2003年四级阅读真题及全解

2003年9月四级真题阅读PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Arecentstudy,publishedinlastweek 'sJournaltotheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver.Indeed,a16-year-olddriverwiththreeormorepassengersisthreetimesaslikelytohaveafatalaccidentasateenagerdrivingalone.Bycontrast,theriskofdeathfordriversbetween30and59decreaseswitheachadditionalpassenger.Theauthorsalsofoundthatthedeathratesforteenagedriversincreaseddramaticallyafter10p.m.,andespeciallyaftermidnight.Withpassengersinthecar,thedriverwasevenmorelikelytodieinlate-nightaccident.RobertFoss,ascientistattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaHighwaySafetyResearchCenter,saysthehigherdeathratesforteenagedrivershavelesstodowith“reallystupidbehavior”thanwithjustalackofdrivingexperience.“Thebasicissue,”heastaaysd,ultsw“hoisatrheresponsibleforissuinglicensesfailtorecognizehowcomplexandskilledataskdrivingis.”Bothheandtheauthorofthestudybelievethatthewayto mitigate(使 缓解)theproblemistohavestatesinstituteso-calledgraduatedlicensingsystems,inwhichgettingalicenseisamultistageprocess.Agraduatedlicenserequiresthatateenagerfirstprovehimselfcapableofdrivinginthepresenceofanadult,followedbyaperiodofdrivingwithnightorpassengerrestrictions,beforegraduatingtofulldrivingprivileges.Graduatedlicensingsystemshavereducedteenagedrivercrashes,accordingtorecentstudies.Abouthalfofthestatesnowhavesomesortofgraduatedlicensingsysteminplace,butonly10ofthosestateshaverestrictionsonpassengers.Californiaisthestrictest,withanovice(新手)driverprohibitedfromcarryinganypassengerunder20(withoutthepresenceofanadultover25)forthefirstsixmonths.Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostdangerousaccordingtothepassage?Adultsgivingalifttoteenagersonthehighwayafter10p.m.Ateenagerdrivingaftermidnightwithpassengersinthecar.Adultsdrivingwiththreeormoreteenagepassengerslateatnight.Ateenagergettingaliftfromastrangeronthehighwayatmidnight.AccordingtoRobertFoss,thehighdeathrateofteenagedriversismainlydueto .theirfrequentdrivingatnight.theirimproperwayofdriving.theirlackofdrivingexperience.theirdrivingwithpassengers.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?Teenagersshouldspendmoretimelearningtodrive.Drivingisaskilltoocomplicatedforteenagerstolearn.Restrictionsshouldbeimposedonteenagersapplyingtotakedrivinglessons.Thelicensingarepartlyresponsibleforteenagers 'drivingaccidents.Asuggestedmeasuretobetakentoreduceteenagers 'drivingaccidentsisthat .drivinginthepresenceofanadultshouldbemadearule.theyshouldbeprohibitedfromtakingonpassengers.theyshouldnotbeenallowedtodriveafter10p.m.thelicensingsystemshouldbeimproved.Thepresentsituationinabouthalfofthestatesisthatthegraduatedlicensingsystem