethim.

如果你昨天来的话，你就已经见到他的面了。

Shewouldhavecomeifshehadn’tbeensobusy.

要不是这么忙的话，她就已经来了。BackPerfectTense

现在完成时与一般过去时的比较

I'velostmykey.Ilostmykeyyesterday.Whohasopenedthedoor?Whoopenedthedoor?Ihavewrittenmanybooks.MarkTwainwroteagoodmanybooks.PerfectTense

过去完成时的用法某些动词的过去完成时表示一个打算要做却没有做成的

Ihadintendedtocomeovertoseeyoulastnight,butsomeonecalledandIcouldn'tgetaway.

昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。

Wehadhopedtocatchtheearlybus,butfounditwasgone.

我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。

这类动词有：intend打算，hope希望，plan计划，mean预定，want想要，

think想要，等。

BackPerfectTense

过去完成时的用法

2.用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中

Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemethim.

如果你昨天来的话，你就已经见到他的面了。

Shewouldhavecomeifshehadn’tbeensobusy.

要不是这么忙的话，她就已经来了。BackPerfectTenseStudythefollowinggrammartipsforperfecttensesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.PerfectTenseHomePropernames:原级positive/absolutedegree比较级comparativedegree最高级superlativedegree综合形式：syntheticform(-er)分析形式：analyticform（more-）Basicrules:1.单音节：综合形式Eg:kindkinderkindest2.三音节或三音节以上分析形式e.g.beautiful3.双音节：两者皆可

e.g.clever,tender

除了以下例外

a.以-y或-ow结尾的双音节adj.e.g.happy–happierpretty–prettiernarrow–narrowershallow–shallowerb.以-ly结尾的adv.以及某些频度副词多采用分析形式

e.g.clearly–moreclearlyoften–moreoften–mostoftenComparativeandsuperlativedegree4.不规则形容词

bad,good/well,far,old,much,badly

badworseworstgood/wellbetterbestfarfarther/furtheroldolder/eldermuch–more–mostbadly–worseworstComparativeandsuperlativedegreeSpecialSentencepattern1.as…as…e.g.JohnisasbrightasBob.2.more…than…e.g.Johnismoredaringthanquick-witted.3.notso…as与notsomuch…ase.g.Itwasn’tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.4.notmore/-erthan,nomore/-erthane.g.JohnisnotbetterthanTom.JohnisnobetterthanTom.=asbadasnoricherthan=aspooras5.themore…themore…e.g.Thefasteryoudrive,themoredangerousyouare.ComparativeandsuperlativedegreeExercises:

Heisnomoreawriterthanapainter.Mr.ZhangisnowiserthanMr.Li.Iregardhimlessasmyteacherthanasmyfriend.Johnismoremodestthanheisprudent.Iwasmorethanpleasedwithherperformance.Thisroomisthreetimeslargerthanthatone.Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.ComparativeandsuperlativedegreeG-Task1Studythefollowinggrammartipsforcontinuoustensesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.ComparativeandsuperlativedegreeHomeWriting-2WritingforgeneralpurposesSubject–verbagreement

Writing-3WritingforgeneralpurposesSubject–verbagreementWritingforgeneralpurposesSubject–verbagreementboth…and….:pluralformeg:Bothriceandwheataregrowninthatcountry.

either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso…:就近原则

eg:NotonlymysistersbutalsomybrotherlistenstoVOAeveryday.country’snameendedwith–s:singulareg:UnitedStates,Netherlands

mountains,falls,islands,etcendedwith–s:pluraleg:WestIndies,HimalayasSubject–verbagreement1.带有each,very,manya,morethanone等限定词时，

