00595英语阅读(一)2008年07月试卷

浙00595#英语阅读（一）试卷第14页（共14页）全国2008年7月高等教育自学考试英语阅读（一）试题课程代码：00595I.CarefulReading.(40points,2pointsforeach)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagescarefully.DecideonthebestanswersandwritethecorrespondinglettersonyourAnswerSheet.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Althoughnooneiscertainwhymigrationoccurs,thereareseveraltheories.OnetheoryisbaseduponthepremisethatprehistoricbirdsoftheNorthernHemispherewereforcedsouthduringtheIceAge,whenglacierscoveredlargepartsofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.Astheglaciersmelted,thebirdscamebacktotheirhomelands,spentthesummer,andthenwentsouthagainastheiceadvancedinwinter.Intime,themigrationbecameahabit,andnow,althoughtheglaciershavedisappeared,thehabitcontinues.Anothertheoryproposesthattheancestralhomeofallmodernbirdswasthetropics.Whentheregionbecameoverpopulated,manyspecieswerecrowdednorth.Duringthesummer,therewasplentyoffood,butduringthewinter,scarcityforcedthemtoreturntothetropics.Amorerecenttheory,knownasphotoperiodism,suggestsarelationshipbetweenincreasingdaylightandthestimulation,ofcertainglandsinthebirds’bodiesthatmaypreparethemformigration.Onescientisthasbeenabletocausemidwintermigrationsbyexposingbirdstoartificialperiodsofdaylight.Hehasconcludedthatchangesoccurinthebodiesofbirdsduetoseasonalchangesinthelengthofdaylight.1.Accordingtoonetheory,whentheglaciersdisappeared,birds_______.A.stoppedmigrating B.continuedmigratingC.beganmigratingagain D.migratedsouthandstayedthere2.Theauthorstatesthatbirdsleftthetropicsbecause_______.A.therewasnotenoughfoodthereinthewinterB.thereweretoomanybirdsC.thereweretoomanyglaciersD.therewastoomuchdaylight3.Whydidonescientistexposebirdstoartificialdaylight?A.Becausehewantedtotesttherelationshipbetweendaylightandchangesintheseason.B.Becausehewantedtotesttherelationshipbetweenmigrationandtemperature.C.Becausehewantedtotesttherelationshipbetweendaylightandmigration.D.Becausehewantedtotesttherelationshipbetweendaylightandadiseaseoftheglandscommontobirds.4.Accordingtothetheoryofphotoperiodism,_______.A.birdsshouldmigrateinthemiddleofthewinterB.increasingdaylightincreasesthedistanceofmigrationC.seasonalchangesinthelengthofdaysdonotaffectmigrationD.longerdayscausechangesinthebodiesofbirds5.Thispassagesupportsthebeliefthat_______.A.exactreasonsformigrationarenotknownB.birdsmigratebecauseofchangesintemperatureC.theancestralhomeofallbirdswasthetropicsD.glacierscausedbirdstomigratePassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenChristopherColumbuslandedintheNewWorld,theNorthAmericancontinentwasanareaofastonishingethnicandculturaldiversity.NorthoftheRioGrande,whichnowmarkstheborderbetweentheUnitedStatesandMexico,hasapopulationofover12millionpeoplerepresentingapproximately400distinctcultures,500languages,andaremarkablevarietyofpoliticalandreligiousinstitutionsandphysicalandethnictypes,ComparedtotheEuropeans,theIndianpeopleswereextraordinarilyheterogeneous,andtheyoftenviewedtheEuropeansasjustanothertribe.ThesevariedtribalcultureswereasdiversifiedasthelandtheIndiansinhabited.InthehighplainsoftheDakotas,theMandandevelopedapeacefulcommunalsocietycenteredaroundagriculture.Onlyafewhundredmilesaway,however,innorthwesternMontana,theBlackfeetturnedfromagricultureandbegantousehorses,whichhadbeenintroducedbytheSpaniards.Asskilledriders,theybecamehuntersandfightersanddevelopedafierceandaggressiveculturecenteredaroundthebuffalo.IntheeasternwoodlandssurroundingtheGreatLakes,thePotawatomiswereexpertfishermen,canoebuilders,andhunters.IntheNortheast,thesixIroquoisnationswereamongthemostpoliticallysophisticatedpeopleintheworld,formingthefamedIroquoisConfederation,whichincludedtheSenecasandtheMohawks.Thisconfederation,withitssystemofchecksandbalances,providedamodelfortheUnitedStatesConstitution.6.Abouthowmanydifferentculturesexistedamongthefifteenth-centuryNorthAmericanIndians?A.400. B.500.C.600. D.1200.7.TheMandantribescouldbestbeclassifiedas________.A.hunters