新标准大学英语4 B4U6教案

PAGEPAGE13Unit6Allinthepast(Book4,NewStandardEnglish)Section1Lead-inActivity1Historicalevents1066theNormanConquest1415theBattleofAgincourt1588theDefeatofArmada1805theBattleofTrafalgar1889-1902theBoerWar1915-1916theBattleofGallipoli1940DunkirkEvacuationtheBattleofBritaintheBlitz1066:theNormanConquestTheNormanconquestofEnglandbeganin1066withtheinvasionoftheKingdomofEnglandbythetroopsofWilliam,DukeofNormandyfromFrance(laterhewascalledWilliamtheConqueror),andhisvictoryattheBattleofHastingsinthesouthcoastofEngland.1415:TheBattleofAgincourtThebattlewasamajorEnglishvictoryintheHundredYears'War.KingHenryV'svictoryagainstanumericallysuperiorFrencharmycrippledFranceandstartedanewperiodinthewarduringwhichHenrymarriedtheFrenchking'sdaughterandthenHenry'sson,HenryVI,wasmadeheirtothethroneofFrance.1588:theDefeatofArmada1588:theArmada,aSpanishfleetattemptingtoinvadeEngland,wasdefeatedbythearmyofElizabethI.Thiseventhadchangedthebalanceofpowerinthe16thcenturyEurope.1805:theBattleofTrafalgar1805:theBattleofTrafalgar,anavalbattleinTrafalgar,aseaportinsouth-westSpainwaswonbytheBritishAdmiralLordNelson.1889-1902:theBoerWar1889-1902:theBoerWarinSouthAfricabetweenBritishandDutchsettlers(Boers),wonbytheBritish.1915-1916:theBattleofGallipoli1915-1916:theBattleofGallipoliinTurkeyduringWorldWarI,betweentheAlliedForces(同盟国)andtheoldOttomanEmpireofTurkey,withsupportfromtheCentralForces(协约国),withhugecasualties(伤亡人数）onbothsides.1940:DunkirkEvacuationTheBritishforcehadtoretreatfromDunkirk,aFrenchchannelport.Allthesoldierswererescued,manybysmallfishingboats,andthiswasseenasatriumph.1940:theBattleofBritainAseriesofairbattlesinWorldWarII,whichfoughtoverBritainfromAugusttoOctober1940.TheBritishdefeatedtheGermanairforce,andstoppedHitler’splantoinvadetheUK.TheBlitz(German:lightning)TheBlitz(German:lightning):thebombingofLondoninfromSeptember7,1940toMay10,1941bytheGermanairforceduringWorldWarII.Londonwasbombedfor76consecutivenights,withmorethan1millionhousesdestroyedordamagedandabout20,000civilians(平民)killed.Activity2Listeningin:WinstonChurchillHismultipleidentities:astatesman,anofficerintheBritishArmy,ahistorian,awriterandanartist.Hispersonality:rebelliousNobelPrizewinningwritervs.pooracademicperformanceatschoolspeechimpedimentvs.aneloquentspeakerActivity3ListeninginWinstonChurchill’sspeechWhichofthelinesdidChurchillsayinaspeech?√(a)Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.(b)Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou–askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.