E.g.:Everyboyandeverygirlinthisroomisentitledtoacopy.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.2.either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso…E.g.:NotonlymysistersbutmybrotherlistenstoVOAeveryday.3.aportionof,aseriesof,apileofE.g.:Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.Apileoflogswassetbesidethehearth.4.akind/type/sortof,thiskind/sort/typeofe.g.:Thereisakindorroseinthegarden.Thiskindofmanannoysme.Thiskindofapplesishighlypriced.these/those+kind/sort/typee.g.:Thesekindofmenannoyme.6.+/×singular/plural－/÷singular随后的动词通常用单数。就近原则单数单数复数Subject–verbagreementWritingforGeneralWG-TaskStudythefollowingsentencesandchoosethecorrectformofeachverb.1.Class3(is,are)unabletoagreeonamonitor.2.Ourteam(wins,win)mostofthetime.3.Ms.StoneorI(are,am,is)likelytobeaskedtohelpthem.4.Manypeople(exercise,exercises)everyday.5.Ourpresidentandgeneralmanager(are,is)quiteyoung.6.Peter,DavidandI(have,has)beeninvitedtotheparty.7.Politics(are,is)ofenatopicforourdiscussion.8.Neitheryounoryourbrother(is,are)goingtoseethemovie.

Subject–verbagreementCorrectanymistakesinthefollowingsentences.

1.Sheisusuallytheonlyonewhoasksquestions.______2.Whenhewillcomebackaredecided.______3.Tocontrolexpensesareourgoal.______4.Treedollarsareareasonableprice.______5.Sevenmillionliveinthiscity.______6.He,aswellasyou,knowtheanswer.______7.Thecost,includingtaxesandshippingcharges,were$1,200.______8.Whattheresultwillberemainsunknown.____√√is______isis______knowswas√WG-Task

Subject–verbagreementExercises:1.Where(is,are)thatfivepoundsIlentyou?2.Thiskindofcars(is,are)highlypriced.3.Anumberofpages(is,are)badlytorn.4.Fivetimesseven(is,are)thirty-five.5.Apileofapplelogs(was,were)setbeside.6.Thesetypeofcars(is,are)inexpensive.7.There(is,are)morethanoneanswertoyourquestion.8.Manyapersoninthesecircumstances(has,have)hopedforalongbreak.Subject–verbagreementExercises:1.Where(is,are)thatfivepoundsIlentyou?2.Thiskindofcars(is,are)highlypriced.3.Anumberofpages(is,are)badlytorn.4.Fivetimesseven(is,are)thirty-five.5.Apileofapplelogs(was,were)setbeside.6.Thesetypeofcars(is,are)inexpensive.7.There(is,are)morethanoneanswertoyourquestion.8.Manyapersoninthesecircumstances(has,have)hopedforalongbreak.Subject–verbagreementHome一、被动语态用于以下几种情况1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。

e.g.:Manynewbuildingsarebuiltinourcity.2.强调动作的承受者。

e.g.:Thewoundedmanhasbeensenttoahospital.3.动作执行者有比较长的修饰语。

e.g.Thepersonwassupportedbythosewhowishedtohaveachancetomakefriendswithhim.4.出于礼貌，不愿说出动作的执行者。

e.g.:Youarerequestedtoattendtheparty.PassiveVoice二、过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别1.系表结构中的过去分词是表示主语的特征或状态；而被动结构则是表示主语是动作的承受者。试比较：

Ourbuildingissurroundedwiththetrees.ThefilmisusuallyshowedonSunday.2.系表结构不能带有by引导的短语；而被动结构中可以用by引导的短语引出动作的执行者。试比较：

Thebookiswellwritten.ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXun.（系表）（被动）（系表）（被动）PassiveVoice三、使用被动语态应注意的几点带双宾语的主动结构的句子，变为被动语态结构时，只能将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍要保留。如果保留的是间接宾语，要在间接宾语之前加上介词to或for.e.g.:WearetaughtEnglishbyher.或Englishistaughttousbyher.2.主动语态中的不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动语态时，要加上不定式符号to.e.g.:Thebossmadehimworkovertwelvehoursaday.

