theartofpublicspeakingch教学讲解课件

theartofpublicspeakingchapter4theartofpublicspeakingchapter4Learningobjective：howtoselectanappropriatetopicandlimititsothatyoucancoveritintheallottedtime

howtoselectaspeechpurpose

howtodevelopthethesisorcentralideaofyourspeechLearningobjective：howtoseleKeyTerms：TopicgeneralpurposeSpecificpurposeCentralideaResidualmessageBrainstormingKeyTerms：TopicChoosingaTopicThefirststepinspeechmakingischoosingatopic.Usuallythespeechtopicisdeterminedbytheoccasion,theaudience,andthespeakerqualifications.Therearetwobroadcategoriesofpotentialtopicsforyourspeeches:1.Subjectsyouknowalotabout2.Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout.ChoosingaTopicThefirststepTopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMostpeoplespeakbestaboutsubjectswithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Thinkaboutspecialknowledgeorexpertiseyoumayhaveacquired.TopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMosTopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAboutYoumaychooseasubjectaboutwhichyoualreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutnotenoughtoprepareaspeechwithoutdoingadditionalresearch.Youmayevenselectatopicthathasn’ttouchedyouatallbeforebutthatyouwanttoexplore.Thinkaboutsubjectsaboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs.TopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAGivenTopicOpentopicGivenTopicBrainstormingforTopicsAmethodofgeneratingideasforspeechtopicsbyfreeassociationofwordsandideas.PersonalInventory

(Makeaninventoryofyourexperiences,interests,hobbies,skills,andbeliefs).Clustering(People,places,things,events,processes,concepts,problems,plans/policies)InternetSearch(Connecttoasubjectbasedsearchenginesuchas)BrainstormingforTopicsAmethPeopleplacethingsEventprocessesconceptNaturalphenomenaproblemPeopleplaceDeterminingtheGeneralPurposeThebroadgoalofaspeech.Thethreemajorkindsofgeneralpurposesaretoinform,topersuade,andtoentertain.Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Primarygoal:toconveyinformationclearly,accurately,andinterestingly.Whenyougeneralpurposeistopersuade,youactasanadvocateorapartisan.Yougobeyondgivinginformationtosupportingacause.DeterminingtheGeneralPurposDeterminingtheSpecificPurposeAsingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.Example:Topic:ComputersGeneralPurpose:Toinform.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoDeterminingtheSpecificPurpose(continued)Lookwhathappenswhenthespecificpurposestatementdoesnotincludetheaudience:SpecificPurpose:Toexplainthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.Areweexplainingthisideatocomputerprofessionalsorfirsttimebuyers?(twodifferentpresentations)DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementWritethePurposeStatementasaFullInfinitivePhrase,notasaFragment.Ineffective:CalendarsMoreEffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementExpressyourpurposeasastatementnotaquestion.Ineffective:IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementAvoidfigurativelanguageinyourpurposestatement.Ineffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldbelikethrowingoutthebabywiththebathwater.Moreeffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldpunishthevastmajorityoffraternitiesfortheactionsofafew.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementMakesureyourspecificpurposeisnottoovagueorgeneral.Ineffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheCivilWar.MoreEffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheroleofAfrican-AmericansoldiersintheCivilWar.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciPhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatisthecentralidea?Thecentralideaisaone-sentencestatementthatsumsuporencapsulatesthemajorideasofaspeech.Sometimesitiscalledthethesisstatement,thesubjectsentence,orthemajorthought.ResidualMessageWhataspeakerwantstheaudiencetorememberafterithasforgotteneverythingelseinaspeech.Thecentralideashouldbeexpressedinafullsentence,shouldnotbeintheformofaquestion,shouldavoidfigurativelanguage,andshouldnotbevagueoroverlygeneral.PhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatGuidelinesforthe

CentralIdeaExpressasafullsentenceDonotexpressasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageDonotbevagueoroverlygeneralGuidelinesforthe

CentralIdCentralIdeaExamplesTopic:ComputersGeneralpurpose:ToinformSpecificpurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.CentralIdea:Themajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputerareprice,speed,screen,quality,andspecialfeatures.CentralIdeaExamplesTopic:CoCentralIdeaExamplesTopic:CampusparkingGeneralpurpose:Topersuade.Specificpurpose:Topersuademyaudiencetopetitionagainstourschool’splantoreducethenumberofcampusparkingspacesassignedtostudents.CentralIdea:Ourschool’splantoreducestudentparkingspacesisaninfringementofstudentrightsandwillresultinwide-spreadillegalparking.CentralIdeaExamplesTopic:CaGeneralPurpose:

ToinformSpecificPurpose:

Toinformmyaudience ofthethreemajorraces inalpineskiing.CentralIdea:

Thethreemajor racesinalpineskiing arethedownhill,the slalom,andthegiant slalom.GeneralPurpose: ToinformSpecMainPoints:I. Thefirstmajorraceinalpineskiingisthedownhill.II. Thesecondmajorraceinalpineskiingistheslalom.III. Thethirdmajorraceinalpineskiingisthegiantslalom.