isunderdiscussionisabouttobesetuphasbeenputintoeffecthasbeenperfectedPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.Arecentsurveyshowsthatcompanieslikegraduatesinsuchfieldsasbusinessandhealthcarewhocangotoworkimmediatelywithverylittleon-the-jobtraining.That'esspeciallytrueofboomingfieldsthatarechallengingforworkers.AtCornell'ScshoolofHotelAdministration,forexample,bachelor'sdegreegraduatesgetanaverageoffourorfivejobofferswithsalariesrangingfromthehighteenstothelow20sandplentyofchancesforrapidadvancement.Largecompanies,especially,likeabackgroundofformaleducationcoupledwithworkexperience.Butinthelongrun,toomuchspecializationdoesn 'tpayoff.Business,whichhasbeenfloodedwithMBAsnolongerconsidersthedegreeanautomaticstampofapproval.TheMBAmayopendoorsandcommandahighersalaryinitially,buttheimpactofadegreewashesoutafterfiveyears.Asfurtherevidenceoftheerosion（消弱）ofcorporate（公司）faithinspecializeddegrees,MichiganStateScheetzcitesapatternincorporatehiringpractices.Althoughcompaniestendtotakeonspecialistsasnewhires,theyoftenseekoutgeneralistsformiddle-and-upper-levelmanagement.“Theywantsomeonewhoisn'tconstrained（限制）bynutsandboltstolookatthebigpicture, ”saysScheetz.Thissoundssuspiciouslylikeaformalstatementthatyouapproveoftheliberal-artsgraduate.Timeandagainlabormarketanalystsmentionaneedfortalentsthatliberal-artsmajorsareassumedtohave:writingandcommunicationskills,organizationalskill,open-mindednessandadaptability,andtheabilitytoanalyzeandsolveproblems.DavidBirchclaimshedoesnothireanybodywithanMBAoranengineeringdegree.“Ihireonlyliberal-artspeoplebecausetheyhavealess-than-cannedwayofdoingthings,”saysBirch.-aLritbsemraelansanacademicallythoroughandstrictprogramthatincludesliterature,history,mathematics,economics,science,humanbehavior—plusacomputercourseortwo.Withthatunderyourbelt,yourcanfeelfreetospecialize.liberal-artscoupledwithanMBAorsomeothertechnicaltrainingisaverygoodcombinationinthemarketplace,saysScheetz.Whatkindsofpeopleareinhighdemandonthejobmarket?Studentswithabachelor 'sdegreeinhumanities.PeoplewithanMBAdegreefromtopuniversities.Peoplewithformalschoolingplusworkexperience.Peoplewithspecialtraininginengineering.Bysaying "…buttheimpactofadegreewashesoutafterfiveyears”（Le3,Para.3）,theauthormeansmostMBAprogramsfailprovidestudentswithasolidfoundation.anMBAdegreedoesnothelppromotiontomanagerialpositions.MBAprogramswillnotbeaspopularinfiveyear 'stimeastheyarenow.infiveyearspeoplewillforgetaboutthedegreetheMBAgraduateshavegot.AccordingtoScheetz 'sstatement（-L4in,ePsar3a.4）,companiesprefer .peoplewhohaveastrategicmindpeoplewhoaretalentedinfineartspeoplewhoareambitiousandaggressivepeoplewhohavereceivedtraininginmechanicsDavidBirchclaimsthatheonlyhiresliberal-artspeoplebecause .theyaremorecapableofhandlingchangingsituationstheycansticktoestablishedwaysofsolvingproblemstheyarethoroughlytrainedinavarietyofspecializedfieldstheyhaveattendedspecialprogramsinmanagementWhichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorsupport?Specialistsaremoreexpensivetohirethangeneralists.Formalschoolingislessimportantthanjobtraining.On-the-jobtrainingis,inthelongrun,lesscostly.Generalistswilloutdospecialistsinmanagement.