Hewasmadetoworkovertwelvehoursaday.3.短语动词用于被动语态应作为一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

e.g.:Themeetinghasbeenputoff.4.有些及物动词和及物动词短语（多表示“静态”）不能用于被动语态，常见的有have，cost，lack，last，own，hold，fit，agreewith等。PassiveVoice5.有些不及物动词以主动形式表示被动意义，常见的有cut，wash，write，sell等。

e,g.:Theshirtwasheswell.

6.含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。

e.g.:Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Yououghttotakeitaway.Itoughttobetakenaway.Theyshoulddoitatonce.Itshouldbedoneatonce.PassiveVoiceStudythefollowinggrammartipsforsimpletensesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.PassiveVoiceHome

定语从句是由关系代词relativepronoun和关系副词relativeadverb引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限定性restrictiveclause和非限定性从句non-restrictiveclause两种。一．关系代词

1.Restrictiveclause

主语

person:object:

宾语

person:object:

介词补足成分

person:object:

介词后置，可用who/that指人，that指物，或者都用zeroeg:Theyaretheboys(who/that)Iwenttoschoolwith.who/thatwhich/thatwhom(正式)who(非)which（正式）that(非，常省略)whichwhomAttributiveClause

2.Non-restrictiveclauseperson:thing:which的先行项还可以是整个句子。注意：as也可以引导非限制性定语从句。

a.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.b.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思

(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.

(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.

who(m)/whosewhichAttributiveClausec.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用as

(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.

(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.

注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.

她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.

她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

AttributiveClause

RestrictiveclauseVSNon-restrictiveclause

Restrictiveclause

Non-restrictiveclause形式上意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…”

通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词非限定性定语从句中除了不用that以外，其它关系词都可使用，使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。(1)

Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.

(2)

Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.

他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开AttributiveClause

4.限制性定语从句中只能用that的情况a.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时

(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?

(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.

(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.

(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(5)

Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.AttributiveClause

b.当先行词被序数词修饰

(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.c.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.d.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时

(1)ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,

(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.

当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.e.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时

(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?

(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?f.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?AttributiveClause

二．关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

AttributiveClauseⅠ.Fillintheblanks,usingrelativepronouns.1.Whereistheman____________Isawthismorning?2.Isthattheman_____________yougaveyourticketsto?3.Whereisthebook__________Iboughtthismorning?4.Themanwith________youtalkedismyfriend.5.Theplanein_______(which/that)weflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.6.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someof_____(which/that)havegonebad.7.Hisspeech,_____(which/that)boredeveryone,wentonandon.8.Haveyoutakendowneverything______(which/that)Mr.Lihassaid?that9.All______(which/that)canbedonehasbeendone.10.Thefirstplace_____(which/that)theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.whom,who,thatwhom,who,thatwhich,thatwhomwhichwhichwhichthatthatthatAttributiveClause

11.Thisisthebestfilm_____(which/that)Ihaveseen.12.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlything______(which/that)heowned.13.Whoistheman______(who/that)isstandingthere?14.WhichistheT-shirt_____(which/that)fitsmemost?15.Canyourememberthescientistandhistheory_____(who/which/that)wehavelearned?16.Hemarriedher,__________wasnatural.17.Heisfromthesouth,______wecanseefromhisaccent.

18.Ihaveneverheardsuchastory______hetells.19.Thisisthesamebook_______Ilostlastweek.

thatthatthatthatthat

as/whichasasasBackAttributiveClause1.hardly/scarcely…when,nosooner…than放句首句子要倒装。

Eg:HardlyhadIsatdownwhenIfounditwastimetogo.2.because位置灵活，可用副词修饰，可和连词连接Eg:Thedoctorlooksverytirednotbecausehedoesn’tfellwell,butbecausehesatuplatelastnight.3.though可和even连接；可用于臆想的情况；和形容词连接倒装

althoughEg:Thoughthewholeworldwereagainstyou,Iwouldsupportyou.Adverbialclauses原因状语从句用法要点

because，as和since区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg.Whydidyougo？

IwentbecauseTomtoldmetogo.eg.Hewasangrynotbecausewewerelatebutbecausewemadeanoise.eg.Asitwasraininghard，wehadtobeindoors.由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。

eg.Sinceyoufeelill，you'dbetternotgotowork.Adverbialclauses目的状语从句用法要点

sothat，that和inorderthat以便，为了，目的是。eg.Pleasespeakmoreslowlysothatwecanmakefullnotes.

