课件案例生理学-7.energy metabolism and body temperature

EnergyMetabolismandBodyTemperatureZeGangMa( 1Section1EnergySectionMeasurementofenergymetabolismFactorsaffectingthemetabolicrateBasalmetabolism2MaterialAnabolism:takeupenergyCatabolism:liberateenergy

EnergyEnergymetabolism:theproduction,storage,transformation,releaseandutilityofenergyduringtheprocessofmaterialmetabolism.4Energymainlyglucose约占

约占

5一、EnergyCreatinephosphate(CrP)6（一）ATP“EnergyThekeysubstanceinenergytransformationandATPisgeneratedbycombustionofcarbohydrates,fatsandproteinsEnergyfromATPcanbeSynthesisandMuscularGlandularActiveKeepbodyAcombinationofadenine,riboseandthreephosphateradical.Twophosphateradicalsareconnectedwiththereminderofthemoleculebysocalledhigh-energybonds.Itfunctionsasanintracellularenergysource.8CrP:anATPAnotherenergy-richphosphatecompoundfoundinmuscleCrPisanimportantenergystoreforATPThiskeepstheconcentrationofATPatanalmostconstantlevelaslongasanyCrp9（二）EnergyThefinalproductionofcarbohydrateisglucose(80%),fructose,andgalactose(半乳糖)MuchofthefructoseandgalactosearealsorapidlyconvertedintoglucoseintheliverGlucoseisthemainsourceofEnterintoGlucose6-

PolymerizedintoAerobic

38molATP/glucose2molThebiologicallyimportantlipidsarethefattyacidsandtheirderivatives,theneutralfats,thephospholipidsandthesterols.Glycerol,fattyProteinsaremadeupofaminoIncontrasttoglucoseandfattyacids,aminoacidscanbestoreduntilneeded.EnergyEnergyintake-energyPerformingessentialmetabolicfunctionsofthePerformingvariousphysicalactivitiesDigesting,absorbing,etcMaintainingbodyEnergyintake>energyAbnormalfeedingregulationPsychogenicfactors精神心理性）NeurogenicabnormalitiesGeneticfactorsChildhoodYour'bodymassindex'orBMIisameasureofbodyfatbasedonheightandweight.ABMIof:under20=underweight20-25=normal25-30=30+=ForA withaheightof

=21.6(Kg 肥胖度（%）*>10%超重，20%-2930%-4950%男：身高（cm）-100=标准体重 女：（身高cm-70）×60%=男：（身高cm-80）×70%=标准体重二MetabolicRateanditsTotalenergyexpenditureperunitUsuallyexpressedastheheatproductionperhour,persquarebodysurfaceareakJm2通常以单位时间内每平方米体表面积的产热量kJm2·h为单位Heatistheendproductofalmostalltheenergyinthe (二MeasurementofenergyLawsofIntheclosedsystem,energyisneithercreatednorlost.ΔE=H+ Internalenergy WEnergyusedtoperform ordinarilyisnotperforminganyexternalwork,thewholebodymetabolicratecanbedeterminedbysimplymeasuringthetotal tyofheatliberatedfromthebodyinagivenMeasurementofmetabolicDirect （直接测热法Indirectcalorimetry（间接测热法DirectIndirectInanormalchemicalreaction,the tyofproductsareproportionabletothe tyofthesubstrate,thisiscalledconstantproportionallaw.C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+Thermalequivalent（食物的热价Thenumberofcaloriesproducedby1goffood,whenitiscompleyoxidized,iscalledthermalequivalentofthefood.1g某种食物在体内氧化（或在体外燃烧）时(kJ/g)Oxidizedinthebody:biologicthermalBurntoutsidethebody:physicalthermalThethermalequivalentofthethreenutritionsubstanceNutritionphysicalthermalbiologicthermalProteinscouldnotbeoxidizedtotallyintheThermalequivalentof（食物的氧热价Theamountofcaloriesproducedbyperliterof食物氧化时消耗1LWhen1literofoxygenismetabolizedwithglucose,5.01calarereleased;withfat,4.70cal;andwithprotein,4.60Respiratoryquotient(RQ,呼吸商Theratioofthevolumeofcarbondioxide(CO2)producedtothevolumeofoxygen(O2)consumedperunitoftimeCO2

