led zeppelin - lipscomb：齐柏林飞艇乐队-利普斯科姆.umn.edu

introductionTheBritishinvasionintheUnitedStateshadhugesuccesseswiththeBeatlesandTheRollingStones.ThissignaledotherBritishblues-basedbandstotraveltoAmericawheretheywouldhopefullyhititbigtime.WhenJimmyPageoftheYardbirdssuddenlybecameaonemanshow,hequicklyrecruitedyoungandenthusiasticreplacements.TheBandcalledthemselvesLedZeppelinandwouldhavealastingimpactandinfluenceonthefutureofrockmusicTheNEWyardbirdsIn1968JimmyPagewasabandonedbyhisfellowgroupmembersofTheYardbirds.Heformedanewgroupwithayounger,moreenthusiasticfeel.TheywerecalledtheNewYardbirds.TheprimaryreasonforassumingasimilarnamewasbecausethebandwasformedtofulfilltheconcertsthatwerealreadybookedfortheYardbirdsacrossScandinaviabeforetheydisbanded(“LedZeppelin…〞2021).GroupmembersJimmyPagehadalreadyworkedwithbassistJohnPaulJonespriorto1968(“LedZeppelin…〞2021).HerecruitedRobertPlantforvocals,whobroughtinhisfriendJohnBonhamfordrums(“LedZeppelin…〞2007).LedzeppelinThegroupchangedtheirnametoLedZeppelinafterthefinalYardbirdsconcert.ThenamecameafterKeithMoon,thedrummerfromTheWho,mockedthegroupsayingthat“Theywouldgodownlikea‘leadzeppelin(“LedZeppelin…〞2007).’〞EarlyhistoryThegrouprecordedtheirfirstalbum,self-titledas‘LedZeppelin’October1968.Thealbumwascompletewithin36hoursandbeganthecontroversialimagethatsurroundedtheband.ThealbumcoverwasapictureofablownupHindenburgairshiptopurposefullycreateaphallicimage(“LedZeppelin…〞2021).EarlyhistoryBeforethealbumwasreleased,thebandplayedtheirfirstgigattheUniversityofSurrey.SoonaftertheywentonaseriesoftoursthroughboththeUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.DuringtheirUStours,theyrecordedtheirsecondalbum.Becausethebandwasalwaysontour,theyrecordedthenewalbumatvariousrecordingstudiosalongtheway(“LedZeppelin…〞2021).InitialsuccessThefirstalbumreached#10onthealbumchartsin1969(“LedZeppelin〞).Itremainedonthechartsfor73weeks(“HowLedZeppelin…〞2021).Inthesameyear,thesecondalbum‘LedZeppelinII’toppedtheU.S.albumchartsforsevenweeks.InitialsuccessThebandreleasedtheirthirdalbumtitled‘LedZeppelinIII’in1970whichquicklybecameahitandwastheband’ssecond#1album.Itwasconsideredtohavemorefolkinfluencesshowingtheband’sversatility(“LedZeppelin〞).://4.bp.blogspot/-0o1iawU_nuw/Tv9ho8a5t8I/AAAAAAAAAOw/_pvgNnbUi0w/s1600/led-zeppelin-iii+guitar+lessons+in+south+shields+rock-licks+01914552172.jpgThelifestyleThebandwasbeginningtohaveareputationfortheiroffstagelifestyle.Theywereknowntolivelavishly.Theywouldrentwholesectionsofhotelsandgocrazy,throwingtelevisionsoutwindowsandridingmotorcyclesthroughhotellobbies.(“HowLedZeppelin…〞2021).JimmyPagewasknowntouseupto10differentguitarsduringashowenhancinglivestageperformances(“HowLedZeppelin…〞2021).ThefourthalbumOntheirtriptoJapan,aspartoftheirworldtourin1971,thebandallowedararepressconference.Mostoftheircareertheyavoidedpresswhichhelpedtodrivepeopletotheirliveperformancessothiswasarareoccasion(“HowLedZeppelin…〞2021).ShortlyaftertheirtriptoJapanthebandreleasedtheirfourthalbum.Itwasreleasedwith“noofficialalbumtitle,groupname,companylogo,songlist,orpictureofthebandonthecover(“HowLedZeppelin…〞2021).〞Ledzeppeliniv,therunes,zosoIthasfoursymbols,whichmanyclaimedtoberunesandbelievetobethetitleofthealbum.Eachsymbolwasmeanttorepresentamemberoftheband,andallbutJimmyPage’ssymbolwereeasytolookupthemeaning(“Zoso…〞2021).ThealbumisreferredtoasLedZeppelinIV,TheRunes,andZosoisreferencetoJimmyPage’ssymbol(“HowLedZeppelin…〞2021).RisingsuccessThefourthalbumentersBillboard’salbumchartandremainsthereforfiveyears,butonlyreachesashighas#2(“LedZeppelin〞).Thealbumcontains‘StairwaytoHeaven’whichwasneverreleasedasasingle,butwastheradio’s#1mostrequestedsong(“LedZeppelin〞).Musicalanalysis:BlackDogInstrumentation:basicinstrumentation-guitar,bass,vocals,drums.Texture:variesthroughoutthepiece.Thereisaconversationbetweenvocalsandinstrumentationwhichtranslatestomonophonytohomophonymelodyandaccompaniment.Inthechorusitalternatedfromthe'heybaby'sectionaspolyphonicnonimativebecausetherearemorethentwotexturesbuttheyareallindependent.Toamorehomophonicchordalsectionwherebackupvocalscomein.Theguitarsoloplaysoutinapolyphonictexturewithvocalsgivingbackupsoundslike'ooh'andthemelodycontinuestoplaythrough

Meter:quadruple;beatsubdivision:dupleForm:trade-offtechniquewhichisthestatementandanswerbetweentheguitarandthevocalsthatisverypresent.