请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。

IshallwritedownyouraddressthatImaynotforget.

我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。

Isenttheletterbyairmailinorderthatitmightreachhimintime.

这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg.Weworkharderthanusual

tofinishitinaweek.

我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。AdverbialclausesStudythefollowinggrammartipsforadverbialclausesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.G-TaskAdverbialclauses1.Hardly

didhebegintospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.ABCD2.Strong

whilehewas,hecouldnotlifttheweight.ABCD3.Hehandledtheinstrumentwithcare

sothatitshouldbedamaged.ABCD4.Triedashemight,hisexperimentwasstillafailure.ABCD5.Whetheryoubelieveitnot,itistrue.

ABCDIneachofthefollowingsentences,oneoftheunderlinedwordsorphrasesisincorrect.Findthemistakeandcorrectit.hadhebegunashewaslestTryornotAdverbialclausesHome

Grammar:ModalAuxiliaries

能力可能许可意志义务必然预测委婉猜测其他can/could/beabletomay/might/can/couldcan/could/may/mightwill/would/shouldshould/oughtto/must/(haveto)should/oughtto/mustwill/wouldcould/would/mightcan/should/may/might/mustdare/need/usedtoEg.:Cantheymissthebus?Yes,theymayhave.Eg:Youshouldobeymyorders.Eg:Theseyoungtreesoughttoprovideshadeintenyears.Eg:There’ssomeonecomingupthestairs.That’ll/wouldbeMary.否定：didn’t/usedn’tModalAuxiliariesGrammar二、完成体should/oughttohavedone本来应该做而未做，表达遗憾感情色彩2.may/mighthavedone可能已做、本可能发生或本可以做而没有发生

must一定以做

can’t不可能做

can可能做3.couldhavedone本来能做而实际未做，表达遗憾的感情色彩4.needn’thavedone过去本来不必做某事却做了ModalAuxiliariesGrammar三、异化MustIstartatonce?No,youneedn’t.Needweworklatetoday?No,butwemusttomorrow.MustIseeadoctoratonce?No,youneedn’t/don’thavetoseeadoctorforthetimebeing.ShallItellJohnaboutit?No,youneedn’t.Ihavetoldhimalready.might&could表征求对方意见时，回答必须还成may,can.MightItroubleyouforalight?Yes,mayindeed.CouldIuseyourphone?Yes,ofcourseyou

can.

ModalAuxiliariesGrammar四、征求意见Could,should,wouldyouplease,wouldyoumind,wouldyouliketo…五、练习1.ItoldSallyhowtogetthere,butperhapsI______forher.A.hadtowriteitoutB.musthavewrittenitoutC.shouldhavewrittenitoutD.oughttowriteitout2.Thelightinhisroomisstillon,sohe_______tobed.A.mustn’thavegoneB.musthavegoneC.shouldn’thavegoneD.can’thavegone

不可能ModalAuxiliariesGrammar3.CouldIborrowyourdictionary?Yes,ofcourseyou______.A.mightB.willC.canD.should4._______youmindmysmokinghere?A.shouldB.couldC.mightD.would5.NeedIhandinmyexercisebookatonce?Yes,you_______.A.mustB.needC.canD.will\6._______youmindmysmokinghere?A.shouldB.couldC.mightD.wouldModalAuxiliaries——在五个情态动词中must的语气最为强烈，它是以事实为依据而进行的逻辑上的推理，因此它所指的动作发生的可能性最大。

——can和should表示以事实、理由为依据而进行猜测，它们所指的动作有发生的可能性，但语气没有must那么肯定。其中should的主观性较强，往往表示说话人猜想"应该会怎么样"的意思。

——may和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱、没有那么肯定，表示说话人根据自己的主观意断而进行的猜测，一般地说没有足够的客观依据。其中，might的语气更弱一些。比较：在表示"猜测"方面ModalAuxiliaries

Studythefollowinggrammartipsformodalauxiliariesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.Whenwewerestudentswewouldspendourholidaysinthecountryside.B.Youshouldhavecomehereontime.C.Can’tyouhelpmelookafterthebabywhileI’mbusy?D.Youneedn’thaveboughtmesuchanexpensivewatch.E.

Shemusthavebeencaughtinatrafficjam.1.在否定疑问句中，情态动词通常都用缩略形式。

2.would可用来表示过去常发生的行为或动作。3.“情态动词+have+过去分词”结构用于对过去所发生的事进行推测。

4.“needn’t+have+过去分词”表示在行为发生后说话人认为“本不必去做”。5.“should(not)+have+过去分词”用于表示责备；肯定式表示说话人认为“该做的事没有做”，而否定式则表示“不该做的却做了”。ModalAuxiliariesHomeGrammar:ModalAuxiliaries

全部倒装

1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。

Theregoesthebell.

Thencamethechairman.

Hereisyourletter.

2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。

Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.

Aheadsatanoldwoman.

注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。

Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.

Thencamethechairman.

InversionGrammar:ModalAuxiliaries

2部分倒装

1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…,innocase,bynomeans等。

NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.

Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.

Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.

当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

2)以否定词开头作部分倒装

如Notonly…butalso,Hardly/Scarcely…when,Nosooner…than

Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.

Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.

Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.

InversionGrammar:ModalAuxiliaries

3)so,neither,nor作部分倒装

表示"也"、"也不"的句子要部分倒装。

TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.

Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.

4)only在句首要倒装的情况

Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.

Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.

5).as,though引导的倒装句

as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。

InversionGrammar:ModalAuxiliaries

6).其他部分倒装

1)

so…that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。

Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.

2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

Mayyouallbehappy.

3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.

InversionStudythefollowinggrammartipsforinversionandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.

1.

在主谓状和主系表句型中，当状语或表语前置时句子须全部倒装。2. 带否定意义的词或带否定词的短语位于句首时，句子须部分倒装。3. 当only,often,so等副词位于句首时，句子需要倒装。4.当out,in,away,down,up等方位副词位于句首时，句子须全部倒装。A. Awayranthemanashesawthepoliceman.B.Oftendoesmymomtellustostudyhard.C. Innowaycanhesolvetheproblemifhehesitates.D. Underthetableliesawhitecat.InversionHomeGrammar:ModalAuxiliaries

1.公式Eg:IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemoviewithyou.Ifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn’thavebeensosuccessful..Ifitwereto/shouldsnowtomorrow,Ishould/wouldstayathome.2.省略if时，把were,had,should放在前面去。Eg:Wereitnecessary,Imightresign.Hadyouinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallonher.3.无“条件”的虚拟句子with,without,butfor,otherwise,…Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceeded.SubjunctiveMood(1)Grammar:ModalAuxiliaries

4.错综时间条件句HadItakenmyumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.(过去――现在)IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.(现在――过去)Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.（过去――将来）５．Wouldrather/sooner,hadbetter

一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望6.wishIwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadn'tsaidthat.他希望他没讲过那样的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。SubjunctiveMood(1)

Studythefollowinggrammartipsformodalauxiliariesandmatchthemwiththesentencesinthecolumnontheright.A.Ifyouhadfollowedhisadvice,youwouldnotbewaitingforthenexttrainnow.B.IfonlyIhadacar!C.WereIfiveyearsyounger,Iw