MainPoints:I. ThefirstmajoSummaryHowtochooseatopicSetthepurposeofyourtopicThespecificpurposesThecentralideaSummaryHowtochooseatopictheartofpublicspeakingchapter4theartofpublicspeakingchapter4Learningobjective：howtoselectanappropriatetopicandlimititsothatyoucancoveritintheallottedtime

howtoselectaspeechpurpose

howtodevelopthethesisorcentralideaofyourspeechLearningobjective：howtoseleKeyTerms：TopicgeneralpurposeSpecificpurposeCentralideaResidualmessageBrainstormingKeyTerms：TopicChoosingaTopicThefirststepinspeechmakingischoosingatopic.Usuallythespeechtopicisdeterminedbytheoccasion,theaudience,andthespeakerqualifications.Therearetwobroadcategoriesofpotentialtopicsforyourspeeches:1.Subjectsyouknowalotabout2.Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout.ChoosingaTopicThefirststepTopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMostpeoplespeakbestaboutsubjectswithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Thinkaboutspecialknowledgeorexpertiseyoumayhaveacquired.TopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMosTopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAboutYoumaychooseasubjectaboutwhichyoualreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutnotenoughtoprepareaspeechwithoutdoingadditionalresearch.Youmayevenselectatopicthathasn’ttouchedyouatallbeforebutthatyouwanttoexplore.Thinkaboutsubjectsaboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs.TopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAGivenTopicOpentopicGivenTopicBrainstormingforTopicsAmethodofgeneratingideasforspeechtopicsbyfreeassociationofwordsandideas.PersonalInventory

(Makeaninventoryofyourexperiences,interests,hobbies,skills,andbeliefs).Clustering(People,places,things,events,processes,concepts,problems,plans/policies)InternetSearch(Connecttoasubjectbasedsearchenginesuchas)BrainstormingforTopicsAmethPeopleplacethingsEventprocessesconceptNaturalphenomenaproblemPeopleplaceDeterminingtheGeneralPurposeThebroadgoalofaspeech.Thethreemajorkindsofgeneralpurposesaretoinform,topersuade,andtoentertain.Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Primarygoal:toconveyinformationclearly,accurately,andinterestingly.Whenyougeneralpurposeistopersuade,youactasanadvocateorapartisan.Yougobeyondgivinginformationtosupportingacause.DeterminingtheGeneralPurposDeterminingtheSpecificPurposeAsingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.Example:Topic:ComputersGeneralPurpose:Toinform.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoDeterminingtheSpecificPurpose(continued)Lookwhathappenswhenthespecificpurposestatementdoesnotincludetheaudience:SpecificPurpose:Toexplainthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.Areweexplainingthisideatocomputerprofessionalsorfirsttimebuyers?(twodifferentpresentations)DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementWritethePurposeStatementasaFullInfinitivePhrase,notasaFragment.Ineffective:CalendarsMoreEffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementExpressyourpurposeasastatementnotaquestion.Ineffective:IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementAvoidfigurativelanguageinyourpurposestatement.Ineffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldbelikethrowingoutthebabywiththebathwater.Moreeffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldpunishthevastmajorityoffraternitiesfortheactionsofafew.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementMakesureyourspecificpurposeisnottoovagueorgeneral.Ineffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheCivilWar.MoreEffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheroleofAfrican-AmericansoldiersintheCivilWar.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciPhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatisthecentralidea?Thecentralideaisaone-sentencestatementthatsumsuporencapsulatesthemajorideasofaspeech.Sometimesitiscalledthethesisstatement,thesubjectsentence,orthemajorthought.ResidualMessageWhataspeakerwantstheaudiencetorememberafterithasforgotteneverythingelseinaspeech.Thecentralideashouldbeexpressedinafullsentence,shouldnotbeintheformofaquestion,shouldavoidfigurativelanguage,andshouldnotbevagueoroverlygeneral.PhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatGuidelinesforthe

CentralIdeaExpressasafullsentenceDonotexpressasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageDonotbevagueoroverlygeneralGuidelinesforthe

CentralIdCentralIdeaExamplesTopic:Computers