(c)Intheend,wewillremembernotthewordsofourenemies,butthesilenceofourfriends.Listen&fillintheblanks.Blood,Toil,TearsandSweatMay13,1940FirstSpeechasPrimeMinistertoHouseofCommonsIhavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.Wehavebeforeusanordealofthemostgrievouskind.Wehavebeforeusmany,manylongmonthsofstruggleandofsuffering.我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。我们所面临的将是一场极其严酷的考验，将是旷日持久的斗争和苦难。Youask,whatisourpolicy?Icansay:Itistowagewar,bysea,landandair,withallourmightandwithallthestrengththatGodcangiveus;towagewaragainstamonstroustyranny,neversurpassedinthedark,lamentablecatalogueofhumancrime.Thatisourpolicy.你问我们的政策是什么？我会说我们的政策就是在海、陆、空全面开战，竭尽全力，尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去战斗，和黑暗的、可悲的人类罪恶史上最穷凶极恶的暴政作战。Youask,whatisouraim?Iwillanswerinoneword:victory,victoryatallcosts,victoryinspiteofallterror,victory,howeverlongandhardtheroadmaybe;forwithoutvictory,thereisnosurvival.你问我们的政策是什么？我会说我们的政策就是在海、陆、空全面开战，竭尽全力，尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去战斗，和黑暗的、可悲的人类罪恶史上最穷凶极恶的暴政作战Letthatberealised;nosurvivalfortheBritishEmpire,nosurvivalforallthattheBritishEmpirehasstoodfor,nosurvivalfortheurgeandimpulseoftheages,thatmankindwillmoveforwardtowardsitsgoal.我们务必认识到，没有胜利就不复有大不列颠，没有胜利就不复有大不列颠所象征的一切，没有胜利就不复有多少世纪以来的强烈要求和冲动：人类应当向自己的目标迈进ButItakeupmytaskwithbuoyancyandhope.Ifeelsurethatourcausewillnotbesufferedtofailamongmen.AtthistimeIfeelentitledtoclaimtheaidofall,andIsay,"comethen,letusgoforwardtogetherwithourunitedstrength."我精神振奋、满怀信心地承担起我的任务。我确信，大家联合起来，我们的事业就不会遭到挫败。在此时此刻的危急关头，我觉得我有权要求各方面的支持。我要说：“来吧，让我们群策群力，并肩前进！”Section2PassageLearningWinstonChurchill1.TextorganizationPart1(Para.1-3) W.ChurchilldefinedwhatitmeanttobeBritish.Part2(Para.4-12) LifestoriesofW.Churchill.Para.4 Hisearlyyears&schooling.Para.5-10 Hiscareerasasoldier,journalist&statesman.Para.11 W.Churchill&1940.Para.12 Wartimeleader&peacetimeneed.Part3(Para.13) W.ChurchillwasthesymbolofBritain.2.InformationAnalysisPara.11.DoyouknowanyofthestereotypesoftheBritishpeople?Tolerant,long-suffering,conservative,reserved,serious…2.“Atthatcrucialtime,oneman,WinstonChurchill,definedwhatitmeanttobeBritish.”InwhatwaydoyouthinkChurchilldefinedBritain?Throughhisleadershipandexample,hiscourageanddeterminationtodefendthedemocracyandfreedom.Para.2-33.Youaskwhatisourpolicy?…Youaskwhatisouraim?(Ex.10-2,P87)Whoasksthesequestions?Whoanswersthem?Whateffectdoesthishave?TheMPsandtheBritishpeople.ByansweringthequestionsChurchillshowshisleadership,courageanddetermination.Thequestionsalsogivethespeechformandrhythm.Para.44.Butself-beliefwassomethinghemaintaineddespiteratherthanbecauseofhisfamily.Wheredoeshisself-confidencecomefrom?