2012年全国医学外语统一考试试题参考答案及解析附听力原文

2012年医学博士外语统一考试英语试PaperPartIListeningComprehensionSectionAShortA.Thewoman’sconditionisThewomanhasbeenpickingupquiteThewoman’sillnesswascausedbyamosquitoThewomanwon’tseethedoctoranyA.Abroken B.AterribleC.Frontal D.EyeA.Sheneedsaphysical B.SheisingoodC.It’sgoodtohaveadoctor D.It’sgoodtovisittheA.Hepreferstotakepillstogetting B.HepreferstogetantioxidantsfromC.Hedoesn’tmindeatingalotevery D.Heisovercautious.A.Theblouseisa B.TheblouseistooC.Theblouseis D.TheblouseissoA.Toqueuefora B.Totaketheman’sC.Tobuyaticket D.TotryanA.ShedisagreeswiththeShecouldn’tagreewiththemanIt’shardforthemtofulfilltheirIt’simpossibletogetmoneyfromtheGatesA.One B.FifteenC.Halfan D.FiveA.Sheisfreezing B.SheiscrazyabouticeC.Shehasa D.ShehasbrainA.Shecan’twaitforthe B.SheisveryeagertoseetheC.ShewillgototheUSAwiththe D.SheexpectsthemantoA.A B.AC.Ahoarse D.A.TogotoSusanfor B.TotrytothinklikeC.Tobreakupwith D.TohaveadatewithA.She eafamoussinger B.She eanAmericanC.Shewillsignupforatalent D.ShewillsurelystandoutfromtheA.Totakeamonthoff B.TorestinbedasmuchasC.Totakesomeherbal D.ToputonA.TheChineseface B.TheAmericanfaceC.TheFrench D.TheSectionBPassagesPassageOneA.Whitebloodcell B.RedbloodcellC.X- D.A.Toomuchworkto B.AheavyloadofC.Herdaughter’s D.Her A. B.GastricC.Immune D.GastricA.Takethewhitetabletsthreetimesa B.TakethecharcoaltabletsthreetimesaC.Takeoneortwowhitetabletsata D.TaketwocharcoaltabletsaA.Stayoff B.DrinkplentyofC.Eatalotofvegetablesand D.PostponeyourexercisewhenPassageA.35 B.34 C.25 D.20A.Author,professorand B.Writer,professorandC.Author,psychologistand D.Dramatist,psychologistandA.Sleein8-hourconsolidated B.SleeduringdayC.Goingtobedsoonafter D.Twoblocksof4-hoursleepwithawakingA.Becausetheyhaveunnoticeableslee B.BecausetheysleepveryC.Becausetheyare D.Becausetheycan’tA.Sleepishighlyvariableandwearsoutwith B.FallingasleepisagradualC.Sleelesswillhelpyoulose D.PeopleneedtosleepeighthoursaPassage D.A.Theuseof B.TheuseofcomputerC.Thethree-waydivisionofthe D.TheinstructionsgiventotheA.12-year-oldsrespondstronglytonegative12-year-oldsfunctionthesameas8-year-8-year-oldsfunctionalmostthesameas12-year-oldsfunctionalmostthesameasA.Not B.C.Notso D.GotitwrongthisA. B.ThegeneralC.Teachersatthe D.ChildrenwithAttentionDeficitPartIIVocabularyHerdieticiansuggestedthat dietandmoderateexercisewouldhelpherrecoverA. B. C. D.Hishealthcompelshimto inhisearlyA.come B.knock C.drop D.pullTwodayslaterheregainedhisconsciousness,forgetfulofwhathadhappenedinthe A. B. C. D.Despitefinancialbelt-tighteningthisyear,Christmasstillrepresentsagreattimefor A. B. C. D.Asuccessof visitsbythetwocountries’leadershavetakentheirrelationsoutofthecooleroverthepast20months.A. B. C. D.Theprimeminister,besetby supportrate,madethedecisiontoresignovertheweekendtoavoidapoliticalvacuum.A. B. C. D.BeijingTourismBureauhasreleasedalistoftranslationsfor2,753dishesanddrinksto publicA. B. C. D.Thegreatestriskforricketsisin breastfedinfantswhoarenotsupplementedwith400IUofVitaminDaday.A. B. C. D.proportionaTheernmentisspendinghundredsofbillionsextendingtheelectricity toeveryremotevillagefortheimprovementoffarmers’livelihoods.A. B. C. D.Socialscientistsbelievethatsocietieswitha ofyoungmenwithouthopeofmarriagesufferfrominstability,andsurgesincrime.A. B. C. D.SectionShe,acrazyfan,feltatingleofexcitementatthesightofMichaelA. B. C. D.Shecouldnevertranscendherresentmentagainsthermother’spartialityforherA. B. C. D.Onecouldneithertriflewithaterrorofthiskind,norcompromisewithA. B. C. D.Inlightofhisgoodrecord,theacceptedA.Inplace