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AboutsixyearsagoIwaseatinglunchinarestaurantinNewYorkCitywhenawomanandayoungboysatdownatthenexttable.Icouldn 'thelpoverhearingpartsoftheirconversation.Atonepointthewomanasked:howhaveyoubeen?”andtheboy—whocouldnothavebeenmorethansevenoreightyearsold—replied,“Frankly,I'vebeenfeelingalittledepressedlately. ”Thisincidentstuckinmymindbecauseitconfirmedmygrowingbeliefthatchildrenarechanging.AsfarasIcanremember,myfriendsandIdidn 'tfindoutwewere “depressed”untilwewereinhighschool.Theevidenceofachangeinchildrenhasincreasedsteadilyinrecentyears.Childrendon ildlike'tanymore.Childrenspeakmorelikeadults,dressmorelikeadultsandbehavemorelikeadultsthantheyusedto.Whetherthisisgoodorbadisdifficulttosay,butitcertainlyisdifferent.Childhoodasitoncewasnolongerexists.Why?Humandevelopmentisbasednotonlyoninnate（天生的）biologicalstates,butalsoonpatternsofaccesstosocialknowledge.Movementfromonesocialroletoanotherusuallyinvolveslearningthesecretsofthenewstatus.Childrenhavealwaysbeentaughtadultsecrets,butslowlyandinstages:traditionally,wetellsixthgradersthingswekeephiddenfromfifthgraders.Inthelast30years,however,asecret-revelation（揭示）machinehasbeeninstalledin98percentofAmericanhomes.Itiscalledtelevision.Televisionpassesinformation,andindiscriminately（不加区分地）,toallviewersalike,betheychildrenoradults.Unabletoresistthetemptation,manychildrenturntheirattentionfromprintedtextstothelesschallenging,morevividmovingpictures.Communicationthroughprint,asamatteroffact,allowsforagreatdealofcontroloverthesocialinformationtowhichchildrenhaveaccess.Readingandwritinginvolveacomplexcodeofsymbolsthatmustbememorizedandpracticed.Childrenmustreadsimplebooksbeforetheycanreadcomplexmaterials.Accordingtoauthor,feelingdepressedis .asuresignofapsychologicalprobleminachild.somethinghardlytobeexpectedinayoungchild.aninevitablephaseofchildren'smentalt.developmenamentalstatepresentinallhumans,includingchildren.Traditionally,achildissupposedtolearnabouttheadultworld .throughcontactwithsociety.graduallyandunderguidance.naturallyandbybiologicalinstinct.throughexposuretosocialinformation.Thephenomenonthattoday 'schildrenseemadultlikeisattributedbytheauthorto .thewidespreadinfluenceoftelevision.thepoorarrangementofteachingcontent.thefastpaceofhumanintellectualdevelopment.theconstantlyrisingstandardofliving.Whyistheauthorinfavorofcommunicationthroughprintforchildren?Itenableschildrentogainmoresocialinformation.Itdevelopschildren 'sinterestinreadingandwriting.Ithelpschildrentomemorizeandpracticemore.Itcancontrolwhatchildrenaretolearn.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthechangeintoday 'schildren?Hefeelsamusedbytheirprematurebehavior.Hethinksitaphenomenonworthyofnote.Heconsidersitapositivedevelopment.Heseemstobeupsetaboutit.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Opinion”isawordthatisusedcarelesslytoday.Itisusedtorefertomattersoftaste,belief,andjudgment.Thiscasualusewouldprobablycauselittleconfusionifpeopledidn'atttachtoomuchimportancetoopinion.Unfortunately,mostdoattachgreatimportancetoit.“Ihaveasmuchrighttomyopinionasyouyours,”and“Everyone'entsitledtohisopinion”ar,ecommonexpression.Infact,anyonewhowouldchallengeanother'sopinionislikelytobebrandedintolerant.Isthatlabelaccurate?Isitintoleranttochallengeanother 'sopinion?Itdependsonwhatdefinitionyouhaveinmind.Forexample,youmayaskafriend“thWinhkaotfdtoheyonuewFordcars?”Andhemayreply“Inmyopinion,they'reugly.”Inthiscase,itwouldnotonlybeintoleranttochallengehisstatement,butfoolish.Forit 'sobviousthatbyopinionhemeanshispersonalpreference,amateroftaste.Atnhdeaosldsayinggoes,“It'spointlesstoargueaboutmattersoftaste. ”Butconsiderthisverydifferentuseoftheterm.AnewspaperreportsthattheSupremeCourthasdelivereditsopinioninacontroversialcase.Obviouslythejusticesdidnotstatetheirpersonalpreferences,theirmerelikesanddislikes.Theystatedtheirconsideredjudgment,painstakinglyarrivedatafterthroughinquiryanddeliberation.Mostofwhatisreferredtoasopinionfallssomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Itisnotanexpressionoftaste.Norisitcarefuljudgment.Yetitmaycontainelementsofboth.Itisavieworbeliefmoreorlesscasuallyarrivedat,withorwithoutexaminingtheevidence.Iseveryoneentitledtohisopinion?Ofcourse,thisisnotonlypermitted,butguaranteed.Wearefreetoactonouropinionsonlysolongas,indoingso,wedonotharmothers.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE,accordingtotheauthor?Everyonehasarighttoholdhisownopinion.Freeexpressionofopinionsoftenleadstoconfusion.Mostpeopletendtobecarelessinformingtheiropinions.Casualuseoftheword “opinion”oftenbringsaboutquarrels.Accordingtotheauthor,whoofthefollowingwouldbelabeledasintolerant?Someonewhoturnsadeafeartoother 'sopinions.Someonewhocan'tputupwithother 'stastes.Someonewhovaluesonlytheirownopinions.Someonewhoseopinionharmsotherpeople.ThenewFordcararecitedasanexampletoshowthat .itisfoolishtocriticizeafamousbrand.oneshouldnotalwaysagreetoother 'sopinions.personaltastesarenotsomethingtobechallenged.itisunwisetoexpressone 'slikesanddislikesinpublicConsideredjudgmentisdifferentfrompersonalpreferenceinthat .itisstatedbyjudgesinthecourt.itreflectspubliclikesanddislikes.itisaresultofalotofcontroversy.itisbasedoncarefulthought.Asindicatedinthepassage,beingfreetoactonone 'sopinion .meansthatoneignoreotherpeoplecriticism.'smeansthatoneimposehispreferencesonothers.doesn'tmeanonehastherighttodothingsatwill.doesn'tmeanthatonehastherighttochargeotherswithoutevidence.2003年9月四级阅读全解Passage1B本题题干中的 “dangerouS各”题的答案信息圈定在第一段第一句，因为该句中的 “risky—词与题干中的 “dangerous一词相呼应。该句强调 “howriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver(搭青少年司机的车非常危险)词，故只有选项B是正确答案，因为只有该选项表达的内容是青少年驾车。选项A和C均是成年人(adults)驾车，选项D是青少年搭陌生人的车。C 本题题干中的人名 “RobertRoss各本题的答案信息圈定在第三段第一句。 该句强调青少年司机的高死亡率更多地与缺乏驾驶经验有关(alackofdrivingexperience)，故选项C是正确答案。D本题题干明确指出该题的答案在第三段。在回答完第22题之后，第三段只有尾句能够提供答案。