-Notcomingfromhisgreatfamily.译：但是他一直能够保持自信却与他的家庭无关，他的家人并没有给他多少支持。5.WhatwasChurchill’slifelikeinhisschoolyears?-notgoodlookingorcleversicklywithalispandastammerboundtobebullied6.WhatwasChurchill’sfather’spredictionabouthim?“degenerateintoashabby,unhappyandfutileexistence”Hislifewouldgetworseandhewouldhaveanuninteresting,unrespectable,sadandpointlesslife.译：……沦落到穷困潦倒、一事无成、抑郁而终的地步”Para.57.Whatdidhebenefitfromhisexperienceasawarcorrespondent?Keywords:hero,renowned,setWhenhereturned,hewasrenownedasaheroandallsettobecomeanMP.Inotherwords,theexperiencehaslaidagoodfoundationforhisfuturecareer.Para.68.Howwouldhedealwithsuffragettes,tradeunionistsandanyonewhochallengethesystem?Hewouldusethearmy/resorttoforces.“Hisweaponofthefirstresortwouldbethearmy.”Para.7-89.Whatwashismilitarycareerlike?-In1911,heexperienceddelight-In1915,hetasteddefeatanddepression-InWWI,heretrievedhappiness.“Hewasamanmadeforwar.”Para.910.Whatwasthecontrastbetweenhis1920sand1930s?1920sAchievedmanygreatthingsAsuccessfuljournalistFoughtforhiscountryHeldhighofficeChancelloroftheExchequer1930sOnthebackbenchesAnobodyAhas-beenSatoutthe1930sPara.1011.“Ithadbeenalongwait,butdestinyhadarrived.”Whatdoesthissentencemean?destiny:thethingsthatyouwilldo,orthetypeofpersonthatyouwillbecome,inthefutureHehasbeenwaitingfortheopportunitytoservehiscountryforlong.Finally,fatefavoredhim.译：为这一天他等了很久，但上天最终还是把大任交给了他。Para.1112.“Peopletalkof1066,oftheArmada,ofTrafalgar.But1940wasthemostimportantyearinBritishhistory.ItwastheyearofDunkirk,theBattleofBritain,theBlitz.”Thefirstsetofbattlescoveredmorethan700yearsofBritishhistory.Thesecondsetallhappenedin1940.Whatistheeffectofputtingtheseliststogether?(Ex.10-4,P87)Itshowshowmuchwaspackedintothatoneyearoftotalcrisis.Itwasequaltoallthatwentbefore.Para.1212..“CheerChurchill,VoteLabour.”WhatdidtheLabourPartydointhepost-warelectioncampaign?-TheydidnotattackChurchillpersonally.-Theyshowedtheirrespect,sayingitwascorrecttolikeandadmirehim.-BUTtheycalledonpeoplenottovoteforhisPartywhichdidn’thavegoodpolicies13.“TheverydemocracythatChurchillwaspreparedtolaydownhislifetodefendwasthesamedemocracythatknewthedifferencebetweentheneedsofpeaceandtheneedsofwar.”Wheredoestheironylie?-ChurchillfoughthardandbravelytokeepBritainademocracy.-BUThewasremovedfromthepowerbyademocraticvoteafterthewar.-BECAUSEtheBritishknewthatagreatleadermaynotbeagoodpeacetimeleader.Para.1314.“IfBritain–itseccentricity,itsstrengthofcharacter,itsbig-heartedness–hadtobesummedupinoneperson,itwashim.”WhatqualitiesarevaluedbytheBritish?