B.Inview C.Inspite D.InsearchCityofficialsstatedthatworkerswholiedontheiremploymentapplicationsmaybeA. B. C. D.AnoutbreakofswinefluoutsideofMexicoCitywasblamedforthedeathsofmorethanahundredpeopleinApril2009.A.attached B.ascribed C.composed D.related Whenaforestgoesablaze,itdischargeshundredsofchemicalcompounds,includingcarbonA.puts B.passes C.pulls D.sendsUnfortunay,thebridgeunderconstructioncollapsedintheearthquake,sotheyhadtodothewholethingagainfromscratch.A.fromthe B.fromnowC.fromtimeto D.fromtheIdenticaltwinsistershaveledBritishscientiststoabreakthroughinleukemiaresearchthatpromisesmoreeffectivetherapieswithfewerharmfulside-effects.A. B. C. D. Radicalenvironmentalistshaveblamedpollutantsandsyntheticchemicalsinpesticidesforthedisruptionofhumanhormones.A. B. C. D.PartIIIClozeDearDr.CongratulationsonyournominationasUnitedStatesSurgeonGeneral.Basedonyourextraordinarycareerandyourcommitmentto51healthdisparitiesamongunderservedpopulations,nodoubtyourtenurewillbemarkedbygreatprogresstowardthegoalofimprovedhealthforallAmericans.EachUnitedStatesSurgeonGeneralhastheuniqueopportunitytocreatehisorherownlastinglegacy.Dr.Koopfocusedonsmokingprevention.Dr.Satcher,oneof52mentors,releasedthefirstcomprehensivereportonmentalhealth.Weencourageyoutobuildyourownlegacyconceptofpreventionthroughhealthylifestyles——alegacythatisbothsustainableandcost-effective.ThisalsoisanimportantissueforMembersofCongress,manyofwhombelievethatpreventionandwellnessinitiativeswillbringdowncostsandhelppeopleleadhealthierlives.TheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine(ACSM)wouldbehonoredtopartnerwithyouonsuchinitiative.ACSM,thelargestsportsmedicineandexercisescienceorganizationintheworld,readytoworkwithyoutoincreasehealthybehaviors—especiallyphysicalactivity—throughoutthelifespan.Duringthiscrucialperiodofhealthsystemreform,we’vebeenadvocatingforstrategiesthatsupportpreventivemedicinenotjustthroughdiagnostictesting,56promotinghealthy,activebehaviorsthatallAmericanscanachieveatlittleornocost.Infact,ACSMalreadyhasaworkingagreementwiththeSurgeonGeneral’soffice,focusedonaseriesofhealthy-lifestylepublicserviceannouncementsforourExerciseIsMedicineprogram,aprogramthat57callsondoctorstoencouragetheirpatientstoincorporatephysicalactivityandexerciseintotheirdailyroutine.Asyouare58aware,physicalactivitycanpreventandtreatahostofchronicconditions—suchasheartdisease,typeIIdiabetes,andobesity—thatcurrentlyourcountry.Yourexampleas59whosefamilyhassufferedfrompreventablediseaseandwhodemonstrateshealthylifestylecanbepowerfulindeed.Anytimeeitherbeforeorafteryourappointmentisconfirmed,wewould60theopportunitytomeetwithyouandyourstafftodiscusshowwe,alongwithotherleadinghealthorganizations,canenhancethepreventionparadigmthroughphysicalactivity.Again,Dr.Benjamin,IextendourdeepestcongratulationsandbestJamesPivarnik,Ph.D.,,AmericanCollegeofSports51.A.B.C.D.52.A.hisB.ourC.yourD.her53.A.B.C.D.54.A.B.C.havingbeenD.havingbeen55.A.B.C.D.56.A.butB.butC.butD.but57.A.B.C.D.58.A.B.C.theD.the59.A.B.C.D.60.A. C.D.PartIVReadingComprehensionPassageAsthedefiningepidemicofamodemagenotableforoverconsumptionandexcess,obesityishardtobeat.Theincreasedavailabilityofhigh-fat,high-sugarfoods,alongwithmoresedentarylifestyles,hashelpedpushthenumberofobesepeopleworldwidetobeyond400million,andthenumberofoverweighttomorethan1.6billion.By2015,thosefiguresarelikelytogrowto700millionand2.3billionrespectively,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization.Giventhehealthimplications—increasedriskofheartdisease,stroke,diabetesandsomecancers—anythingthathelpspeopleavoidpilingonthepoundsmustbeagoodthing,right?Thosewhoagreewillnodoubt