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theartofpublicspeakingchapter4theartofpublicspeakingchapter4Learningobjective:howtoselectanappropriatetopicandlimititsothatyoucancoveritintheallottedtime
howtoselectaspeechpurpose
howtodevelopthethesisorcentralideaofyourspeechLearningobjective:howtoseleKeyTerms:TopicgeneralpurposeSpecificpurposeCentralideaResidualmessageBrainstormingKeyTerms:TopicChoosingaTopicThefirststepinspeechmakingischoosingatopic.Usuallythespeechtopicisdeterminedbytheoccasion,theaudience,andthespeakerqualifications.Therearetwobroadcategoriesofpotentialtopicsforyourspeeches:1.Subjectsyouknowalotabout2.Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout.ChoosingaTopicThefirststepTopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMostpeoplespeakbestaboutsubjectswithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Thinkaboutspecialknowledgeorexpertiseyoumayhaveacquired.TopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMosTopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAboutYoumaychooseasubjectaboutwhichyoualreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutnotenoughtoprepareaspeechwithoutdoingadditionalresearch.Youmayevenselectatopicthathasn’ttouchedyouatallbeforebutthatyouwanttoexplore.Thinkaboutsubjectsaboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs.TopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAGivenTopicOpentopicGivenTopicBrainstormingforTopicsAmethodofgeneratingideasforspeechtopicsbyfreeassociationofwordsandideas.PersonalInventory
(Makeaninventoryofyourexperiences,interests,hobbies,skills,andbeliefs).Clustering(People,places,things,events,processes,concepts,problems,plans/policies)InternetSearch(Connecttoasubjectbasedsearchenginesuchas)BrainstormingforTopicsAmethPeopleplacethingsEventprocessesconceptNaturalphenomenaproblemPeopleplaceDeterminingtheGeneralPurposeThebroadgoalofaspeech.Thethreemajorkindsofgeneralpurposesaretoinform,topersuade,andtoentertain.Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Primarygoal:toconveyinformationclearly,accurately,andinterestingly.Whenyougeneralpurposeistopersuade,youactasanadvocateorapartisan.Yougobeyondgivinginformationtosupportingacause.DeterminingtheGeneralPurposDeterminingtheSpecificPurposeAsingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.Example:Topic:ComputersGeneralPurpose:Toinform.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoDeterminingtheSpecificPurpose(continued)Lookwhathappenswhenthespecificpurposestatementdoesnotincludetheaudience:SpecificPurpose:Toexplainthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.Areweexplainingthisideatocomputerprofessionalsorfirsttimebuyers?(twodifferentpresentations)DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementWritethePurposeStatementasaFullInfinitivePhrase,notasaFragment.Ineffective:CalendarsMoreEffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementExpressyourpurposeasastatementnotaquestion.Ineffective:IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementAvoidfigurativelanguageinyourpurposestatement.Ineffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldbelikethrowingoutthebabywiththebathwater.Moreeffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldpunishthevastmajorityoffraternitiesfortheactionsofafew.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementMakesureyourspecificpurposeisnottoovagueorgeneral.Ineffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheCivilWar.MoreEffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheroleofAfrican-AmericansoldiersintheCivilWar.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciPhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatisthecentralidea?Thecentralideaisaone-sentencestatementthatsumsuporencapsulatesthemajorideasofaspeech.Sometimesitiscalledthethesisstatement,thesubjectsentence,orthemajorthought.ResidualMessageWhataspeakerwantstheaudiencetorememberafterithasforgotteneverythingelseinaspeech.Thecentralideashouldbeexpressedinafullsentence,shouldnotbeintheformofaquestion,shouldavoidfigurativelanguage,andshouldnotbevagueoroverlygeneral.PhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatGuidelinesforthe
CentralIdeaExpressasafullsentenceDonotexpressasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageDonotbevagueoroverlygeneralGuidelinesforthe
CentralIdCentralIdeaExamplesTopic:ComputersGeneralpurpose:ToinformSpecificpurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.CentralIdea:Themajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputerareprice,speed,screen,quality,andspecialfeatures.CentralIdeaExamplesTopic:CoCentralIdeaExamplesTopic:CampusparkingGeneralpurpose:Topersuade.Specificpurpose:Topersuademyaudiencetopetitionagainstourschool’splantoreducethenumberofcampusparkingspacesassignedtostudents.CentralIdea:Ourschool’splantoreducestudentparkingspacesisaninfringementofstudentrightsandwillresultinwide-spreadillegalparking.CentralIdeaExamplesTopic:CaGeneralPurpose:
ToinformSpecificPurpose:
Toinformmyaudience ofthethreemajorraces inalpineskiing.CentralIdea:
Thethreemajor racesinalpineskiing arethedownhill,the slalom,andthegiant slalom.GeneralPurpose: ToinformSpecMainPoints:I. Thefirstmajorraceinalpineskiingisthedownhill.II. Thesecondmajorraceinalpineskiingistheslalom.III. Thethirdmajorraceinalpineskiingisthegiantslalom.
MainPoints:I. ThefirstmajoSummaryHowtochooseatopicSetthepurposeofyourtopicThespecificpurposesThecentralideaSummaryHowtochooseatopictheartofpublicspeakingchapter4theartofpublicspeakingchapter4Learningobjective:howtoselectanappropriatetopicandlimititsothatyoucancoveritintheallottedtime
howtoselectaspeechpurpose
howtodevelopthethesisorcentralideaofyourspeechLearningobjective:howtoseleKeyTerms:TopicgeneralpurposeSpecificpurposeCentralideaResidualmessageBrainstormingKeyTerms:TopicChoosingaTopicThefirststepinspeechmakingischoosingatopic.Usuallythespeechtopicisdeterminedbytheoccasion,theaudience,andthespeakerqualifications.Therearetwobroadcategoriesofpotentialtopicsforyourspeeches:1.Subjectsyouknowalotabout2.Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout.ChoosingaTopicThefirststepTopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMostpeoplespeakbestaboutsubjectswithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Thinkaboutspecialknowledgeorexpertiseyoumayhaveacquired.TopicsyouKnowaLotAboutMosTopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAboutYoumaychooseasubjectaboutwhichyoualreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutnotenoughtoprepareaspeechwithoutdoingadditionalresearch.Youmayevenselectatopicthathasn’ttouchedyouatallbeforebutthatyouwanttoexplore.Thinkaboutsubjectsaboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs.TopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAGivenTopicOpentopicGivenTopicBrainstormingforTopicsAmethodofgeneratingideasforspeechtopicsbyfreeassociationofwordsandideas.PersonalInventory
(Makeaninventoryofyourexperiences,interests,hobbies,skills,andbeliefs).Clustering(People,places,things,events,processes,concepts,problems,plans/policies)InternetSearch(Connecttoasubjectbasedsearchenginesuchas)BrainstormingforTopicsAmethPeopleplacethingsEventprocessesconceptNaturalphenomenaproblemPeopleplaceDeterminingtheGeneralPurposeThebroadgoalofaspeech.Thethreemajorkindsofgeneralpurposesaretoinform,topersuade,andtoentertain.Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Primarygoal:toconveyinformationclearly,accurately,andinterestingly.Whenyougeneralpurposeistopersuade,youactasanadvocateorapartisan.Yougobeyondgivinginformationtosupportingacause.DeterminingtheGeneralPurposDeterminingtheSpecificPurposeAsingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.Example:Topic:ComputersGeneralPurpose:Toinform.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoDeterminingtheSpecificPurpose(continued)Lookwhathappenswhenthespecificpurposestatementdoesnotincludetheaudience:SpecificPurpose:Toexplainthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.Areweexplainingthisideatocomputerprofessionalsorfirsttimebuyers?(twodifferentpresentations)DeterminingtheSpecificPurpoTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementWritethePurposeStatementasaFullInfinitivePhrase,notasaFragment.Ineffective:CalendarsMoreEffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementExpressyourpurposeasastatementnotaquestion.Ineffective:IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementAvoidfigurativelanguageinyourpurposestatement.Ineffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldbelikethrowingoutthebabywiththebathwater.Moreeffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldpunishthevastmajorityoffraternitiesfortheactionsofafew.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciTipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatementMakesureyourspecificpurposeisnottoovagueorgeneral.Ineffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheCivilWar.MoreEffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheroleofAfrican-AmericansoldiersintheCivilWar.TipsforFormulatingtheSpeciPhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatisthecentralidea?Thecentralideaisaone-sentencestatementthatsumsuporencapsulatesthemajorideasofaspeech.Sometimesitiscalledthethesisstatement,thesubjectsentence,orthemajorthought.ResidualMessageWhataspeakerwantstheaudiencetorememberafterithasforgotteneverythingelseinaspeech.Thecentralideashouldbeexpressedinafullsentence,shouldnotbeintheformofaquestion,shouldavoidfigurativelanguage,andshouldnotbevagueoroverlygeneral.PhrasingtheCentralIdeaWhatGuidelinesforthe
CentralIdeaExpressasafullsentenceDonotexpressasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageDonotbevagueoroverlygeneralGuidelinesforthe
CentralIdCentralIdeaExamplesTopic:Computers
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