O2consumed

Carbohydrate:Fat:Protein:Averagediet:0.85Respiratoryquotient,Carbohydrate→fat,

RQ=Fat→carbohydrate,RQ?(NPRQ,非蛋白呼吸商)Becauseoxidizationtosupplyenergyisnotthemajorfunctionoftheprotein,generally,theenergymainlycomesfromthecatabolismofcarbohydrateandfat.Usually,theRQiscalculatedbytheratioofCO2productiontoO2consumptiononthebasisofapproximateproportionofmixedcarbohydrateandfat,whichiscallednon-proteinrespiratoryquotient(NPRQ).

ofoxygen--------MeasuringthemetabolicMeasurementofO2consumptionandCO2Measurementofureanitrogen----proteinoxidizedandtheheatproducedbyprotein.CalculationofO2consumptionandCO2productionofnon-proteinnutrition----NPRQ----heatproducedbynon-proteinTotalheat=heatproducedbyprotein+heatproducedbynon-proteinnutritionMeasurementofO2consumptionandCO2productionMeasurementinaclosedMeasurementinaopenMeasurementofO2consumptionandCO2productionMeasurementofureaUrea proteinForexample:24hO2consumptionCO2production340L,ureanitrogenProteinoxidation=12Proteinheatproduction=18ProteinO2consumption=0.95ProteinCO2production=0.76Non-proteinheatproduction=20.4Totalheat

ofoxygen三FactorsaffectingenergyMuscleEmotionalSpecificdynamicaction,EnvironmentalOtherfactorsaffectingenergy（一）MuscularExercise→O2consumption➚→metabolicrateOxygenOxygendebtisdefinedastheextravolumeofoxygenthatisneededtorestorealltheenergeticsystemstotheirnormalstateafterexercise.（二）EmotionalstateTheO2consumptionofbrainis20timesofmuscle.Thereisnodifferencebetweensleepandconsciousness.Butatsomeemotionalstatesenergyproductionincrease.AnxietyTensionof Hormones

MetabolicrateThyroidhormoneSpecificdynamicactionofafoodistheobligatoryenergyexpenditurethatoccursduringitsassimilationintothebody.Protein:Carbohydrate:Fat:Mixeddiet: （四）Environmental20~30°<20>30

shivering→metabolicrateaccelerationofmetabolicprocess→metabolicrate➚（五）OtherBodytemperature四、BasalBasalmetabolismmeansenergymetabolismunderbasalcondition.Basalmetabolicrate(BMR)meansbasalmetabolismperunitoftime(kJ/m2h).BMRisexpressedastheenergymetabolismperunitoftime,persquareofbodysurface.KJ/(m2.h)BasalMustnothaveeatenanyfoodforatleast12AfteranightofrestfulNostrenuousEliminateallpsychicandphysicalTheroomtemperatureisbetween20-25StevensonBodySurfaceArea(m2)0.0061xHeight(cm)+0.0128xWeight(kg)-TheaveragednormalvalueofBMR 16- Forconvenience,theBMRisusuallyexpressedasapercentageincreaseordecreaseaboveorbelowthestandardnormalMeasuredvalue–standardStandard

×ForOneman,20yearsold,O2consumptionis:15L/h,bodysurfacearea:1.5m2NPRQ=0.82;Thermalequivalentofoxygen:20.19KJ/L20.19KJ/L×15L/h÷1.5m2=201.9ThestandardBMRforamanof20yearsold157.8KJ/(m2.h),sotheBMRis(201.9-÷157.8×100%=28%aboveExpressedasSignificanceofnormalrange:±10-15%pathologicsignificance:>±20%hypothyroidism：

TheBMRincreasesabout13%forevery1riseinbodytemperature.Energymetabolismreferstotheproduction,storage,transform,releaseandutilityofenergyduringtheprocessofmaterialATPfunctionsasan“energycurrency”inThemetabolicrateistheamountofenergyliberatedperunitoftime.Strenuousexerciseisthefactorthatcausesthemostdramaticeffectonmetabolicrate.BMRisusuallymeasuredunderso-calledbasal Energyintake>energyAbnormalfeedingPsychogenicduringorafterstressfulNeurogenicGeneticChildhood