Italsocoordinatesintothe12-barbluesformespeciallyinthechorusareastartingwith"Heybaby."

Thelineiscompletein12barsandmirrorsthecharacteristics.RisingsuccessThebandbegantotourextensively.Theyhadtouraftertourandeventuallyboughttheirownjetwhichtheycalled‘TheStarship(“LedZeppelin…〞2021).’In1973thebandreleasesitsfifthalbum‘HousesoftheHoly’anditbecomestheirthirdalbumtoreach#1(“LedZeppelin〞).://fastcompany/pics/how-led-zeppelin-changed-music-business#13TheswansonglabelIn1974thebandreleasedtheirownSwanSonglabelaftercompletingafive-yearcontractwithAtlanticrecords.://t0.gstatic/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjpKmV-JlzOAJUXNgTNRmLnzRzJLJ0Cv7BLAKC2xaPQE54q_McnS9fTDEEowPhysicalgraffitiIn1975LedZeppelinreleasedadouble-album‘PhysicalGraffiti’whichquicklyrosetobe#1initssecondweek.Thealbumremained#1forsixweeksstraight,whichmadethemthefirstbandtohavesixalbumsonthechartatonce(“LedZeppelin〞).ThebeginningoftragedyLaterthatyearRobertPlantandhisfamilygotintoacarcrashonanislandinGreece.Healmostlosthislegandthereforecouldnotperform.Thiscausedthebandtobesidelinedfortwoyearswhileherecovered(“LedZeppelin〞).WhilewaitingforPlant’srecovery,thebandreleasedadocumentaryin1976called‘Thesongremainsthesame(“LedZeppelin〞).’InthroughtheoutdoorIn1977Plant’ssondiedofaviralinfectionandcausedthebandtoslowdown.Theyfinallyreleaseanewalbumin1979called‘InthroughtheOutDoor.’Thealbumwasconsideredtobetheir‘swansong’asitbroughteveryonebacktogetherandthediscwascoveredwiththeSwanSongLabellogo.Ittoppedchartsforsevenweeks(“LedZeppelin〞).TragedystrikesThesuccessofthelastalbumwasshortlived.September25th1980thebandfoundJohnBonhamdeadduetoasphyxiationfromtoomuchalcohol.ThebandwasinthemiddleofrehearsalsforanupcomingAmericantourandfeltthatBonhamwasirreplaceable.Theythereforedecidedtodisbandandcancelthetour(“LedZeppelin〞).AfterledzeppelinRobertPagelaunchedasolocareer.JimmyPageformedanewbandcalled‘TheFirm.’JohnPaulJonesreturnedtoproducing,andarrangingmusic(“LedZeppelin〞).In1985,thebandbrieflyre-formsfortheLiveAidbenefitconcertinPhiladelphiaIn1988theyreunitewithJohnBonham’sson,JasonBonham,ondrumsforAtlanticRecords40thanniversaryconcert.In1994,JimmyPageandRobertPlantproduceanotheralbum‘NoQuarter’usingvariousorchestrialarrangements.Thealbumreaches#4onthecharts(“LedZeppelin〞).In1995thebandisfinallyinductedintotheRockandRollhalloffame(“LedZeppelin〞).MusicalStyleLedZeppelinisconsideredoneofthefirstbandsoftheheavymetalgenreeventhoughtheirmusicisheavilyinfluencedbytheDeltaBlues.SomeoftheirinfluenceswereHowlinWolf,WillieDixon,andRobertJohnson(McGuiness,2021).Buttheywerealwaysmuchmorethanmerelyaheavyrockband(Jones,1998).Theyincorporatedthebluesstyleandactualriffsofotherartistsintotheirsongs.InfluencesJohnBonham(drummer)wasthebigsoulloverofthegroup,afanoftheStylisticsandthesmooth“PhillySound,〞andtheheavilyrhythmicfunkofJamesBrownandhiskillerrhythmsections.HisjazzinfluenceswereGeneKrupaandBuddyRich.ElementsofBonham’sdrumsolosandotherspontaneouslivemomentsdistinctlydisplayedtheinfluenceandfeelofimprovisationaljazz(Jones,1998).InfluencesJohnPaulJones(bassist/keyboardist)wasraisedinamusicalfamilyandhisdadplayedinthewell-knownAmbroseOrchestrainthebigbandera(Jones,1998).InfluencesRobertPlant(singer)oncemadeacommentaboutlegendaryjazzdrummerBuddyRich“BuddyRichwasalwaysabigdealforallofus.Hisattitudeandhisplayingwerebasicallylikeours,buthewastwenty-eightyearsdowntheline.Heplayedwithsuchvenomattimes,andwithsuchease!