-Eccentricity,strengthofcharacter,andbig-heartedness.Theyvalueindividualswho:-behaveintheirownway,-arenoteasilypersuadedtodowhattheydon’twantto-acceptothersinaspiritofgenerosity.3.ThemeDiscussionWorkingroupsanddiscussthequestions.(Ex.11,P87)1).Whatcharacteristicsdoesanationalleaderneedtohave?Anationalleaderneedstohavesuchcharacteristicsasstrengthofwill,imagination,avisionofwhatthecountryshouldbetryingtoachieve,anunderstandingofwhatpeoplewantandanabilitytocommunicate.2).Doesanationalleaderneedtohavesimilarcharactersasthoseofpeopletheylead,orshouldtheybeverydifferent?Ithinkabitofboth.Theleadermustseemtobeintunewiththepeople,ortherewillbenosupportorcooperation:Apacifistcannotleadanaggressivesociety.Butiftheleaderistoomuchlikethepeople,onewonderswhoisleadingandwhoisfollowing.Agreatleaderneedstoseemorethanthepeopleandunderstandothervaluesaswell.4.SummaryChurchillbelievedthathewas(1)destinedtoleadhiscountry.HefoughtasasoldierinWorldWarIandledthecountrytovictoryinWorldWarII.Itseemsironicthataleaderofsuch(2)renownedasChurchillcouldnotcountonthe(3)loyaltyofvotersin1945.However,ina(4)democraticcountry,electorscannotbe(5)bullied,andhehadto(6)toleratepoliticaldefeataftermilitaryvictory,andwentoncemoretohiscountry(7)retreat,5.Usefulexpressions1.面临外敌入侵，孤立无援1.standaloneonthebrinkofinvasion2.宽容而坚忍的2.tolerantandlong-suffering3.冷漠、拒人于千里之外的3.coldanddistant4.兼任战地记者4.doubleupasawarcorrespondent5.热衷于党派斗争的人5.aPartyanimal6.军事攻势6.militaryoffensive7.丢掉了饭碗7.costsb.his/herjob8.严重的抑郁症8.majorboutofdepression9.弥补过失9.makeamendsforone’smistake10.为战争而生的人10.amanmadeforwar11.身居高位11.holdhighoffice13.如释重负地松了一口气13.thesighsofrelief14.天降大任于斯14.destinyhasarrived15.工作起来不要命15.limitlesscapacityforhardwork16.为丘吉尔喝彩16.CheerChurchill17.进入摇滚乐时代的英国17.therock-and-rollBritainSection3UnitProjectAreportonahistoricalfigureImostadmireDirections:Collectinformationandwriteareportonahistoricalfigureyoumostadmireinnolessthan400wordsbasedonthefollowingoutline.Outline:1)Abriefaccountofhis/herlife.(30%)2)Thequalitieswhichmakehim/heranimportanthistoricalfigure.(40%)3)Theinfluencesofthehistoricalfigureonyou.(30%)Section4ActiveReading2Thehistoryanditsfacts1.Usefulexpressions1.历史的基石1.thebackboneofhistory2.两点评论意见2.twoobservations3.准确是本分3.accuracyisaduty4.基本职能4.essentialfunction5.辅助科学5.auxiliarysciences6.解读一段意义隐晦的铭文6.decipheranobscureinscription7.原始素材7.rawmaterials8.事先做出的判断8.aprioridecision9.事实不言自明9.factsspeakforthemselves10.现身说法10.givethefloor11.不塞点东西进去就立不起来11.won’tstanduptillyou’veputsomethinginit12.