ethegrowingsuccessofresearchersstrivingtodevelop“dietpills”thatprovideatechnicalfixforthoseincapableoflosingweightanyotherway.LastweekastudypublishedinTheLancetshowedthattesofensine,whichworksbyinducingasenseoffullness,istwiceaseffectiveasanyotherdrugatenablingpatientstoloseweight.Thereisnoquestionthatadvancessuchasthisaregoodnewsforthosewithastronggeneticpredispositiontoobesity.Butfortherestofusitisdangeroustoseetreatmentasamoreeffectivesolutionthanprevention.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Forastart,thetraditionalwaysofmaintainingasafeweight,suchaslimitingwhatyoueat,increaseconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesandtakingmoreexercise,arebeneficialforourhealthinmanyways.Second,overindulgenceinfattyfoodshasimplicationsfortheentireplanet.Considerthedeleteriousenvironmentaleffectsoftherisingdemandformeat.Asdemonstratedinourspecialissueoneconomicgrowth,technologicalfixeswillnotcompensateforexcessiveconsumption.Third,interferingwiththebraincircuitsthatcontrolthedesireforfoodcanhaveanimpactonotheraspectsofa’salityandtheirmentalandphysicalWeneedtwoapproaches:moreresearchintothegeneticsofobesitytounderstandwhysomepeoplearemoresusceptible,andgreatereffortstohelppeopleavoideatingtheirwaytoanearlydeath.Cynicswillsaywe’vetriededucationandithasn’tworked.Thatisdefeatist:gettingpeopletochangetheirbehaviortakestimeandeffort,heldbackaswearebyourbiologicaltendencytoeatmorethanweneed,andbythefoodindustry’sruthlessopportunisminexploitingthat.Drugswillbethesavingofafew—asalastresort.Buttheglobalobesityproblemisoneoflifestyle,andthesolutionmustbetoo.Inthefirstparagraphallthefiguressurroundingobesityreflect acloselinkbetweengrowingobeseanddevelotheinevitablediseasesofmodemthewaragainsttheepidemicwehavetheurgencyoftheglobalWhenitcomestotherecentlyreporteddietpills,theauthorwouldsaythat dragsarenoreplacementofthetechnicaladvanceisnotnecessarilygoodthetechnicalfixdoeshelpreversetheobesitythemechanismoftesofensinestillremainstobe Whichofthefollowingcanbereferredtoastheenvironmentaloftheauthor’sBelittlinggoodhealthImposingaheavyburdenonourMakingtroubleforoursocialHavingimplicationsformentalandphysicalTheauthorarguesthatwemakegreatereffortstohelppeoplefightagainst theirbiologicalovereatingtendencyandaggressivelymarketedthedevelopmentofdietpillsasatechnicalfixfortheirexcusesfortheirgeneticsusceptibilitytothedefeatismprevailinginthegeneralWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitlefortheNoquick B.DiseaseofC.PursuingaTechnical D.AWaronGlobalPassageAnabandonedairfieldnearaformerNaziconcentrationcampmaysoonfeaturepagodasandTaiChiparks.A$700millionprojectaimstogiveGermanyitsownChinatown22northofBerlininthetownofOranienburg,housing2,000residentsby2010.TheinvestorgroupbehindtheschemehopesthenewChinatownwillattracttouristsandbusinesstorivalthefamedChinatownsofSanFranciscoandNewYorkbydeliveringan“authenticChineseexperience.”“You’llbeabletoexperienceChina,gooutforaChinesemeal,andbuyChinesegoods,”saysStefanKunigam,managingdirectorofBandenburg-China-Project-ManagementGmbH.TheprojecthasattractedinvestorsinbothGermanyandChina,reportsChristophLangofBerlin’sTradeandIndustryPromotionOffice.“ChineseinvestorshavealreadyaskedifwehaveaChinatownhere.”Hesays.“Theculturalenvironmentisveryimportantforthem.YoucannotbuildasyntheticGermanyishometoabout72,000Chinesemigrants(2002FederalStatisticalOfficefigures),butthecountryhasnothadaChinatownsincetheearly1930sinHamberg,whenmostofthecity’s2,000ChineseresidentsfledorwerearrestedbytheNazis.Germany’smore-recenthistorywithanti-foreignerextremismremainsaproblemevenwithintheernment,reportsDeutscheWelle(DW),Germany’sinternationalbroadcaster.DWnotesthatNationalDemocraticPartylawmakerHolgerApfel’sxenophobic(恐外的)commentsabout“state-subsidizedOrientalmega-families”atfirstwentlargelyuncriticized.“EveryfourthGermanharborsanti-foreignersentiments,”DWquotesMiriamGruss,aFreeDemocraticPartyparliamentarian.“Right-wingextremismisclearlyrootedinthemiddleofsociety.It’snotaminorphenomenon.”TheGermanernmentinitiatedaspecialyouthforDemocracyandToleranceprograminJanuary2007aspartofitstolerance-buildingefforts.WhileitisnotclearhowmanyChinesemigrantswillultimaysettleinthenewGermanChinatown,developershopetheprojectwillincreaseGermans’understandingforChinaandChineseIfsetup,accordingtothepassage,thenewGermanChinatownwillprobablybe arivaltotheChinatownsofSanFranciscoandNewmainlymadeofpagodasandTaiChilocatedinthenorthsuburbsofthebiggestoneinWhenhesaysthatyoucannotbuildasyntheticChinatown,Langmeans therealimportedgoodsmadeintheauthoritativepermissionforthetheimportanceofthelocationforatheauthenticenvironmenttoexperienceChineseBymentioningthepopulationofChinesemigrantsinGermany,theauthormostprobablymeans itistoolatetobuilda B.itistheirdesiretosaveaC.itisimportanttocreatejobsfor D.itisnecessarytohaveaChinatownAccordingtothepassage,Germananti-foreignerextremism canseedthenewcommunitywith B.couldbeanobstacletotheC.will ykillthe D.isgrowingfortheThemessagefromtheplanisclear: tobuildanew B.tofightagainstright-wingC.topromotemorecultural D.toincreaseChinese’sunderstandingofPassageTheAmericanresearchuniversityisaremarkableinstitution,longasourceofadmirationandwonder.Theidyllic(田园诗的)woodedcampuses,thediversityandenergyofthestudentpopulations,and,mostofall,thesheervolumeofpublicandprivateresourcesavailabletorunthem,havemadethemtheenvyoftheworld.Seenfromtheinside,however,everythingisnotquitesorosy.Settingasidethehabitualcomplexityofmedicalschools,whichhaveseparatehealthcareandfinanceissues,thestructureoftheseinstitutionsisstraightforwardandconsistent.Thebedrockofeachuniversityisasystemofdiscipline-specificdepartments.Thestrengthofthesedepartmentsdeterminesthesuccessandprestigeoftheinstitutionasawhole.Thisstructureraisesafewobviousquestions.Oneistherelevanceofthedepartment-basedstructuretothewayscientificresearchisdone.Manyarguethatinahostofareas—rangingfromcomputationalbiologyandmaterialssciencetopharmacologyandclimatescience—muchofthemostimportantresearchisnowinterdisciplinaryinnature.Andthereisasensethat,notwithstandingyearsofeffortstoadapttothischangebyencouraginginterdisciplinarycollaboration,thedepartment-basedstructureoftheuniversityisessentiallyatoddswithsuchcollaboration.Asecondsetofissuessurroundsthealmoststaticnatureofthedepartmentalsystem.Inacountrywheremostthingsarehighlyfluidthefieldscoveredbydepartmentsaswellasthepeckingorder权势等级)betweenthem,haveremainedlargelyunchangedformanyyears.Aspeopleandmoneyhaveflowed,particularlyoverthepasttwentyyears,tothesouthandthesouthwest,thestrongestUSuniversitiesanddepartmentsremainembeddedinthenortheastandinCalifornia.LeaguetablesdrawnupbytheNationalAcademyofSciencesandothersshowlittlemovementinthispeckingorder,evenoverseveraldecades.Another,perhapsmorecontentious,issueconcernstherelevanceofthemodernresearchuniversitytothecommunityitserves.Theestablishedmodel,whateverelseitsstrengthsandweaknesses,reflectsthedesireofthemiddleclassesforundergraduatetrainingthatpreparestheiroffspringforastablecareer.Buthowdoesitserveasocietyinwhichpeoplemayhavetoretrainandrecreatetheircareersthroughouttheiradultlives?ThepassagebeginswiththepresentationoftheAmericanresearchuniversity inaunique B.inajealousC.intheeyesof D.outofalThetraditionalmodeloftheUSresearchuniversity determinesthecomplexityofthesingle-disciplineiswellestablishedwithcompetitionamongitsensuresthesuccessandprestigeofeachsingleischaracterizedbythedepartment-basedThestructureoftheUSresearchuniversity,theauthorcontends,needstobestretched tochangethewayscientificresearchisdonealongthetopromoteindividualityandcreativityinngtoaddressthecurrentinterdisciplinarytoadvancethediscipline-basedInadditiontothedepartment-basedstructure,thepeckingorder remainsunchallengedasthenameofthefostersunfaircompetitionattheAmericancontributestoinsufficientinterdisciplinarymakesunevenallocationsoffinancialresourceamongtheUSWhatcanbeinferredfromthequestion:Buthowdoesitserveasocietyinwhichpeoplemayhavetoretainandrecreatetheircareersthroughouttheiradultlives?TheAmericansocietalstructurehasanimpactonthatoftheresearchCollegestudentsneedtobetrainedtobededicatedtothesocialvalueofThemodernresearchuniversityoughttochangethewayitservesthemiddleTheestablishedmodelservesasanobstacletothebestserviceofthePassageScienceandpoliticsmake fortablebedfellows.Rarelyisthismoretruethaninthecaseofclimatechange,whereitisnowtimeforemergencycounseling.Onepointrepeatedlymadeatlastweek’sclimatechangecongressinCopenhagenwasthatformulatinganactionplantocurbclimatechangeisnotajobofscientists.Politiciansmaybeleftscratchingtheirheadsoverwhattodo,butatthisstageclimatescientistscannotprovidemoreguidancethantheydidinthe2007reportfromtheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChange,fortworeasons.First,modelswillneverprovideastraightforwardpredictionofhowtheclimatewillchange.AsoneCopenhagendelegateputit:“lmewhatthestockmarketwilldoin100yearsandIwilllyouwhattheclimatewilldo.”Second,asmostclimatescientistswillagree,theirroleisnottoformulatepolicy.Theycanprovidemoreorlessapocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenariosofwhatwillhappenifemissionshitcertainthresholds,fromburningforeststodisappearingislands.Butwhenpoliticiansaskwhatistheabsoluteumamountofcarbondioxideweallowtobepumpedout,theansweris,invariably,howmuchriskdoyouwanttotake?Therearewaysoutofthedeadlock.AsthemajorclimatenegotiationsinDecemberapproach,scientistsneedtobeabletotakeofftheirlabcoatssometimesandspeakasconcernedcitizens.Somemayfeel fortablewithblurtingthelinebetweenscienceandactivism,buttheyshouldbeawarethatnooneunderstandstherisksbetterthantheydoandnooneisbetterplacedtogiveinformedPoliticians,fortheirpart,shouldstopbeggingclimatologistsforeasyanswers.Whattheyneedinsteadisanewbreedofadviserstodescendfromtheivorytowersofacademiaandjointheclimatefray—peoplewhoarewillingandabletoweightuptherisks,costsandbenefitsofvariousdegreesofIfallelsefails,theremaystillbethesafetynetofgeoengineering.Aswehavesaidonseveraloccasions,thisoptioncannolongerbedismissedasfantasy.Reputablescientistsarediscussingoptionsamongthemselvesandwithpolicy-makers,butthefactthatweareevenconsideringitshouldspurernmentstocutemissions,cutthemdeeplyandcutthemfast.Geoengineeringisnoget-out-of-jail-freecard:ithasdangersofitsown.Themilitaryarealreadytakinganinterest,raisingthespectreofclimateweaponsabletodivertrainfallandbringdrought.Thatisthelastthingwewant.Inthecaseofglobalwarming,scientists tendtobemoreconservativethan B.areinnopositiontoofferadefiniteC.nevertrustpoliticiansasinother D.feelincapablemorethaneverSpeakingofclimatechange,politicians don’tlikeitwhenscientistsare B.neverseeeyetoeyewithscientistsC.seldomwanttoplaythegamewith D.areleftpuzzledovertheformulationofTobridgethegapbetweenthetwosides,accordingtothepassage,scientistsaresupposedto actwithmoreconcernanddiscardtheirprejudicetowardsbedefiniteenoughtoofferinformeddoasconcernedcitizensdoinprotectingFortheirpart,politiciansoughttobereasonableand pickuptherightscientistsforinformedplacepolicyanddecisioninthehandsofreceivereeducationintheivorytowersofchoosethosewhocanprovideastraightforwardTheauthorremindsthosewhoaretalkingaboutgeoengineeringof theotheralternativesinthetheclimateweaponasadouble-edgedthedangersofthefantasyamongthereputabletheurgencyofemissionreductiononthepartofPassageYouarewhatyoueatnotwithstanding.Itisonlyrecentlythatmostconsumershave interestedinthetechnicaldetailsoftheirfood’scomposition,productionandtransport.Withobesityandclimatechangenowmajorconcerns,and“localvore”and“food”enteringthelexicon,shoppersareclamoringforinformation.Andmanyfoodcompaniesarehappytosupplyit,resultinginadizzyingarrayofmulticoloredlabelsandclaims.Butnoteveryoneishappy.AproposedlawinnaisthelatestattemptintheUnitedStatestobanmilklabelsproclaimingthatthecowsfromwhencethemilkcamewerenottreatedwithbinantbovinegrowthhormone(rBGH,alsocalled binantbovinesomatotropinorrbST).Thishormone,producedbyengineeredbacteria,isvirtuallyidenticaltothecow’sownandcanincreasemilkproductionby10-15%.Therearetwobadargumentsforbanningsuchlabels.Thefirst—thatitisimpossibletodeterminefromthemilkwhetherthecowwasinjectedwithrBGH—isthereasoncitedinthebilllanguage.Thesecond—thatproliferationof“norBGH”labelswilltrainconsumerstodistrusttheproduct—istherealmotivation.Thefirstargumentcanbedisposedofeasily:itisalreadyillegaltomakefalseclaimsaboutaproduct.Thesecondargumentmayseemmoreconvincing.ThereisnofirmscientificevidencethatinjectingcowswithrBGHaffectshumanhealthinanyway,butprevalentlabelingtoutingtheabsenceofrBGHwouldsuggesttoconsumersthattherearesomedifferences.Themandating(颁布)ofanadditionalphrasesuchasthatagreedlastmonthinPennsylvania“NosignificantdifferencehasbeenshownbetweenmilkderivedfromrbST-treatedandnon-rbST-treatedcows”—ameliorates(减轻)thisTherearegoodreasonsnottobanaccuratelabels.Moreinformationmeansthatconsumerscanbemorediscerning,andnotjustabouttheirownhealth.Theycanvotewiththeirpurchasesforfarmingpracticestheyprefer.Andifacompanywantstouseatechnologywithabadreputation,itisthefirm’sresponsibilitytoeducatetheconsumeraboutwhyitisbeneficial.Ifconsumerschooseirrationallytorejectit,thatistheirprerogative().Capitalismthrivesontheirrationalityofconsumers,fromtheirnotedfearofsmellingbad,totheirpreferenceforrednessinapples,farmedsalmonandfast-foodsignage(标记).Indeed，ifconsumersweresuddenly erational,aneconomicclysm(大)result,ashouseholdsinalltherichnationswouldcuttheirconsumptiontoonlywhattheyreallyneeded.Suchacrashwouldnodoubtmakethecurrenteconomicdoldrums()looklikethemildesthiccupNowadays,consumerscanknowmoreaboutfood fromthe B.bymeansoflawC.fromlabelsand D.withtheAccordingtotheproposedlawinna, therewillbenomilklabelsof“NocowsarebannedfrombeingtreatedwithfoodproductsarenowallowedtocarrylabelsandmilkproductioncannotbeincreasedwithgrowthTherealintentionbehindthebanaswecanlearnfromthepassageis toconvinceconsumersofconfusionduetolabelsandtogetridofthemilkmanufacturer’sbadtoprovethesafetyofrbST-treatedcows’tosafeguardthesaleofmilkintheAstheauthorimplies,afoodlabelreflects customers’preferencesandfarmingcustomers’rationalityandirrationalityasarelationshipbetweencapitalismandboththecompany’sresponsibilityandthecustomer’sThelastparagraphsuggests whatwillhappenfollowinganeconomiccwhatconsumers’irrationalitymeanstowhycustomerscanbeirrationalinhowthemarketeconomyPassageTheremaybealinkbetweencreativityandmentaldisorders,butitisprobablynotinthewaythatyouthink.Thereisawidespreadhighlyromanticizedbeliefthatmadnesssomehowheightenscreativegeniusamongartists,writers,andmusicians.Andthatmaybebecauseweromanticizetheideaofartisticinspiration.Aswithmentaldisorders,thereissomethingmysteriousandunexplainableaboutthecreativeprocess.Butallsignificantcreativeleapshavetwoveryimportantcomponents:talentandtechnique.Byfarthemostuniversalandnecessaryaspectoftechniqueisdoggedpersistence,whichisanythingbutMihalyCsikszentmihalyi,bestknownpsychologistforhisworkonflow,saysdespitethecarefreeairthatmanycreativepeopleeffect,mostofthemworklateintothenightandpersistwhenlessdrivenindividualswouldnot.Evenacknowledgedcreativegeniusesfindthatendurancemustfollowintuition.Follow-throughiscriticaltotherealizationofanidea.RobertRoot-Bernstein,anotherobserverofthecreativeprocess,pointsout:“Ifthewriterdoesn'tsitatthecomputereveryday,themuseisnotgoingtovisit.”Evenhavingideascantakeagreatdealofdiscipline.Disciplineisnotahallmarkofmindsinthethroesofemotionaldistress.Nevertheless,depressionstrikesartiststentimesmoreoftenthanitdoesthegeneralpopulation.Thelink,however,isnotcreativity.Artistsaremorelikelytobeself-reflectiveandtothinkthingsthrough.Andthatthinkingstyle—asopposedtocreativityitself—isahallmarkofdepressionandcommonlyleadstoit.EvidencethatmadnessdoesnothingtoheightencreativegeniuscomesfromastudydonebypsychologistRobertWeisberg.HestudiedindetailRobertSchumann,thegreatcomposer,whowasknowntoendureboutsofmanicdepressionthatdrovehimtoattemptsuicide.Indeed,Schumannwroteagreatdealofmusicduringhismanicintervals.Buttyisonethingandqualityisanother.WeisbergfoundthatSchumann'scompositionaloutputindeedswelledduringhismanicyears,buttheaveragequalityofhiseffortsdidnotchange.Mania“jacksuptheenergylevel,”Weisbergpointsout,“butitdoesn'tgivetheaccesstoideasthatheorshewouldn'thavehadotherwise.”It'sentirelypossible,Weisbergnotes,thattheelevatedratesofmentaldisordersamonggeniusescomesaboutasaresultofthecreativelifestyle,whichhardlyprovidesemotionalstability.Manyartistsstruggleagainstpovertyandpublicindifferenceintheirlifetime.Andiftheydoindeedproduceworksthatareacclaimed,theycouldsuccumbtotheoverwhelmingpressuretoliveuptotheirearliersuccesses.Basedonthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthoristryingtofocusourattentionon madnessand B.geniusandC.creativityandmental D.romanceandartistAccordingtoCsikszentmihalyiandRoot-Bernstein,endurance doesnotnecessarilymean B.hasmuchtodowithoriginalC.isalabelonthose D.actuallyWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdepressionisItneverstrikescommonThepeoplewhoaremoreself-reflectivearemorelikelytobehitbyCreativityhasmuchtodowithdepressionandwehavefiguredoutwhatitThethinkingstyleofartistsisinlin