B.canoebuildersC.farmers D.fishermen8.Beforetheintroductionofhorses,theBlackfeettribeswere________.A.peacefulfarmers B.aggressivehuntersC.fiercewarriors D.skillfulsailors9.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthelife-stylesofthevariousAmericanIndiantribeswereinfluencedmostby________.A.contactwithothertribes B.environmentalresourcesC.contactwithEuropeans D.governmentalorganization10.Accordingtothepassage,howwastheorganizationoftheIroquoisConfederationaforerunneroftheUnitedStatesConstitution?A.Itwasaunionofsmallerunits.B.IthadarepresentativegovernmentC.Itsformofgovernmenthadasophisticatedwayofselectingjudges.D.Itspowerwasregulatedbyasystemofchecksandbalances.PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Unfortunately,mostofthesciencefictionfilmsofthe1970swerenotmuchinfluencedby2001:ASpaceOdyssey.SkillfullydirectedbyStanleyKubrick,2001,whichappearedin1968,setnewstandardsforsciencefictionfilms.Duringthenextdecade,everyoneofthedozensofsciencefictionmoviesreleasedwascomparedto2001,andallbutafewwerefoundsadlylacking.Admittedly,Kubrickhadoneofthelargestbudgetseverforafilmofthiskind,but,inmyopinion,muchofthemovie’spowerandappealwasachievedthroughrelativelyinexpensivemeans.Forexample,themusicalscore,whichwasadaptedinlargepartfromwell-knownclassicalcompositions,wasreinforcedbytheuseofalmostkaleidoscopicvisualeffects,especiallyduringthespacetravelsequences.Spectacularcameraworkwaseditedtocorrespondpreciselytotheebbandflowofthemusic.After2001,thedominantthemeofsciencefictionfilmsshiftedfromtheadventuresofspacetraveltotheproblemscreatedonearthbyman’smismanagementofthenaturalenvironmentandtheabuseoftechnologybyatotalitarianstate.Overpopulationandtheaccompanyingshortagesoffoodpromptthestatetoimposeextraordinarycontrolsonitscitizens.Nofewerthantwenty-ninefilmsweremadearoundthisthemeintheyearsbetween1970and1977,includingSurvivorsandChronicles.Intheopinionofthisreviewer,untilStarWarswasreleasedin1977,sciencefictionfilmswerereducedtoshallowsymbolismdisguisingtoagreaterorlesserdegreeaseriesofrepetitiveplots.ButStarWarswasdifferent.Itofferedusareturntoimaginativevoyagesinspaceandconfrontationwithintelligentlifeonotherplanets.Unliketheothersciencefictionfilmsofthedecade,StarWarspresentedtechnologyashavingsolvedratherthanaggravatedecologicalproblems.Thespecialeffectscreatedtosimulatespacevehicleshurtlingthroughtheblacknessoftheuniversewerereminiscentoftheartisticstandardssetby2001.11.Intheauthor’sopinion,mostofthesciencefictionfilmsreleasedinthe1970swere_______.A.betterthan2001:ASpaceOdysseyB.notasgoodas2001:ASpaceOdysseyC.almostthesameasStarWarsD.betterthanStarWars12.Thethemeofthemajorityofsciencefictionfilmsmadebetween1970and1977was_______.A.spacetravel B.lifeonotherplanetsC.ecologicalproblemsonearth D.warsbetweentheearthandotherplanets13.Theauthorbelievesthatthebestsciencefictionmoviemadeinthe1970swas_______.A.2001:ASpaceOdyssey B.SurvivorsC.Chronicles