〞(Jones,1998).InfluencesJimmyPage(Guitar)hadthebroadesttastesofthethreeinstrumentalists.HisloveofEnglishfolkiswelldocumented;healsobroughtknowledgeofMoroccan,Indian,andothernon-westernmusictotheband,andwaswellacquaintedwithguitaristsofthejazzidiom(Jones,1998).MusicofthetimeContemporarybandsofthe70swereHardRockbandsBlackSabbath,DeepPurple,TheWho,andAC/DC.MusicofthetimeAnotherrockcontemporaryistheR&BinfluencedbandTheRollingStones.InfluencesonothersLedZeppelinhelpedcreateawholenewgenreofmusiccalledheavyMetal,orhardRock.TheirinfluencespansacrosscountlessbandswhichincludeGunsandRoses,VanHalen,theWhiteStripes,Soundgarden,andthemajorityof80’srockbands.OtherImportantinfluencesThe1960ssignaledanexplosionofsoundtechnologythatenabledgroupstoplaytheirmusicatanallnewlevelofloudness.Rockmusicwasneverquiet,butmostartistperformedliveusing“tinny-soundingpublicaddresssystems〞.Concertsnowfeaturedbandsthatplayedtheirmusicat“riveting,evenoverwhelming〞levels(Stuessy&Lipscomb2021).InfluenceoftheRockfestivalphenomenonInEnglandtherewereveryfewhallsthatcouldaccommodatemorethanafewthousandpeople,whichmeansitisonlyworthwhileplayingatthemajorcitiesonceeverysixmonths(Luerssen2021).TherockfestivalphenomenoninAmerica,stemmingfromconcertssuchasWoodstockandAltamont,wasveryappealingtoaspiringBritishbands.InfluencesfromthestatesInAmerica,thevenuesandthenumberofpeopleyoucancommunicatetothroughthemassmediaiswhatwassoappealingtoBritishGroups.So,thegroupfocusedtheirenergyonbecomingpopularinAmericabecausein1969Britain’smassmediawasnotreflectiveofwhatthemajorityoftheyoungpeoplewantedtolistento,butinthestatesitwas(Luerssen2021).InfluencesfromsanfranciscoSanFranciscowaswhereeveryonewantedtobe.RobertPlantsaidinaninterview“Therewassomekindoffablebeingcreatedthere,andasocialchangethatwastakingplace,andthemusicwasacatalystinallofthat〞(Wall,2021,p.26).ThemusicsceneinSanFranciscowasfullofliveperformanceswhereartistswerefreetomakeimprovisationsastheypleased.WhentheZeppelin’sarrivedtheyofferedasolutionbetweentwostrugglingmusicalstyles;post-psychedelic,morelateralsoundsofthewestcoastandtheemergingcountryrock.LedZeppelinwasa“brewofferocioushardrackandsteamybluesawashinlengthyimprovisations〞(Wall,2021,p.100)andAmericanslovedit.conclusionLedZeppelinwasapowerfulbandthathadtherightequationtorisetofame.Therightpeople,therightsound,andtherightimage.Theirrisetofameallowedthemalavishlifestylewhicheventuallyledtotheirdisbandment.Therewasaneedforanewstyleofhardrockthatwasedgyandrebellious,butthatwouldalsotaketothelikingofawideaudience.Theirfolk,R&B,JazzandPopin