本段尾句强调：青少年司机高死亡率的根本问题是负责颁发驾照的成年人没有认识到驾车是一项非常复杂和技术性较强的工作。故选项D是正确答案，因为只有选项D涉及到了有关颁发驾照的成年人(thelicensing)的问题。D本题题干中的“reduceteenagersd'rivingaccidents将词本题的答案信息圈定在第四段第一句，因为本句中的“mitigatetheproblem与题干中的“reduceteenagers'drivingaccide相呼应。"第四段第一句强调：让美国各州制定一种新的颁发驾照体系(aso-callgraduatedlicensingsystem)，即在原有的基础上将颁发驾照的过程细化为若干阶段 (stage)，每个阶段均有不同的要求。综上所述，选项D是正确答案，因为只有该选项涉及颁发执照系统 (licensingsystem)，而选项D中的aimproved一词恰好反映了原文中表达的“在原有系统基础之上的细化——将颁发执照细分为若干阶段” 。C本题题干中的“presen一词将本题的答案圈定在本文尾段的第二句，因为该句中的 “now一词与题干中的 “presen相呼应。该句强调：目前在美国有大约一半的州施行了新的颁发驾照系统(graduatedlicensingsystem)，故只有选项C是正确答案。原文中的 “have…inpla(等于"“putintoeffect，其含义是“到位”“施行”。Passage2C本题是一道概述题。本题追问“哪类人是就业市场上的急需人才？”由于本题题干中的核心词汇没有在原文中直接得到体现，故考生难以将本题的答案信息圈定在第一段和第二段。实际上，第一段和第二段分别出现“companieslike…，这就暗示就业市场所急需的人才类型。第一段公司喜欢(companieslike)不需岗位培训就能上岗的专门人才 (specialist);第二段公司喜欢(companieslike…)有正规教育背景并有工作经验的人士。故选项C是正确答案。选项D是干扰项，因为原文并没有特指“engineering方面的专门培训。另外原文也没有专门特指 “humanities('人文学科)，故选项A也是错误的。B本题题干明确指出该题的答案信息应该在第三段的尾句。该句强调： MBA学位可以作为人们进入公司的敲门砖，还可以作为人们起初要求高工资的条件，但是当人们进入公司五年之后，在提升工资、晋级等诸方面，MBA的作用就没有了，也就是说MBA不能给人们帮大忙了。本题题干中涉及的是MBA学位(degree),而不是MBA课程(programs)，故选项A和C均不正确。选项D强调的是人们忘记MBA学位，而没有强调MBA学位所发挥的作用(impact),故也是错误的选项。综上所述，只有选项 B涉及了MBA学位(degree)的作用(impact)，故选项B是正确答案。(nutsA本题题干明确指出该题的答案信息在第四段的尾句,该句强调：公司需要没有受到具体细节andbolts)限制的人士来总揽全局(lookatthebigpicture)。故选项A是正确答案，因为该选项所涉及的是“具有战略头脑和思想的人”，只有这种人才是不受限制、能够总揽全局的人。选项C是干扰项，有抱负或野心，冲劲十足的人并不一定能够总揽全局。(nutsA 本题追问的是原因 “because'本题题干中的大写人名 DavidBirch和“only••将本题的答案圈定在尾段的第三、四句。第四句中的 “because正是本题的答案。该句强调：他们有着不太刻板的(less-than-canned)应对事物的方法。故选项 A是正确答案。选项B所表述的含义恰好与原文的含义相反。D本题看上去是很难的，因为大多数考生无法从本题题干中得到答案信息在哪一段的暗示。然而，本题毕竟追问的是本文作者所赞同的陈述，换句话说，就是问本文作者的主旨观点。从本文主题句的发展，考生马上可以寻找出答案。本文第一、二段作为全篇文章的引言讲述目前社会就业市场大量需要专门人才(specialist)，即具有正规教育背景和工作经验的人士 (abackgroundofformaleducationcoupledwithworkexperience)。但是，作者在第三段开始对specialization提出质疑，在第四段指出公司更倾向于全面性人才 (generalist)从事管理工作。作者在全文尾段尾句以“学科之间知识的结合是市场良好的结合物”来暗示对“ generalist”(全面性人才)的肯定。综上所述，选项D是正确答案，选项中的 “will正是原文第三段首句中 “inthelongrun"所指。尽管选项A也针对 “specialists和”“generalist进行了陈述，但是并没有围绕管理 (management)进行针对性阐述，另外原文未提及雇用 “specialists和""generalists的费用，故A是错误选项。选项B和C内容未涉及本文中心思想，故是错误选项。Passage3B 本题题干中的 “depressed-词将本题的答案信息圈定在本文第一段尾句和第二段尾句，因为这两句话中均包含 “depressed"词。本题的答案是从第二段尾句产生的。第二段尾句强调：就我的记忆而言，我和我的朋友直到上高中时(长成大孩子时)才感到 “depressed"沮丧的)，故选项B的内容与原文相符，即：感觉 “depressed"沮丧的)不大可能是很小的孩子 (ayoungchild)的感觉。显而易见，选项 B是正确答案，该选项中第一个词 “something后省略了 “whichis。”B 本题题干中的核心词 “traditionally和“adultworld'分别等于第五段尾句中的 “always和“adultsecrets。"出题人只是将原文中的 “havebeentaught改换成了题干中的 “issupposedtolearn。第”五段尾句中的转折词 “but明确指出了本题的正确答案应该围绕其后的两个状语： “slowlyandinstages，”故选项B应该是正确答案。A本题题干中所阐述的内容没有在原文中得到明显体现，故寻找该题答案信息较困难。但是考生面对困难应该保持清醒的头脑，我们刚刚利用第五段的尾句信息回答了第 32题，此时，我们应该很自然地进入第六段即倒数第二段来回答第 33题。倒数第二段主要讲“电视” (television)的普及和作用，故正确答案中肯定会出现 “television或相关词汇。综上所述，选项 A是正确答案，因为该选项突出了 “television一词。D本题题干中的“communicationthroughprint将本题的”答案信息圈定在尾段的第一句。该句强调：“communicationthroughprint能够对孩”子们所能接触到的社会信息加以控制。故选项D是正确答案，因为该选项强调了 “control('控制)一词。B这是一道难题，因为它是一道跳题。该题的答案信息没有设在尾段。本题题干中的“thechangeintoday'schildren相等于第二段首句中的 “childrenarechanging。该句强调：体现孩子变化（change）的事情让他时时掂念在心中（Theincidentstuckinmymind），故选项B是正确答案，因为该选项强