D.StarWars14.Intheauthor’sopinion,whywas2001successful?A.Becauseitsbudgetwaslarge.B.Becauseitscameraworkandmusicalscorewereblendedartistically.C.Becauseitsplotwasrepetitive.D.Becauseitssymbolismwasverygood.15.Whatdoestheauthormostobjecttointhesciencefictionmoviesofthe1970s?A.Heobjectstotheircamerawork.B.Hedoesnotliketheirmusic.C.Hebelievesthattheirstoriesaretoomuchalike.D.Hecriticizestheirspecialeffects.PassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AstheSouthwasbeginningtofinditselfaftertheAmericanCivilWar,theNorth,too,focuseditsinterestonthelandsbelowtheMason-DixonLine.NorthernersswarmedovertheSouth:journalists,agentsofprospectiveinvestors,speculatorswithplansforrailroads,writersanxioustoexposethemselvestoanewenvironment.OneofthesewasConstanceFenimoreWoolson,ayoungwomanfromNewHampshire,agrandnieceofJamesFenimoreCooper,who,likemanyNortherners,wasdrawntotheunhappySouthbyaffection,compassion,admiration,orthecharmofthelifethere.Withhersingulargiftofminuteobservationandatalentforanalysis,herimaginationlingeredovertherelicsoftheancientSouth,thequaintlyemblazonedtabletsandcolonialtombs,thewreckedoldmansionsthatstoodnearby,perhapsinruinedricelands,amiddesolatedfieldsandbrokendikes.SuchwasthedwellingontheGeorgiaseaislandthatsidledandleanedinJupiterLightswithoneofitsrooflesswingsfallingintothecellar.AfterSt.Augustine,CharlestonespeciallyattractedMissWoolson,crumblingasitwasbutaristocraticstill.Inalaternovel,HoraceChase,oneofthebestofallherbooks,sheanticipatedThomasWolfeindescribingAsheville,inwhichtheyoungcapitalistfromtheNorthwhofallsinlovewiththeSoutherngirlseesthe“LoneStar”offuturemountainresorts.MissWoolsonwasahighlyconsciouswriter,careful,skillful,subtle,withasensitive,clairvoyantfeelingforhumannature,withthegiftofdiscriminatingobservationthatcharacterizedHowellsandHenryJames,twofamousrealisticwriters.ShewassurelybestinherstoriesoftheSouth,fascinatedasshewasbyitssplendorandcarelessness,itstropicalplants,flowers,odorsandbirds,andthepathosandbeautyoftheoldorderasshesawitindecay.16.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheRebuildingoftheSouth.B.LiteratureaftertheCivilWar.C.ThomasWolfe’sInfluenceonWoolson.D.ConstanceFenimoreWoolsonandHerworks.17._______areNOTmentionedinthepassageasthekindofpeoplewhowenttotheSouthaftertheCivilWar.A.Railroadbuilders B.NewspaperwritersC.Northernpoliticians D.Investmentagents18.Accordingtothepassage,ConstanceFenimoreWoolsonwasoriginallyfrom_______.A.St.Augustine B.GeorgiaC.Charleston D.NewHampshire19.Theword“drawn”inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_______A.attracted B.sketchedC.traced D.hauled20.TheauthormentionsHowellsandJamesto_______.A.explainwhyWoolsonchosewritingasacareerB.suggestthatWoolsonwastheobjectofdiscriminationC.compareWoolsontosomeofherfellowwritersD.questionmodernopinionofWoolson’sabilitiesII.SpeedReading.(10points,1pointforeach)Directions:Skimorscanthefollowingpassages.DecideonthebestanswersandwritethecorrespondinglettersonyourAnswerSheet.PassageFiveQuestions21-25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thefirstbookswerequitedifferentfromthebooksoftoday.Theyweremadeofbakedclaytablets.SomeofthesetabletsthathavebeenfoundwereusedinMesopotamiaaboutfifty-fivehundredyearsago.Thepeopleofthattimeusedsymbolstorepresenttheirlanguage.Whentheclaywassoft,thesymbolswerewrittenintheclay.Afterthetabletswerebaked,theclayhardenedandthemessageswerepermanentlypreserved.Mostofthetabletsthathavebeenfoundarebusinessrecords,suchasdeedstocertainlandsinthearea.TheEgyptiansfoundamaterialthatwasmoreconvenienttowriteonthanclay.Theyusedthebarkofthepapyrus,agrassyplantthatgrowswildintheNileValley.Theypastedlayersofthisbarktogethertomakelongsheets—sometimesover100feetlong.Awoodenrollerwasattachedtoeachendofthesheetsothatasmallportioncouldberead,andthenthepapyruscouldberolledupalittletorevealanewportionofwriting.Becausethismethodwasemployed,theEgyptianwritingwasdoneincolumns,readingfromtoptobottom.Forcenturies,thistypeofbookwasusedinGreece,Egypt,ChinaandRome.TheRomansmaderollbooksofvellum,asoftparchmentmadefromtheskinsofyounganimalssuchaslambs,kidsorcalves.About300A.D.anewtypeofbookwasdeveloped:threeorfoursheetsofvellumwerefoldedandsewntogether.Thentheendswerecutsothatthepagescouldbeturned.TheChinesebeganprintingbooksduringtheMiddleAges,longbeforetheEuropeans.Theirprintingtypewasmadeofbakedclayandtheirbooksweremadeofpaper—anotherChineseinvention.TheChinesebookslookedverymuchlikeourmodernbooks.However,theChinesehadlittleornocontactwithEuropeatthattime,soitisnotclearwhethertheEuropeanslearnedaboutprintingfromtheChinese.ThefirstknowninventorofprintinginEuropewasJohannesGutenbergofGermany.ThefirstbookprintedinhisworkshopwasaLatinBible.Afewcopiesofthisfirstbookstillexist.Theyarenowover500yearsold.TheGutenbergBiblewasprintedonahandpresswithtypemadeoflead.Mostofthecopieswereprintedonpaper,butafewwereprintedonvellum.Thebooksareabout12incheswideand16.5incheslong.21.Theoldestbooksfoundweremadeof_______.A.clay B.woodC.stone D.papyrus22.Theoldestbooksknownwerefoundin_______.A.Europe B.AfricaC.Mesopotamia D.China23.Thefirstprintedbooksweremadebythe_______.A.Chinese B.EgyptiansC.Germans D.French24.TheRomansmadeanewkindofbookoutof_______.A.bullskins B.thebarkofcertaintreesC.papyrus D.vellum25.TheGutenbergBiblewasabout_______.A.1.5feetwide B.16incheswideC.12incheswide D.7incheswidePassageSixQuestions26-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Sequoyahwasbornabout1770inthevillageofTaskigi.HewasaCherokeeIndian,and,alongwithhisentiretribe,hewasilliterate.Asaresultofahuntingaccidentthatlefthimpartiallycrippled,heenjoyedmoreleisuretimethanothertribesmen.ThenhebegantopondertheideathattheIndianpeoplemightalsocometopossessthesecretofthe“talkingleaf”.Aloneinthewoods,hespenthoursplayingwithpiecesofwoodormakingoddlittlemarksononestonewithanother.Neitherhiswifenorhisfriendsofferedhimanyencouragement,andmanyridiculedhim.However,SequoyahwasobsessedwithhisdreamofdevelopinganalphabetfortheCherokeelanguage.Atfirst,Sequoyahtriedtogiveeverywordaseparatecharacter,buteventuallyherealizedthefutilityofsuchanapproachandsettledonassigningonecharactertoeachsound.Whatheachievedtwelveyearslaterwasasyllabaryofeighty-sixcharactersrepresentingallofthesoundsofCherokee.Incombination,theyproducedawrittenlanguageofremarkablesimplicityandeffectiveness.Itwassosimple,infact,thatitcouldbelearnedinafewdays.Withinamatterofmonths,apopulationthathadbeenentirelyilliteratebecamealmostentirelyliterate.AsatributetothisgreatIndianeducator,thetallesttreesinNorthAmerica,theSierraRedwoods,weregiventhenameSequoyahs.26.Fromthispassage,weknowthatSequoyahwas_______.A.averytallperson B.aTaskigiIndianC.amarriedman D.easilydiscouraged27.Sequoyahhadmorefreetimethantheothertribesmendidbecausehewas_______.A.developinganalphabet B.ahunterC.averyoldman D.crippled28.Sequoyahspentsomuchtimeinthewoodsbecause_______.A.hedidnothaveanyfriendsB.helikedtoplayC.hewasexperimentingwithasystemofanalphabetD.hewashuntingforfood29.TheCherokeealphabet_______.A.hadaseparatecharacterforeachwordB.hadaseparatecharacterforeachsoundC.wasverycomplicatedtolearnD.wasnotacceptedbythetribe30.HowlongdidittakeSequoyahtodevelophisalphabet?A.Afewdays. B.Severalmonths.C.Twelveyears. D.Allofhislife.III.DiscourseCloze.(10points,1pointforeach)Directions:Thefollowingpassageistakenfromthetextbook.Readthepassageandfillinthenumberedspaces(therearemoresuggestedanswersthannecessary).WritethelettersofyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.Americansocietyismuchmoreinformalthanthatofmanyothercountriesand,insomeways,ischaracterizedbylesssocialdistinction.TheAmericanmixtureofprideinachievementandsenseof“I’mjustasgoodasanybodyelse.”alongwithlackofimportanceplacedonpersonaldignity,isdifficultforaforeignertounderstand.(31)________,andtheygrumbleloudlyaboutinconveniencesornorgettinga“fairdeal.”Yettheydonotmakeapointoftheirpersonalhonor.(32)______,JohnWhyteinAmericanWordsandWaysgivesthefollowingaccount.A…professorwasoncesentabillforhospitalserviceswhichhehadneverenjoyed.Thebillwasaccompaniedbyastrongletterdemandingpayment.(33)_____,buttheprofessor,thoroughlyarousedbythisreflectiononhischaracterandfinancialintegrity,wroteavigorousletterofreply(whichanAmericanmightalsohavedone).Butinthisletterofreplyhedemandedthatthecreditorwritehimaformalletterofapologyforthisreflectiononhishonor.Sincenopublicitycouldpossiblyhavebeengiventothemistake,formistakeitwas,mostAmericansinthatsituation,aftergettingthematterofftheirchest(orwithoutdoingthat)wouldhaveletthematterrest.AnexampleofthesamethingmaybethatalthoughAmericansliketotalkabouttheiraccomplishments,itistheircustomtoshowcertainmodestyinreplytocompliments.(34)_____,which,incidentally,isaverypolitethingtodoinAmerica,theAmericanturnsitaside.Ifsomeoneshouldsay,“Congratulationsuponbeingelectedpresidentoftheclub,”anAmericanisexpectedtoreply,“Well,IhopeIcandoagoodjob,”orsomethingofthesort.Orifsomeonesays,“That’saprettybluenecktieyouarewearing,”anAmericanislikelytosay,“I’mgladyoulikeit,”or“Thankyou.Mywifegaveittomeformybirthday.”Theresponsetoacomplimentseldomconveystheidea,“I,too,thinkI’mprettygood.”(35)______.Studentsdonotrisewhenateacherenterstheroom.Onedoesnotalwaysaddressapersonbyhistitle,suchas“Professor”or“Doctor”(“Doctor”isalwaysused,however,foradoctorofmedicine).Therespectful“sir”isnotalwaysusedinthenorthernandwesternpartsofthecountry.ClothinginAmerica,asineveryplaceintheworld,toacertaindegreereflectsaperson’ssocialpositionandincome,or,atleastamongtheyoung,hisattitudestowardsocietyortowardhimself.(36)________.Abankpresidentmaywearoverallstopainthishouseandisnotashamedofeitherthejobortheclothing,andacommonlaborermayweararentedtuxedoathisdaughter’swedding.Yetinspiteofalltheinformality,(37)_______.Forexample,oneislikelytousesomewhatmoreformallanguagewhentalkingtosuperiors.Whiletheinformal“Hello”isanacceptablegreetingfromemployeetoemployer,theemployeeismoreapttosay,“Hello,Mr.Ferguson,”whereastheemployermayreply,“Hello,Jim.”Southernersmakeapointofsaying“Yes,sir,”or“Yes,ma’am,”or“No,sir,”or“No,ma’am,”whentalkingtoanolderpersonorapersoninpositionofauthority.(38)_______,“Yes,Mr.Weston”or“No,Mrs.Baker”issomewhatmorecommoninasimilarsituationintheNorthorWest.(39)______.Thoughpeoplewearhatslessnowthaninthepast,womenstilloccasionallywearhatsinchurchandatpublicsocialfunctions(exceptthosethatareintheevening).(40)______.Heopensthedoorforherandletsherprecedehimthroughit.Hewalksonthesideofthewalknearestthestreet.Hetakesherarmwhencrossingastreetordescendingastairway.Ayoungerpersonalsoshowsrespectforanolderoneinmuchthesamefashion,byhelpingtheolderpersoninthingsrequiringphysicalexertionorinvolvingpossibleaccident.(FromAmericanSocialRelations)A.ItwasobviousthatamistakeinnameshadbeenmadeB.Likewise,therearefewersocialconventionsthatshowsocialdifferencesinAmericaC.TheAmericanisquitereadytoadmitcertainweaknessesD.AmericansingeneraldonotliketobeconsideredinferiorE.YetnopersonisrestrictedtoacertainuniformormannerofdressbecauseofhisoccupationsorclassinsocietyF.AlthoughthisisagoodformallovertheUnitedStatesG.InAmericatherearestillcustomsbywhichamanmayshowrespectforawomanH.AlthoughAmericansarequiteinformalI.AmericaisnotcompletelywithoutcustomsthatshowconsciousnessofsocialdistinctionJ.WhensomeonepraisesanAmericanuponhisachievementoruponhispersonalappearanceK.CertainotherformsofpolitenessareobservedonsocialoccasionsL.AsanillustrationofthedifferencebetweenEuropeanandAmericanreflectioninthisrespectIV.WordFormations.(10points,1pointforeach)Directions:Completeeachofthefollowingsentenceswiththeproperformofthewordinthebrackets.WriteyouranswersontheAnswersheet.41.(Europe)Most______touristsarelookingforasunnybeachtoliedown.42.(permit)Finally,theoldwomanwasgiven______toadoptPierreasherson.43.(wealth)JohnHancockwasa______manwhohelpedthepatriotsintheAmericanRevolution.44.(satisfy)Thefirstexperimentswerenotvery______becausetheclothbecamestickyinhotweatherandcrackedincoldweather.45.(able)TheGreatlakesareallconnectedbycanals,______shipstogofromtheAtlanticOceanandtheSt.LawrenceRivertoLakeSuperior.46.(long)Theearthismuchcoolerthanthesun,andthewave_____oftheearth’sradiationsismuchlongerthanthatofsunrays.47.(lonely)Spaceexplorerswillhavetofacesuchgreat______whentheytravelfarbeyondthesun.48.(distant)Thisisdonebychangingthe_______betweenthelensandthefilminsidethecamera.49.(sick)Doctorsofthattimeknewverylittleaboutcausesof______orwaysofpreventingit.50.(comfort)Maryisveryshy.Sowhensheiswithstrangersshefeels_______.V.GapFilling.(10points,1pointforeach)Directions:Thefollowingpassageistakenfromthetextbook.Fillinthenumberedgapswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrasesinthebox(therearemorewordsthannecessary).WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.printmoreevensaveinfectteachhavetonewspatientsharecallknowbylearnLouiswasfromasmalltown(51)______Coupvray,nearParis—hewasbornonJanuary4in1809.Louisbecameblind(52)______accident,whenhewas3yearsold.DeepinhisDad’sharnessworkshop,LouistriedtobelikehisDad,butitwentverywrong;hegrabbedanawl,asharptoolformakingholes,andthetoolslidandhurthiseye.Thewoundgotinfected,andthe(53)____spread,andsoon,Louiswasblindinbotheyes.Allofasudden,Louisneededanewwaytolearn.Hestayedathisoldschoolfortwo(54)_____years,buthecouldn’tlearneverythingjustbylistening.ThingswerelookingupwhenLouisgotascholarshiptotheRoyalInstitutionforBlindYouthinParis,whenhewas10.Buteventhere,mostoftheteachersjusttalkedatthestudents.Thelibraryhad14hugebookswithraisedlettersthatwereveryhardtoread.Louiswas(55)______.Thenin1821,aformersoldiernamedCharlesBarbiervisitedtheschool.Barbier(56)______hisinventioncalled“nightwriting,”acodeof12raiseddotsthatletsoldierssharetop-secretinformationonthebattlefieldwithout(57)______havingtospeak.Unfortunately,thecodewastoohardforthesoldiers,butnotfor12-year-oldLouis!LouistrimmedBarbier’s12dotsinto6,ironedoutthesystembythetimehewas15,thenpublishedthefirst-everbraillebookin1829.Butdidhestopthere?Noway!In1837,headdedsymbolsformathandmusic.Butsincet