4EnergyinputPhysicalactivity6560分钟各项运动所耗热

DrugDrugsfordecreasingtheappetite:amphetamines,sibutramineHormonesforalteringmetabolism:thyroidhormoneDrugsforbloodglucose67Section2BodytemperatureandtemperatureregulationBodyThebalancebetweenheatproductionandheatloss67恒温67变温动67一、Body1. Core(体核温度a:20°Cb:BodytemperaturemeanstheaveragecoreAxillarytemperature:36.0~37.4°COraltemperature:36.7~37.7°CRectaltemperature:36.9~37.9°CEsophagus(食管):thetemperatureinthemiddleoftheesophagusisthesameasthetemperatureintherightatria（右心房）sothatinsomeexperimentitisoftenusedasanindexofthecoretemperature. (鼓膜 hypothalamus（下丘脑）,itisoftenusedasthetemperatureinbraininresearch.1.2ArrangementofbodyCircadianrhythm昼夜节律)CircadianSuprachiasmaticadultfemale>maleInnonpregnantwomen,thereisanadditionalmonthlycycleofbodytemperaturevariationcharacterizedbyalowbasalbodytemperatureaftermensesandariseofbasaltemperatureatthetimeofovulationcorrelatingwithshiftsinthebloodconcentrationsofprogesteroneandotherhormones. Anewbornchildhasaslightlyhighertemperaturethananadult,andthebodytemperatureofayoungchildismorevariableduetothehighermetabolicrate.Theold shavelowerbodytemperatureduetothedecreasedmetabolicrate.某家庭成员体温变化表（腋窝温度睡温℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃℃BalanceofbodyHeatproductionHeatlossHeatMainorgansofheatproductionAtrest:viscera(liver)Duringexercise:skeletal组产热量安静状劳动或运脑1内8骨骼其1Formofheatshiveringthermogenesis寒战产热non-shiveringthermogenesis非寒战产热Regulationofheat

Thermalmuscletone,shiveringBrownfattissueThyroidhormone,epinephrine,

MetabolicrateHeatproductionFactorsaffectingtheheatHowrapidlyheatcanbeconductedfromthebodycoretoskin.Howrapidlyheatcanbetransferredfromtheskintothesurroundings.Heattransferfromcoreto(表皮(毛细管(真皮(动脉(静脉(静脉丛FormsofRadiation(辐射Conduction(传导Evaporation(蒸发散热RadiationistransferofheatbyfromonesubjecttoanotheratadifferenttemperaturewithwhichitisnotinAffectingtemperaturedifferencebetweentheskinsurfaceandsurroundingobjecttheeffectiveradiationareaofthebodysurfaceConductionisheatexchangebetweenobjectsorsubstancesatdifferenttemperaturesthatareincontactwithone15％ofheatconductedtotheair.Affectingfactors-temp.differencebetweentwoobjectsin-heatconductionrateintheConvectionisheatexchangebythemovementofairAffectingfactors：windConvectionisalwaysoccurringbecausewarmairislessdenseandthereforerises,butitcanbegreatlyfacilitatedbyexternalforcessuchaswindorfans.Asmallamountofconvectionalmostalwaysoccursaroundthebodybecauseofthetendencyfortheairadjacenttotheskintoriseasites EvaporationistransferringheatbyvaporizationofwaterontheskinandmucousmembraneofthemouthandrespiratoryVaporizationof1gofwaterremovesabout0.6kcalofheat.TheonlyeffectivemechanismofheatlosswhentheenvironmentaltemperatureisaboveskinEvaporationtakesplaceintwoInsensibleInsensibleInsensibleperspirationmeansacertainamountofwaterisvaporizedatalltimes.Insensibleperspirationfromskin:SweatingisanactivesecretoryReachesvaluesashighas1600ml/h99%-1%-solidcomponent(NaCl)Thedegreeofreabsorptionontherateof

SweatingisareflexibleThepreopticanteriorhypothalamusPO/AH：视前区-下丘脑前部)isthesweatingcenter.Thesweatglandsareinn