2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Directions:

SectionIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(lOpoints)ThehomelessmakeupagrowmgpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_, homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly 2 . Tohelphomeless people 3 independence, the federalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,morelow-costhousing.

4_theminimumwage,andfund6anywherefrom600,000to3._7_efigureyvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis_8_.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies_9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto_lQ_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda___l1_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday___l1_thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtotumtheirlives16.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.Zlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegemMassachusetts,19it,"Therehastobe20ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedeal."1.[A]Indeed2.[A]stand[A]in[A]raise5.[A]Generally[A]cover[A]Nowthat[A]inflating[A]predicts10.[A]assist11.[A]Hence12.[A]lodging13.[A]searching14.[A]when15.[A]life16.[A]around17.[A]complex18.[A]So19.[A]puts20.[A]supervision

[B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore[B]cope [C]approve [D]retain[B]for [C]with [D]toward[B]add [C]take keep[B]Almost [C]Hardly [D]Not[B]change [C]range [D]differ[B]Although [C]Provided [D]Exceptthat[C]increasing [D]extending[B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers[B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss[B]But [C]Even [D]Only[B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house[B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering[B]once [C]while [D]whereas[B]existence survival [D]maintenance[B]over [C]on [D]up[B]comprehensive[C]complementary [D]compensating[B]Since [C]As [D]Thus[B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes[B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordinationSectionII ComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference,"Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference"characteristicofpopularPeopleareabsorbedinto"acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th­centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite"thesewerestores"anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofthepopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat"amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrant"HencethefAmericaasa"graveyard"forlanguages.Byforeign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.AsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet"someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower."AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.Theword"homogenizing"(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeansidentifying.associating.assimilating.monopolizing.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcenturyplayedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.areresistanttohomogenization.exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyisrewarding.successful.fruitless.harmful.Text2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry Williambranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheateraddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributeNeverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)-lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthatthetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue.oftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage.oftheRSCarenotongoodterms.thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatthesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.spendmoremoneythanthesightseers.thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.(Line2,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthatStratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects.thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney.thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecauseticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending.thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed.thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable.thetheatreattendanceisontherise.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthorissupportiveofbothsides.favorsthetownsfolk'sview.attitude.issympathetictotheRSC.Text3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong­fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline".Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatlargeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthatthestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.thenumberoflargepredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative"(Line1,Paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly.thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss.thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthatpeopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime.fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass.theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries'managementefficiency.biomasslevel.catch-sizelimits.technologicalapplication.Text4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodemformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,smiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda-tolureustoopenourwallets-theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget-whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting-isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthatpoetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings.poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.Theword"bummer"(Line5,Paragraph5)mostprobablymercial.Intheauthor'sopinion,advertisingemergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic.replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieveshappinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.expectationandreality.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodemsociety.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCard,"whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,thoseactivitiesbecamewhathecalls"electronicheroin."(41) In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams'sgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima"ceaseadmissions"letter.Notingthe"medical/psychological"natureofproblemgamblingbehavior,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42) TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:"Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas"helplesslyaddictedtogambling,"intentionallyworkedto"lure"himto"engageinconductagainsthiswill."Well.(43) oftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays"pathologicalgambling"involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44) �Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45) Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsayaddictedto-revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers'dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.DavidWilliams'ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallytocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese,YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleoftheintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.mpleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)_IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginaSocratic(in,,Mr[ij;)wayaboutmoralsuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichheHisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.mThisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseLikeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties-heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,ordoctorhisreports.(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachingh