全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义

2/39 FILENAME新建MicrosoftWord97-2003文档 TopSage大家网，大家的！ ://topsage 更多精品在大家！供学习参考全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义目录2009年3月21日下午15：00-17：30主要内容：1．对于考试的了解和复习的根本策略2．主要语法知识点〔一〕定语从句，练习及其译法2009年3月21日晚上18：30-21：00主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔二〕定语从句，长难句分析及翻译2009年3月28日下午15：00-17：30主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔三〕非谓语动词，练习及其译法2．阅读理解讲解2009年3月28日晚上18：30-21：00主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔四〕非谓语动词，长难句分析及翻译2．阅读理解两篇2009年3月29日下午15：00-17：30主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔五〕被动语态，练习及其译法2．阅读理解讲解第六节2009年3月29日晚上18：30-21：00主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔六〕被动语态，长难句分析及翻译2．阅读理解两篇第七节2009年4月4日下午15：00-17：30主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔七〕代词及虚拟语气，练习及其译法2．阅读理解讲解3．完型填空根本思路讲解第八节2009年4月4日晚上18：30-21：00主要内容：1．主要语法知识点〔八〕代词及虚拟语气，长难句分析及翻译2．词汇一般练习3．阅读理解两篇第九节2009年4月11日下午15：00-17：30主要内容：1．词汇一般练习，形容词和副词的一般译法，长难句分析及翻译2．阅读理解讲解第十节2009年4月11日晚上18：30-21：00主要内容：1．词汇一般练习2．阅读理解两篇、完型填空根本思路讲解3．最后复习指导性建议推荐教材：1．?英语笔译综合能力3级?，外文出版社，黄源深总主编，2006年版。〔黄皮书〕2．?英语三级笔译考试真题精选?，外文出版社，卢敏编，2006年版。〔蓝皮书〕课外阅读材料：张培基、喻云根等，?英汉翻译教程?。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980年版。陈宏薇，?新实用汉译英教程?。武汉：湖北教育出版社，1996年版。柯平，?英汉与汉英翻译教程?。北京：北京大学出版社，1993年版。吕瑞昌、喻云根，?汉英翻译教程?。西安：陕西人民出版社，1983年版。陆殿扬，?英汉翻译理论与技巧?〔上、下册〕。北京：时代出版社，1958年版。杨莉藜，?英汉互译教程?。开封：河南大学出版社，1993年版。范仲英，?实用翻译教程?。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994年版。冯庆华，?实用翻译教程?。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年版。郭著章，?英汉互译实用教程?。武昌：武汉大学出版社，1996年版。10．申雨平，?实用英汉翻译教程?。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002年版。11．古今明，?英汉翻译根底?。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002年版。12．王恩冕、李正中，?大学英汉翻译教程?。北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，1998年版。13．李长拴，?非文学翻译理论与实践?。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。14．姜桂华，?中式英语之鉴?。北京：清华大学出版社。15．庄绎传，?英汉翻译简明教程?。北京：外研社。16．许渊冲：?翻译的艺术?，五洲传播出版社出版。17．包惠南著：?文化语境与语言翻译?，中国对外翻译出版公司。18．何善芬等著：?英汉语言比照研究?，上海外语教育出版社。19．曾蕙兰：?进出口实用英语?，外文出版社。?汉英中华文化词典?，上海外语教育出版社。20．?翻译研究论文集?(1894-1948、1949-1983)(?翻译通讯?编辑部)21．?翻译理论与翻译技巧文集?，中国对外翻译出版公司。22．Language,Culture,andTranslation，byEugeneA.Nida,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress词法、句法流派代表作陆殿扬：?英汉翻译理论与技巧?，商务印书馆。张培基等：?英汉翻译教程?，上海外语教育出版社。冯树鉴：?实用英汉翻译技巧?，同济大学出版社。功能流派的代表作郭颐顿、张颖，?商务英汉翻译教程?，中山大学出版社，1995年版。张鸾铃，?实用英汉翻译技巧?，广东教育出版社，1996年版。谭宝全，?现代英语翻译技巧?，上海交通大学出版社，1997年版。当代译论流派代表作柯平，?英汉与汉英翻译教程?，北京大学出版社。杨莉藜，?英汉互译教程?，河南大学出版社。范仲英，?实用翻译教程?，外语教学与研究出版社。陈宏薇，?新实用汉译英教程?，湖北教育出版社。中文语法书目吕叔湘，朱德熙：?语法修辞讲话?，辽宁教育出版社。王力：?中国现代语法?，商务印书馆。王力：?中国古代语法?，商务印书馆。高名凯：?汉语语法理论?，商务印书馆。吕叔湘：?语法学习?，复旦大学出版社。翻译史 马祖毅：?中国翻译史?，中国对外翻译出版公司。方文华：?中国翻译史?，西北大学出版社。谭载喜：?西方翻译简史?，商务印书馆。第一节考试内容介绍、定语从句讲解、练习及译法第一局部考试介绍一、考试题型词汇和语法局部50题25分25分钟阅读理解50题55分75分钟完型填空20题20分20分钟二、考试要求掌握本大纲要的英语词汇；掌握并能够正确运用双语语法；具备对常用问题英语文章的阅读理解能力。三、笔译综合能力试题的根本类型第一局部词汇和语法局部可分为三大局部：词汇选择〔VocabularyandGrammar〕1-20难度大约在四级左右；词语替代〔VocabularySelection〕21-40主要找出和划横线局部相同意思的词汇，难度在4级到6级之间；改错〔ErrorCorrection〕主要有词汇和语法的两种错误。第一局部考察的内容主要为近义词的辨析、短语介词和动词词组的搭配；语法点主要包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词等等。在其后会分专题来讲解。第二局部阅读理解共5篇，字数在每篇150-450字之间，绝大多数在250字左右，每篇有5到10题，不定量。题材广泛，选题多样。类似于四级以上难度和题型，但是和专业四级题型更加相似。第三局部为开放性完型填空，20空，共20分。题材广泛，选题多样。难度和专业四级等同。四、根本复习策略综合能力课程作为三级笔译必修的课程，主要是考察学生对于英语根本知识的了解，特别是对双语习惯的掌握，为了能够更好地为实务课程打下坚实的根底，所以希望每一位同学都不要对这门课程产生掉以轻心的念头。根据个人经验，我个人推荐以下几个复习的策略：第一、要对大纲的词汇做到十分熟悉，这种熟悉不是简单地认识，而是要学会使用，特别是在没有字典的帮助之下可以迅速而准确地判断搭配。第二、对于语法结构的重视，但但凡学翻译就必须要对语法结构有着深入的了解，这种了解不是简单地会划分句子成分，而是将每个句子如何组合，这将决定你实务中的句型翻译的关键。第三，阅读能力要强。任何考试都是得阅读者得天下，咱们的综合能力考试也不除外。包括实务考试，如果文章内容没有弄明白，那么对文章的翻译肯定是不行的。以上三点经验之谈，仅供参考。第二局部定语从句的讲解、练习及译法1．that和which用法比拟：1)which用于非限定性定语从句中。e.g.:Hesaidhewasbusy,whichwasnottrue.他说他很忙，那是假的。Wedon’twanttoenterthehouse,whichisverycold.我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。2)which用于介词后做宾语。e.g.:Theroomofwhichwindowsareoppositetotheroomislarge.窗户正对着海的房间很大。Thechairinwhichyouaresittingismadeofiron.你坐的椅子是用钢做的。3)that一定用于“不〔不定代词作先行词时〕止〔“只是〞only修饰先行词时〕最〔形容词最高级修饰先行词时〕两〔先行词同时出现人和物〕序〔序数词修饰先行词时〕〞五种情况。e.g.:Allthatyouneedishelp.你所需要的是帮助。Alotofthingsandchildrenthatarefullofthecarwerelostinthedistrict.装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。ThatisonlythingthatIwanttoknow.那是我唯一想知道的事情。ThelastbookthatyouboughtisthatIwantedtobuy.你买的最后一本书是我想买的。Whatisthesizeofthelargestmapthatyouhaveseenbefore?你以前见过的最大的尺寸的地图有多大？2．定语从句的种类定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句〔描绘性定语从句〕和限定性定语从句。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatpersonwhoisnoisy.他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。*非限定性定语从句〔描绘性定语从句〕和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatperson,whoisnoisy.他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。*限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。语法及词汇练习1.Thebridgewasnamed__theherowhogavehislifeforthecauseofthepeople.AafterBwithCbyDfrom2.Therewerenotickets__forFriday’sperformance.ApreferableBconsiderableCpossibleDavailable3.__theRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.AInferiortoBSuperiortoCPriortoDPreferableto4.Cancerissecondonly__heartdiseaseasacauseofdeath.AofBtoCwithDfrom5.Itwasn'tsuchagooddinner__shehadpromisedus.AthatBwhichCasDwhat6.Americanwomenwere__therighttovoteuntil1920aftermanyyearsofhardstruggle.AignoredBneglectedCrefusedDdenied7.Theydecidedtochasethecowaway__itdidmoredamage.AunlessBuntilCbeforeDalthough8.__studentwithalittlecommonsenseshouldbeabletoanswerthequestion.AEachBAnyCEitherDOne9.Themedicineisonsaleeverywhere.Youcangetitat__chemist’s.AeachBsomeCanyDcertain10.All__isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.AwhatisneededBforourneedsCthethingneededDthatisneeded11.__withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.AWhencomparedBCompareCWhilecomparingDComparing12.After__forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.AbeinginterviewedBinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed13.__shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.AThatwasfromStephenBItwasStephenwhomCItwasfromStephenthatDItwasStephenthat14.Iftheseshoesaretoobig,asktheclerktobringyouasmaller__.AsuitBsetConeDpair15.Manynew__willbeopenedupinthefutureforthosewithauniversityeducation.AopportunitiesBnecessitiesCrealitiesDprobabilities16.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe__then.AwouldhavebeenhereBhadtobehereCshouldbehereDwouldbehere17.You__allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.Aneedn’thavedoneBmustnothavedoneCshouldn’thavedoneDcannothavedone18.Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyou__it.Amustn’thavedoneBwouldn’thavedoneCmightn’thavedoneDdidn’thavetodo19.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationsforms__backbeforethedeadline.AmustbesentBwouldbesentCbesentDweresent20.We__ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.AjusthavehadBhavejusthadCjusthadDhadjusthad21.Ihadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothes__Iheardvoices.AasBwhileCafterDwhen22.Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,__somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.AunlessBuntilCwhenDwhile23.Itwasessentialthattheseapplicationforms__backasearlyaspossible.AmustbesentBwillbesentCaresentDbesent24.Thechildrenwenttheretowatchtheirontower__.AtoerectBbeerectedCerectingDbeingerected25.Theengine__smokeandsteam.AgivesupBgivesinCgivesawayDgivesoff26.Themanagerpromisedtokeepme__ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.AtobeinformedBoninformingCinformedDinforming27.Thegoals__hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.AafterwhichBforwhichCwithwhichDatwhich28.Ishouldliketorentahouse,modern,comfortableand__inaquietneighborhood.AallinallBaboveallCafterallDoverall29.__wehavefinishedthecourse,weshallstartdoingmorerevisionwork.AFornowBNowthatCEversinceDBynow30.Whatyouhavedoneis__thedoctor’sorders.AattachedtoBresponsibletoCresistanttoDcontraryto译法：1．定语从句的前置合译法：Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比拟的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。2．定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponsewillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.译文：行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反响能力的开展,那么,儿童的智力就会开展到较高的水平。TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootsinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维能力过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。3．定语从句的溶合变译法；Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.(48words)译文：这种假设是依据这样的一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。定语从句翻译练习：1.Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.在20世纪以前,小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。2.Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。3.They(thepoor)arethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobsthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.对于以往几代人来说,旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步那么摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。4.ThenumberoftheyoungpeopleintheUnitedStateswhocan’treadisincredibleaboutoneinfour.大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。〔前置译法〕第二节语法及词汇练习、定语从句长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解讲解回忆也是一种前瞻Reviewingispreparingusforthefuture第一局部语法及词汇练习1.Johnregretted__tothemeetinglastweek.AnotgoingBnottogoCnothavingbeengoingDnottobegoing2.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare__.AoutofworkBoutofstockCoutofreachDoutofpractice3.They__inspiteoftheextremelydifficultconditions.AcarriedoutBcarriedoffCcarriedonDcarriedforward4.Mrs.Brownissupposed__forItalylastweek.AtohaveleftBtobeleavingCtoleaveDtohavebeenleft5.He’swatchingTV?He’s__tobecleaninghisroom.AknownBconsideredCregardedDsupposed6.Mycameracanbe__totakepicturesincloudyorsunnyconditions.AtreatedBadjustedCadoptedDremedied7.Anewtechnique__,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.AworkingoutBhavingworkedoutChavingbeenworkedoutDtohavebeenwordedout8.Between1974and1997,thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded__27%.AbyBforCtoDin9.Childrenwhoareover-protectedbytheirparentsmaybecome__.AhurtBdamagedCspoiledDharmed10.WhenMr.Jonesgetsold,hewill__overhisbusinesstohisson.AtakeBhandCthinkDget11.Wehadapartylastmonth,anditwasalotoffun,solet’shave__onethismonth.AanotherBmoreCtheotherDother12.Noagreementwasreachedinthediscussionasneithersidewouldgivewayto__.AtheotherBanyotherCanotherDother13.Itwasdifficulttoguesswhather__tothenewswouldbe.AimpressionBreactionCcommentDopinion14.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI__.AfinishwhatIdidBfinishedwhatIdidCwouldfinishwhatIwasdoingDfinishedwhatIwasdoing15.Weareinterestedintheweatherbecauseit__ussodirectlywhatwewear,whatwedo,andevenhowwefeel.AbenefitsBaffectsCguidesDeffects16.Willallthose__theproposalraisetheirhands?AinrelationtoBincontrasttoCinexcessofDinfavorof17.Childrenareverycurious__.AatheartBinpersonConpurposeDbynature18.Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers__amatchwithoutastandardcourt.AobjectedtohavingBwereobjectedtohaveCobjectedtohaveDwereobjectedtohaving19.Themaninthecornerconfessedto__alietothemanagerofthecompany.AhavetoldBhavingtoldCbeingtoldDbetold20.Theteacherdoesn’tpermit__inclass.AsmokeBtosmokeCsmokingDtohaveasmoke21.Aswecannolongerwaitforthedeliveryofourorder,wehaveto__it.ApostponeBrefuseCdelayDcancel22.Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyou__youneed.AalltheinformationBalltheinformationsCallofinformationDalloftheinformations23.Notuntilthegamehadbegun__atthesportsground.AhadhearrivedBwouldhehavearrivedCdidhearriveDshouldhehavearrived24.Youngpeoplearenot__tostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.AconservativeBcontentCconfidentDgenerous25.MostbroadcastersmaintainthatTVhasbeenunfairlycriticizedandarguethatthepowerofthemediumis__.AgrantedBimpliedCexaggeratedDremedied26.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo__bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.AunrecordedBtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded27.Ihavenoobjection__yourstoryagain.AtohearBtohearingCtohavingheardDtohaveheard28.Theclothesapersonwearsmayexpresshis__orsocialposition.AcuriosityBstatusCdeterminationDsignificance29.Bylaw,whenonemakesalargepurchase,heshouldhave__opportunitytochangehismind.AaccurateBurgentCexcessiveDadequate30.Youwillseethisproduct__whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertisedCadvertiseDadvertising第二局部定语从句长难句成分分析及翻译练习5.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到既有教育意义又有娱乐性的层出不穷的新节目。〔后置译法〕6.TakinghiscuefromIbsen`sADoll`sHouse,inwhichtheheroine,Nora,leaveshomebecausesheresentsherhusband’streatingherlikeachild,thewriterLuXunwarnedthatNorawouldneedmoneytosupportherself;shemusthaveeconomicrightstosurvive.易卜生的剧作?玩偶之家?中的女主人公娜拉离家出走,因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己,她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。〔句首译法〕7.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。〔倒装、定从使用〕8.Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconverted,viaoxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成〔convertinto〕葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会〔局部〕传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。9.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent，heshowsthattheslaves’preference，revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent，wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.虽然古特曼成认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制。10.Thispreferenceforexogamy，Gutmansuggests，mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage，which，thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother，allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻〔unionwithclosekin〕的禁止。第三局部阅读理解的根本理念〔见PPT〕第三节非谓语动词，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解及练习第一局部阅读理解题目练习：Whenmyfirstchildwasborn,mymother-in-lawsaidtome:‘MotherhoodisawonderfuljustaslongasyourememberthatAMother’sPlaceisintheWrong.Nomatterwhatyoudo,yourchildrenwillblameyou.’Sinethattime,almostnineyearsago,Ihavecarefullymonitoredmothersandtheirgrowingoffspringtoverifythismaxim,andfoundthatindeeditcontainsmuchtruth.If,ontheotherhand,amothersendsherlittlelambtothelocalneighborhoodschool,thelittlelambwillgrumbletearslaterthathisparentsdidnotgiveafigforeducationandthatiswhyhewasilliterateandonthedole.Ifawomanhasajob,herchildrenwillspeakmournfullyoftheexperienceofbeinglatch-keykidswhoneverknewwhatitwastocomehometothejoyandsecurityofmumbakingbreadinthekitchen.Ifsheconsidersittoebesttoendthemarriage,theywillaccuseherofcausingthem‘parentaldeprivationsyndrome’andobligationthemtogrowupin‘aone-parentsituation’.Truly,amother’splaceisinthewrongplaceand,yea,itgoesonevenuntothethirdgeneration.Whenyourchildrenencountertroubleordifficultiesasadults,intheirownmarriagesorintheirpersonalities,whomdoyoublame?You’vegotitinone:Mother.1.Havingthoughtabouthermother-in-lawadvice,theauthor_________________.AwasinclinedtodoubttheadviceBinterviewedwomenwhosechildrenhadgrownupCdecidedtoputtheadvicetothetestDaskedadultsabouttheirchildren2.Thepassagesuggeststhatthelocalschools___________________.AmakechildrenfeelinsecurityBhaveapooreducationalrecordCallowchildrentoomuchfreedomDareforthechildrenof‘suburbancabbages’3.Accordingtothepassage,awomanwhodivorcesherhusbandwill____________________.AbebackedbyherchildrenBbeblamedbyherchildrenCusuallyblameherhusbandDsoonlosethechildren’saffection4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatmothers_________________.AarewillingtotaketheblameBareblamedunfairlyCcannotbeblamelessDcannotavoidblameTheworldwideconsumptionofbakeryfoodproductsisincreasing.Manypopulationsthatformerlyreliedsolelyonriceorcoarsergrainsastheirmainsourceofcarbohydratesshowapreferenceforcompoundedbakeryproductsasnewindustryandincreasedincomesmakethemmorewidelyaccessible.Japanisanoutstandingexampleofcountriesfollowingthistrend.TheUnitedStateshasshownasteadydownwardtrendinpercapitaconsumptionofcereal-basedfoodsformanyyears,andtheconsumptionofsweetbakeryfoods,suchascakesorpastry,hasbeenincreasinglydisplacingbreadconsumption.Probably95%ofthewhitebreadsoldintheUnitedStatesisenrichedwiththiamine,niacin,andiron,andabout30ofthestateshavelawsrequiringwhitebreadenrichment.Formerly,calciumandvitaminDwerefrequentlyaddedtoenrichedbread,butlackofconsumerdemandandquestionablenutritionalbenefitledtogradualphasingoutoftheseenrichments.Indiahasattemptedtoencourageconsumptionofprotein-enrichedbread,withsomesuccess.Exceptforresearchprojects,littlehasbeendoneinothercountries,however.Inareaswherebakeryproductscomprisealargeproportionofthediet,theycouldprovideanidealvehiclefornutritionalsupplementation.Theneedforbetterqualityinthedailydietoccursmostlyinthedevelopingcounties,wherecarbohydratesfoodsusuallyJapanisusedinthispassagetillustrateafashioninmanycountries___________.AtoenrichbreadBtoinvestmoreinfoodindustryCtoincreaseconsumptionofbakeryfoodsDtoincreasearelianceonriceandgrains2.Becauseoflittledemandandquestionablevalue____________.AcalciumandvitaminDarenolongeraddedtobreadBcereal-basedfoodsarebeingreplacedbybakeryproductsCriceandcoarsergrainsbeingreplacedbybakeryproductsDlittlehasbeendonetoencourageconsumptionofenrichedbread3.Accordingtothepassage,popularcerealscouldbethebestwayindevelopingcountriesto___.AsupplementthedietBdisplacericeconsumptionCincreaserelianceoncarbohydratesDphaseoutnecessarybreadenrichments4.Fromthepassage,welearnthatthereisaworldwidetrendtowards_____________.AenrichingthenutritionalvalueofbreadBincreasingtheconsumptionofproteinCusingbakeryproductsasasourceofcarbohydratesDusinggrains,suchasrice,asasourceofcarbohydrates第二局部非谓语动词难点讲解独立主格与非谓语动词：独立主格独立主格的结构一：名词〔代词〕+分词[现在分词、过去分词]Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper__itclosely.AfollowedBfollowingCtofollowDbeingfollowedAllthings__,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AconsideredBbeconsideredCconsideringDhavingconsidered独立主格的结构2：with+名词〔代词〕+分词[句子当中作状语]AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys__togotoschool.AtobeencouragedBbeenencouragedCbeingencouragedDbeencouraged非谓语动词非谓语动词的结构：分词〔分词短语〕句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，那么使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，那么使用过去分词。43.Nomatterhowfrequently__,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformedperformvt.表演，演出，演奏；tobeperformed将要被演奏；beingperformed正在被演奏；一些特殊的动词：第一个：remember记住；62.Iremember__tohelpusifweevergotintotrouble.AonceofferingBhimonceofferingChimtoofferDtoofferhim第二个：want想要；48.Yourhairwants__.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.AcutBcuttingCtocutDbeingcut18.Thisroomissodirtythatitwants__.AcleaningBtocleanCbeingcleanedDcleaned第三个：mean意味；25.There'samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans__trouble.AmakingBtomakeCtohavemadeDhavingmade练习：41. Itisnotdifficultto________theideathatmachinesmaycommunicateinformationtous.A)admitB)receiveC)acceptD)convince42. Ihavenottheleast________ofhurtingyourfeelings.A)conceptB)intentionC)mindD)purpose43. Astheshortageofcertainmetalsapproaches,othersmustbefoundtotaketheir________.A)shareB)placeC)roleD)shape44. Thenewpowerstationisreported________withinthreeyears.A)tohavecompletedB)tohavebeencompletedC)havingBeencompletedD)tocomplete45. Maryisinbedwithafeverandshecan’thopeto________thecoldinafewday.A)getoverB)getawayC)getoffD)getout46. Althoughtheweatherwasveryhad,thebusesstillranon________.A)listB)planC)scheduleD)arrangement47. Thesituationtodayisobviouslyquitedifferentfrom________itwasonly50yearsago.A)whatB)whichC)whenD)such48. Soon,Americanshope,therainswillreturnandeasethehardship________U.S.farmers.A)facedB)facesC)facingD)toface49. Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,they________betterhealth.A)couldhaveenjoyedB)havebeenenjoyingC)hadenjoyedD)areenjoying50. Itismucheasiertotalkaboutsocialchangethanto________.A)bringitonB)bringitaboutC)burningitupD)bringitout51. Janewashitontheheadbytherobberandwasknocked________.A)mindlessB)unawareC)brainlessD)unconscious52. Helikesdoingsomereadingathometothecinema.A)thantogoB)thangoingC)morethangoingD)ratherthantogo53. ________neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.A)AccusedofB)AccusingofC)ThathewasaccusedofD)Tobeaccusedof54. Iboughtanewhouselastyear,butI________myoldhouseyet,soatthemomentIhavetwohouses.A)didnotsellB)donotsellC)hadnotsoldD)havenotsold55. Shedidn’tregretpaying200dollarsforthebookcase.Asamatterorafact,shewouldgladlyhavepaid________forit.A)asmuchtwiceB)muchastwiceC)astwicemuchD)twiceasmuch56. BythetimeyougettoBeijingtomorrow,I________forShanghai.A)amleavingB)shouldhaveleftC)willleaveD)havealreadyleft57. Itwasessentialthatallthenecessarydocuments________tothepresident’sofficebeingtheendofthismonth.A)behandedinB)mustbehandedinC)shouldD)hadbeenhandedin58. Thecarisquite________ofpetrol.A)economicB)economicalC)savingD)sparing59. Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI________here50minutessooner.A)wouldbeB)shouldbeC)hadbeenD)wouldhavebeen60. ________hisgreatwealth,healwaysremainedamanofsimpletastes.A)ExceptforB)WithregardtoC)DespiteD)Although61. Thesocksweretoosmallanditwasonlyby________themthathemanagedtogetthemon.A)spreadingB)extendingC)lengtheningD)stretching62. Languagecanbedefinedasatoolbywhichhumanbeings________withoneanother.A)associateB)connectC)communicateD)correspond63. Asasmallboy,hewasslow________learningtoreadandwrite.A)onB)withC)inD)about64. Tonywas________amileofthehotelwhenheranoutofpetrol.A)withinB)insideC)aboutD)off65. Ithasbeenrathercostlytoinstallthemachinery,butitwillprovetobeworththemoney________.A)inthelongrunB)inconclusionC)atlonglastD)attheend66. Idon’tknowwhyhe________inthemiddleofasentence.A)brokeoffB)brokeoutC)brokethroughD)brokeaway67. I’msorryAndydidn’twanttogototheconference.________willingtogowewouldhavepaidallhisexpenses.A)BeingB)WasheC)HehadbeenD)Hadhebeen68. Theministerwastheperson________.A)whomthestatedinnerwasgiveninhonourB)forwhomthestatedinnerwasgivenhonourC)whosehonourthestatedinnerwasgivenD)inwhosehonourthestatedinnerwasgiven69. Theyoungdriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit________ontheway.A)goeswrongB)wouldgowrongC)wentwrongD)shouldgowrong70. Johnhadbeenworkinghardand________.A)sohisbrotherhadB)sohadhisbrotherC)sowashisbrotherD)sohisbrotherdid第三节非谓语动词的译法1．Evenwhenweturnoffthebesidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.〔现在分词正常使用〕即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作:帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。2．Takingthetrain,thetwofriendsarrivedinBerlininlateOctober1922,andwentdirectlytotheaddressofChou-EnLai.他们两个人坐火车于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。Thefarmerof1800,usingahandsickle,couldhopetocutafifthofahe