调：孩子的变化是一种值得注意的现象。这一内容与原文的“掂念在心头”在表意方面相互吻合。PassageFourA本题是一道非常难回答的题，因为考生很难凭借本题题干中的词语进行准确的定位以便寻求答案信息。另外这又是一道 “TrueorFalse题”型。其实这是一道跳题。考生应该记住：越是跳题越是容易进行定位思考，出题者之所以调整出题顺序的原因恰恰在于这类题的特征显而易见。就拿本题为例：其答案信息在全文的尾段。全文尾段的首句是一个疑问句。在四、六级和考研英语阅读中，疑问句是必考无疑的，故本文中仅有的两个疑问句之一也就成为必考之点，重中之重。根据尾段第一、二句话的含义，选项A应该是正确答案。选项 B中的“freeexpressionofopinions和选项C中的 “formingtheiropinions均未在原文中提及。选项D中的“quarrels一词与原文中的相应核心词“confusion”不是一回事。B本题题干中的“intolerant将本”题的答案信息圈定在本文第一段的尾句，尾句中的 “bebranded”等于题干中的 “belabeledo尾句中的主句已成为 37题的题干，故尾句中的定语从句是准确答案信息。该定语从句的核心是： challengeanother'spinion（挑战他人的观点）。在四个选项中只有选项B中的“can'tputupwith（不能容忍）能与 “challenge有相应的意义关联。其他三个动词“turnadeafearto “va”e和’“harm与“challenge的表达之意相距甚远。C本题题干中的“Fordcar”将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段。显而易见，本文不是讲 “Fordcar”，而是讲有关 “opinion'（观点）的话题。 "Fordcar"只是阐述中心内容时所举之例。考生在这种思想指导下，应该首抓本段主题句，再抓本段结论句。本段首句设问：与别人观点不一致就被认为是不够包容，这一说法对吗？本段结论句作出了否定的回答：争论有关品味的问题是毫无意义的。因此可见，选项C是正确答案。选项C中的“challenge等于原文尾句中的 “argueabout。D本题题干中的“consideredjudgment”将本题的答案信息圈定在第四段的尾句。该句强调：“consideredudgment是“their（法官自己的），故选项C中的"public公众的）就错了。另外，该句还强调： “consideredjudgment是'法官们在经过调查和深思熟虑 （inquiryanddeliberation）之后所做出的判决，故选项 C是正确答案。C 本题题干中的 “freetoactonone's将本题的答案信息圈定在全文的最后一句话。该句强调：只有在不伤害他人的情况下，我们才能自由地根据自己的观点行事。这暗示大家：我们自由行事是受到一定条件约束的。 故选项C（根据自己的观点行事并不意味着我们有为所欲为的权力）是正确答案。选项D中的“chargeotherswithoutevidenee缩小了原文尾句所表达的含义，故是错误的。2004年1月四级真题阅读PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:I'musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscertainofthemselvesthantheywere50yearsago.Whileanyofthesestatementsmightbetrue,theyarepracticallyimpossibletoprovescientifically.Still,Iwasstruckbyareportwhichconcludedthattoday'schildrenaresignificantlymoreanxiousthanchildreninthe1950s.Infact,theanalysisshowed,normalchildrenages9to17exhibitahigherlevelofanxietytodaythanchildrenwhoweretreatedformentalillness50yearsago.WhyareAmerica'skidssostressed?Thereportcitestwomaincauses:increasingphysicalisolation—broughtonbyhighdivorceratesandlessinvolvementincommunity,amongotherthings—andagrowingperceptionthattheworldisamoredangerousplace.Giventhatwecan 'tturntheclockback,adultscanstilldoplentytohelpthenextgenerationcope.Atthetopofthelistisnurturing(培育)abetterappreciationofthelimitsofindividualism.Nochildisanisland.Strengtheningsocialtieshelpsbuildcommunitiesandprotectindividualsagainststress.Tohelpkidsbuildstrongerconnectionswithothers,youcanpulltheplugonTVsandcomputers.Yourfamilywillthankyoulater.Theywillhavemoretimeforface-to-facerelationships,andtheywillgetmoresleep.Limittheamountofvirtual(虚拟的)violenceyourchildrenareexposedto.It 'snotjustvideogamesanmovies;childrenseealotofmurderandcrimeonthelocalnews.Keepyourexpectationsforyourchildrenreasonable.ManyhighlysuccessfulpeopleneverattendedHarvardorYale.Makeexercisepartofyourdailyroutine.Itwillhelpyoucopewithyourownanxietiesandprovideagoodmodelforyourkids.Sometimesanxietyisunavoidable.Butitdoesn