对现实认知取向的一种选择性体系12.aselectivesystemofcognitiveorientationstoreality13.用更简单的话来表述13.putmoresimply14.难以根除14.hardtoeradicate15.史实15.afactofhistory16.值得一提16.worthyofmention17.等待附议者17.awaitseconder18.确定无疑的史实18.well-establishedhistoricalfacts19.故态复萌19.relapseinto2.DifficultSentences1)Topraiseahistorianforhisaccuracyislikepraisinganarchitectforusingwell-seasonedtimberorproperlymixedconcreteinhisbuilding.(Para1)赞扬一位历史学家所采用的史料准确，就像称赞建筑师盖房子的时候用的木材干燥、混凝土调配得当一样。2)Itispreciselyformattersofthiskindthatthehistorianisentitledtorelyonwhathavebeencalledthe“auxiliarysciences”ofhistory–archaeology,epigraphy,numismatics,chronology,andsoforth.(Para1)正是在这类事情上，历史学家可以依靠像考古学、铭文学、钱币学、年代学等等这些被称为历史“辅助科学”的学科。3)InspiteofC.P.Scott’smotto,everyjournalistknowstodaythatthemosteffectivewaytoinfluenceopinionisbytheselectionandarrangementoftheappropriatefacts.(Para1)尽管C.P.斯科特的那句箴言深入人心,但是现在每一名新闻记者都知道要影响大众舆论，最有效的方式就是对特定的事实进行选择和剪接。4)Thefactthatyouarrivedinthisbuildinghalfanhouragoonfoot,oronabicycle,orinacar,isjustasmuchafactaboutthepastasthefactthatCaesarcrossedtheRubicon.(Para1)你半个小时之前或徒步、或骑车或开车来到这座大楼，这件事和当年凯撒渡过卢比孔河一样都是一个关于过去的客观事实。5)Itmaybethatinthecourseofthenextfewyearsweshallseethisfactappearingfirstinfootnotes,theninthetext,ofarticlesandbooksabout19th-centuryEngland,andthatin20or30years’timeitmaybeawell-establishedhistoricalfact.(Para2)也许在接下来的几年中，我们会看到这个事实首先出现在关于19世纪英国的文章和书籍的脚注当中，然后可能会出现在文本中。再过二三十年，它也许就是一个确定无疑的史实了。LanguageinUse5TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.para.1为保证校园的安全，校方最近发布了一项新的规定，禁止小商贩进入校园。校长呼吁学生在这件事上与学校合作。学生们表示强烈反对，几百名学生在学校的BBS上表达了他们的愤怒。他们说，因为校园离市中心很远，校内商店里的货品又不多，把小贩赶出校园就无异于把学生扔到孤岛上。有些人提出，正是在这样的事情上，学校应该听取学生的意见和需求。有些学生认为，这项规定能让校园更安全的想法是错误的。(it’sformattersofthiskind;getsth.wrong)para.2学生的反应让校长感到震惊，为弥补过失，他宣布学校将重新考虑这项规定。他对学生说，他们完全有权力过上方便、舒适的生活，但校园的安全也同样重要。他还提议在校园里建一个大超市，在宿舍楼附近开一些便利店(conveniencestore)，这样就能大大方便学生们的生活。(makeamends;beentitledto)TranslationTomakethecampussafer,theuniversityauthoritiesrecentlyreleasedanewregulationthatforbidsanyvendorsfromenteringthecampus,andthepresidentcalledonthestudentstocooperatewiththeuniversityonthismatter.Butthestudents’oppositionwasstrong,andhundredsofthemexpressedtheirangerontheuniversityBBS.Theysaidthattokeepvendorsoffcampuswaslikedesertingstudentsonanisolatedisland,astheuniversitywasfarawayfromthedowntownandtheshopsonthecampusdidnotprovideenoughcommodities.Someclaimedthatitwaspreciselyformattersofthiskindthattheuniversityshouldlistentostudents’opinionsandneeds.Somestudentsthoughttheuniversityhadgotitwronginbelievingthatthisregulationwillensuresafetyoncampus.Shockedbystudents’reaction,thepresidenttriedtomakeamendsforthismistakebyannouncingthattheuniversitywilllookintothisnewregulationagain.Hetoldstudentsthattheywereentitledtoliveaconvenientandcomfortablelife,butsafetywasjustasmuchanimportantconcernasthat.Heproposedtobuildabigsupermarketwithinthecampusandsomeconveniencestoresneardormitorybuildings,whichwouldcertainlymakestudents’lifemucheasier.

诺曼底征服诺曼征服（Normanconquest）或诺曼征服英格兰指1066年\o"法国"法国\o"诺曼底公爵"诺曼底公爵\o"征服者威廉"威廉对\o"英格兰"英格兰的入侵及征服。这次征服改变了英格兰的走向，从此英格兰受到\o"欧洲大陆"欧洲大陆的影响加深，诺曼征服战争是11世纪中叶法国诺曼底公爵威廉同英国大封建主哈罗德为争夺英国王位进而征服英国的一场战争。这场战争既是诺曼人对外扩张的继续，又是西欧同英国之间的又一次社会大融合。它以威廉的胜利而告终，对英国历史的发展产生了深远的影响。诺曼征服整个改变了英格兰的文化，甚至是\o"英语"其语言。起因1066年，\o"英格兰"英格兰国王\o"忏悔者爱德华"爱德华逝世，由于膝下无子，引发王位继承问题。\o"诺曼底公爵"诺曼底公爵威廉与\o"哈罗德二世"哈罗德皆声称有王位继承权。诺曼底公爵威廉对英国王位的觊觎由来已久。1051年，他在访问伦敦时，就与表兄弟、英王爱德华讨论过王位继承问题。爱德华无子，对威廉的要求没有提出异议。哈罗德也曾许诺日后奉威廉为王。爱德华国王于1066年1月病逝，临终前却让哈罗德为王位继承人，不久，哈罗德在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕称王。这对威廉来说是一次沉重的打击，他决定用武力夺取王位，征服英国，建立自己的王国。诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。1)\o"英国"英国\o"盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰"盎格鲁-撒克逊时代结束，\o"诺曼底王朝"诺曼底王朝建立。\o"古英语"古英语的发展进入低谷。由于\o"诺曼底"诺曼底人在建国之初，就对\o"法国国王"法国国王承诺臣服\o"法国"法国、说\o"法语"法语，因而诺曼征服后的\o"官方语言"政府用语为法语。威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府，由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量，英国从未再遭侵略。相反，它还不断地在海外进行军事活动。2)诺曼底征服之后，封建制度在英国确立。威廉一世之后，英国的每一个国王都是他的直系后代子孙，英国开始了世袭的君主制。3)文化方面，英国当时的文化与诺曼-法国文化水乳交融，大量新词进入英语，使得英国语言得到长足发展。同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为紧密。4)英法关系\o"英国"英国再次融入\o"欧洲大陆"欧洲大陆，在政治上依附\o"法国"法国，经济上虽然独立，但与\o"低地国家"低地国家（今荷兰、比利时）的贸易量逐年递增——这是后来\o"英国"英国复兴、觊觎法国领土，并引发\o"英法百年战争"英法百年战争的主要因素。正因为政治上依附\o"法国"法国，\o"英国"英国才与\o"法国"法国一起参与了\o"十字军东征"十字军东征。而兼任\o"英国国王"英国国王的\o"诺曼底公爵"诺曼底公爵一直问鼎法国王位，这也成为\o"英法百年战争"英法百年战争的导火索之一。阿金库尔战役阿金库尔战役发生于1415年的10月25日，是英法百年战争中著名的以少胜多的战役。在亨利五世的率领下，英军以由步兵弓箭手为主力的军队于此击溃了法国由大批贵族组成的精锐部队，为随后在1419年收服了整个诺曼底奠定基础。这场战役成为了英国长弓手最辉煌的胜利之一，也对后世战争的依靠火力范围杀伤对手密集阵形这种战术留下了深刻影响。V字手势要说当今世界最流行的手势，非代表V字的胜利手势莫数。不管文化国籍，不论士兵还是运动员，都喜欢用它表达胜利的喜悦。但要说它的来历，还得从那场近600年前的著名战役说起。著名的V字手势，传说即是自这场战斗开始。由于法国人鄙视英国弓箭手的低微，战前宣称说一旦抓住俘虏会剁去其两个手指让他们一辈子不能再射箭。而战斗结束后，英国弓箭手纷纷叉开双指向对方炫耀自己仍然完好，从此也就成了表示胜利的手势。theDefeatofArmada无敌舰队战败西班牙无敌舰队1545年，为了保障其海上交通线和其在海外的利益，西班牙建立了一支拥有100多艘战舰、3000余门大炮、数以万计士兵的强大海上舰队，最盛时舰队有千余艘舰船。这支舰队横行于地中海和大西洋，骄傲地自称为“无敌舰队”。为了争夺海上霸权，西班牙和英国于1588年8月在英吉利海峡进行了一场举世瞩目、激烈壮观的大海战。这次海战，西班牙实力强大，战船威力巨大，且兵力达3万余人，号称为“最幸运的无敌舰队”。而当时英国军队规模不大，整个舰队的作战人员也只有9000人。两军相比，众寡悬殊，西班牙明显占据绝对优势。但是，出人意料的是，英国借助先进的火炮和有利的天气使这场海战的结局以西班牙惨遭毁灭性的失败而告终，“无敌舰队”几乎全军覆没。从此以后西班牙急剧衰落，“海上霸主”的地位丧失，被英国取而代之。特拉法尔加战役即特拉法尔加海