life'.thavetoruinyourTheauthorthinksthattheconclusionsofanyresearchaboutpeople 'sstateofmindare .surprisingB)confusingC)illogical D)questionableWhatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays, “wecan'tturntheclockback ”(Line1,Para.3)?It'simpoibslsetoslowdownthepaceofchange.Thesocialrealitychildrenarefacingcannotbechanged.Lessonslearnedfromthepastshouldnotbeforgotten.It'simpossibletoforgetthepast.Accordingtoananalysis,comparedwithnormalchildrentoday,childrentreatedasmentallyill50yearsagowerelessisolatedphysically C) probablysufferedlessfromanxietywereprobablylessself-centered D) wereconsideredlessindividualisticThefirstandmostimportantthingparentsshoulddotohelptheirchildrenis .toprovidethemwithasaferenvironment C) togetthemmoreinvolvedsociallytolowertheirexpectationsforthem D) tosetagoodmodelforthemtofollowWhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?Anxiety,thoughunavoidable,canbecopedwith.Children'sanxietyhasbeenenormouslyexaggerated.Children'sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.Anxiety,ifproperlycontrolled,mayhelpchildrenbecomemature.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itiseasiertonegotiateinitialsalaryrequirementbecauseonceyouareinside,theorganizationalconstraints(约束)influencewageincreases.Onething,however,iscertain:yourchancesofgettingtheraiseyoufeelyoudeservearelessifyoudon'tatleastaskforit.Mentendtoaskformore,andtheygetmore,andthisholdstruewithotherresources,notjustpayincreases.ConsiderBeth'sstory.IdidnotgetwhatIwantedwhenIdidnotaskforit.Wehadcubicle(小间隔)officesandwindowoffices.Isatinthecubicleswithseveralmalecolleagues.Onebyonetheyweremovedintowindowoffices,whileIremainedinthecubicles.Severalmaleswhowerehiredaftermealsowenttooffices.Oneinparticulartoldmehewasnextinlineforanofficeandthatithadbeenpartofhisnegotiationsforthejob.IguesstheythoughtmecontenttostayinthecubiclessinceIdidnotvoicemyopinioneitherway.Itwouldbeniceifweallreceivedautomaticpayincreasesequaltoourmerit,but“nicei”sn'qtualityattributedtomostorganizations.Ifyoufeelyoudeserveasignificantraiseinpay,you'llprobit.Performaneeisyourbestbargainingchip(筹码)whenyouareseekingaraise.Youmustbeabletodemonstratethatyoudeservearaise.Timingisalsoagoodbargainingchip.Ifyoucangiveyourbosssomethingheorsheneeds(anewclientorasizablecontract,forexample)justbeforemeritpaydecisionsarebeingmade,youaremorelikelytogettheraiseyouwant.Useinformationasabargainingchiptoo.Findoutwhatyouareworthontheopenmarket.Whatwillsomeoneelsepayforyourservices?Gointothenegotiationspreparedtoplaceyourchipsonthetableattheappropriatetimeandpreparedtousecommunicationstyletoguidethedirectionoftheinteraction.Accordingtothepassage,beforetakingajob,apersonshould .demonstratehiscapability C)askforasmuchmoneyashecangivehisbossagoodimpression D)askforthesalaryhehopestogetWhatcanbeinferredfromBeth 'sstory?Prejudiceagainstwomenstillexistsinsomeorganizations.Ifpeoplewantwhattheydeserve,theyhavetoaskforit.Peopleshouldnotbecontentwithwhattheyhavegot.Peopleshouldbecarefulwhennegotiatingforajob.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat .unfairnessexistsinsalaryincreasesmostpeopleareoverworkedandunderpaidoneshouldavoidoverstatingone 'sperformancemostorganizationsgivetheirstaffautomaticpayraisesTogetapayraise,apersonshould .advertisehimselfonthejobmarket.persuadehisbosstosignalong-termcontracttrytogetinsideinformationabouttheorganizationdosomethingtoimpresshisbossjustbeforemeritpaydecisionsTobesuccessfulinnegotiations,onemust .meethisbossattheappropriatetimearriveatthenegotiationtablepunctuallybegoodatinfluencingtheoutcomeoftheinteractionbefamiliarwithwhatthebosslikesanddislikesPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformaltraditionsdatingbacktoGrandmageneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesandsilver,andthedresscodewillbeSunday-best.Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silvereleganeehasgivenwaytoa stoneware(粗陶)-and-stainiessinformality,withdressesassuminganequallycasual-Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain,itspellseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-on-Trent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs—one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000thenumberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery(陶瓷)region.Wedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearlier.AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,thelayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.AspokesmanforRoyalDoultonadmittedthatthecompany“hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend ”towardcasualdining.Familieseattogetherlessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,eitherbecausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontoftelevision.Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.Inatimeoflongworkhoursanddemandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,thatit 'sbettertzoasohnapreapaetrapkelaoteustpinizthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentora “real”dinnerparty.Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomeIronafine-patternedtablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthesilver?Whohastime?Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsof etiquette(礼节)thatchildrenmightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparentsandgrandparents( “Chewwithyour“Keepyourelbowsoffthetable. ”)mustbepickedupelsewhceorem.pSaonmieesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswhomaybecompetentprofessionallybutcluelesssocially.Thetrendtowardcasualdininghasresultedin .bankruptcyoffinechinamanufacturers C)restructuringoflargeenterprisesshrinkingofthepotteryindustry D)economicrecessioninGreatBritainWhichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonforcasual