化学用语中英文对照

化学实验室常用物品英文名称1、常用仪器试管testtube试管架testrack试管夹testtubeholder玻璃棒glassrod滴管medicinedropper小滴管dropper烧杯beaker不锈车网杯stainless-steelbeaker酒精灯alcoholburner酒精喷灯blastalcoholburner本生灯Bunsenburner量杯measuringcup量筒measuringcylindermeasuring/graduatedflask漏斗funnel分液漏斗separatoryfunnel布氏漏斗Busherfunnel赫氏漏斗Hirschfunnel长颈漏斗long-stemfunnel无颈漏斗stemlessfunnel滤纸ifilterpaper华特门滤纸Whatman(filter)paper广口瓶wide-mouthbottle烧瓶flask平底烧瓶florenceflask碘量瓶iodineflask锥形瓶Erlenmeyerflaskconicalflask容量瓶volumetricflaskmeasuringflask移液管(one-mark)pipette移液管架pipetterack洗耳球rubbersuctionbulb亥1］度移液管graduatedpipettes吸液管pipette滴定管burette滴定管夹buretteclamp滴定架buretteholder滴定台supportholder酸氏滴定管Geiserburette(stopcock)碱氏滴定管Mohrburetteforusewithpinchcock石蕊试纸ilitmuspaper石蕊litmuspH值指示剂PHindicatorpH计pHmeter广?乏ph试纸universalphindicatorpaper三口烧瓶3-neckroundbottomflask蒸储装置distillingapparatus蒸储烧瓶distillingflask滴液漏斗droppingadapter力口装温度计的瓶塞reducingadapter减压蒸储头vacuum-distillingadapter克氏蒸储头Claisendistillingadapter球型冷凝管Allihncondenser直型冷凝管Westcondenser空气冷凝管aircondenserLiebigcondenser立它型冷凝管Grahamscondenser蒸储头three-wayadapter分储柱fractionatingcolumn接液管105degreebentadapteradapter曲颈甑retort土甘竭crucible(pot)meltingpot培竭钳crucibleclampcrucibletong天平balance,scale分析天平analyticalbalance电子天平electronicbalance台秤platformbalance游码crossbeamsandslidingweights称量瓶weighingbottle称量名氏weighingpaper研钵mortar研杵pestle玛瑙研钵agatemortar2、其他常用器皿及仪器洗瓶plasticwashbottle试齐ij瓶reagentbottles塞子stopper橡胶塞rubberstopper玻璃塞Pennyheadstopper玻璃活塞stopcpck药匙labspoon银子forceps升降台labjack铁架台ironsupport圆形漏斗架cast-ironring万能夹extensionclamp蝴蝶夹double-buretclamp螺旋夹screwclamp石棉网asbestos-freewiregauze三角架tripod搅拌装置stirringdevice搅拌棒stirringrod表面皿watchglass蒸发皿evaporatingdish瓷蒸发皿porcelain旋转蒸发器rotaryevaporatortrap冷凝器condenser玻璃活塞stopcock止水夹flatjawpinchcock弹簧节流夹pinchclamp橡胶管rubbertubing恒温循环仪Thermostaticcirculator真空泵vacuumpump真空阀vacuumtraps多头抽真空装置vacuummanifold抽滤瓶filterflasksuctionflask离心机centrifuge离心管centrifugetube电炉heater马弗炉furnace烘箱oven微波炉电热套heatingmantle电动搅拌器powerbasicstirrer磁力搅拌器magneticstirrer转子rotor水浴bath沸石boilingstone剪刀scissor烤钵cupel石蜡封口膜parafilm卵形瓶matrass比重瓶specificgravitybottle提勒熔点管Thielemeltingpointtube水银温度计(mercury-filled)thermometer温度计thermometer倒置显微镜Invertedmicroscope擦镜名氏wiperforlens玻璃片glassplate盖玻片coverglass载玻片slide闪点仪flashpointtester折光仪refractometer紫外灯ultraviolet川umination狭才ftslot秒表stopwatch空气过滤器airfilter(laminarflowcabinet)药柜cupboard衣®挂钩coathanger口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask消毒器Sterilizer消直剂disinfector空调机airconditioner摇床shaker螺丝钉screw螺丝刀screwdriver螺栓，插销bolt锁紧螺母nut,capnut齿槽，插口socket扳手shiftingspanner锤子hammer车丁子nail插头plug电极electrode

电泳槽geltank微细胞；小电泳槽minicell复印机duplicatorcopyingmachine复印名氏copypaper复写名氏carbonpaper3、有关化学反应的词汇关节joint计时器timer闹钟alarmclock订书机staplerU形钉staple可逆的reversible不可逆的可逆的reversible不可逆的irreversible分储fractionation吸热反应endothermicreaction放热反应exothermicreaction热力学thermodynamics动力学kinetics沉淀precipitate,precipitation沉淀,沉降sediment,sedimentation蒸储distill,distillation煨烧calcine氧化oxidize,oxygenate碱化alkalinization中和neutralize,neutralization滴定titration氢化hydrogenate水合,水化hydrate脱水dehydrate发酵fermentation溶解solution燃烧combustion熔解fusion,melting碱性alkalinity同分异物现象isomerism水解hydrolysis电解electrolysis电解质溶液electrolyte电极electrode阳极,正极anode阴极，负极cathode催化catalyse,catalyze催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis氧化oxidization,oxidation还原齐ijreducer分解dissolution,decomposition合成synthesis仪器设备apparatus产物product.有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团functionalgroup双键doublebond三键triplebond煌基hydroxygroup琉基mercapto硫轻基sulfhydrylgroup谈基carbonylgroup氨基aminogroup亚氨基iminogroup不肖基nitrogroup亚不肖基nitrosogroup鼠基cyanogroup竣基carboxylgroup磺基sulphogroup烷基alkylgroup苯基phenylgroup卡基benzylgroup芳基arylgroup烯基allylgroup烷氧基alkoxylgroup酰基acylgroup活性亚甲基activemethylenegroup.有机化合物的类型hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin月旨肪aliphatichydrocarbon烧烽alkane烯烂alkene烘烧alkyne共扼二烯烧conjugateddiene月旨环alicyclichydrocarbon螺环化合物spirocompound桥环化合物bridgedringcompound芳煌aromatichydrocarbon非苯芳nonbenzenoidaromatichydrocarbon稠环芳condensedaromatics卤代烧halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol84ether环氧化合物epoxide冠84crownether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫84sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinicacid磺酸sulfonicacid亚碉sulfoxide碉sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半缩醛hemiacetal半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal西佛碱shift'sbase历oxime除hydrozone缩氨月尿semicarbazonea,--不饱和酮a,B--unsaturatedketone酿quinone竣酸carboxylicacid酰卤acidhalide酸酊acidanhydride酯ester酰胺amide内酯lactone内酰胺lactam月青nitrile取代酸substitutedacid羟基酸hydroxyacid醇酸alcoholicacid酚酸phenolicacid酮酸ketoacidB-酮酸酯B-ketoneester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethylacetoacetate亚不肖基化合物nitrosocompound硝基化合物njtrocompound亚胺imine胺amine伯胺primaryamine仲胺secondaryamine叔胺tertiaryamine季钱盐quaternaryammoniumsalt季钱碱quaternaryammoniumhydroxide重氮盐diazoniumsalt偶氮化合物azocompound月瓜guanidine氨基酸aminoacid磷phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亚磷酸酯phosphite瞬酸酯phosphonate瞬酸phosphonicacid.杂环化合物口比咯pyrrol味喃furane嚷吩thiophone叫I咪indole口卜吩porphine咪唾imidazole嚷唾thioazole口比噬pyridine唾咻quinoline异唾咻isoquinoline口比喃金翁盐pyryliumsalts黄酮flavone喀呢pirimidine喋吟purine.有机天然产物肽peptide多肽polypeptide核酸nucleicacid核昔nucleoside核甘酸nucleotide生物碱alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate单糖monosaccharide醛糖aldoses酮糖ketosesD-核糖riboseD-2-脱氧核糖deoxyribose葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose糖月杀osazone糖昔glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharide麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose纤维二糖cellobiose环糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纤维素cellulose类脂lipid菇类化合物terpenoid留族化合物steroid脂肪fat油oil脂肪酸fattyacid甘油三竣酸酯triglyceride磷月旨phospholipid磷月旨酸phosphalidicacid蜡wax.有机化合物的结构理论价键理论valence-bondtheory分子轨道理论molecularorbitaltheory共振论resonancetheory凯库勒式Kekuleformula路易斯式Lewisformulao•键o-bond冗键冗bond

键能bondenergy键角bondangle键长bondlength成键轨道bondingorbital反键轨道antibondingorbital最高已占轨道HOMOhighestoccupiedmolecularorbital最低末占轨道LUMOlowestunoccupiedmolecularorbital诱导效应inductiveeffect共腕效应conjugatedeffect冗,冗-共腕冗,冗-conjugationp,冗-共腕p,九-conjugation超共腕作用hyperconjugation离域能delocalizationenergy共振能resonanceenergy给电子基团electrondonatinggroup吸电子基团electronwithdrawinggroup芳性aromaticity休克尔规律Huckel'srule两性离子Zwitterion.有机化学中的同分异构异构体isomer构造constitution构型configuration构象conformation构造异构constitutionalisomerism立体异构stereoisomerism构型异构configurationalisomerism顺反异构cis-transisomerism次序规sequencerule同侧ZugammenZ异侧EntgegenE顺式cis反式trans对映异构enantiomerism=光学异构旋光异构opticalisomerism旋光性opticalactivity旋光度opticalrotation比旋光度specificrotation对称面planeofsymmetry对称中心centerofsymmetry对称轴axisofsymmetry手性chirality手性分子chiralmolecules对映异构体，对映体enantiomer非对映体diastereomer外消旋体raceme左旋体leveisomer右旋体dextroisomer内消旋体mesomer费歇尔投影式Fischerprojection相对构型relativeconfiguration绝对构型absoluteconfigurationR-构型R-configurationS-构型S-configuration赤式erythro苏式threo外消旋化racemization拆分resolution光学纯度OpticalPurity对映体过量百分数enantiomericexcess立体专一性反应stereospecificreaction立体选择性反应stereoselectivereaction不对称合成asymmetricsynthesis构象异构conformationalisomerism构象分析conformationalanalysis

锯架式纽曼投影式锯架式纽曼投影式椅式船式直立键椅式船式直立键a平伏键e互变异构酮式烯醇式差向异构化变旋现象哈武斯式boatform键axialbond键equatorialbondtautomerismketo-formenol-formepimerization

mutamerismHaworthform.有机反应的名称取代反应substitutionreaction力口成反应additionreaction马尔科夫尼可夫规律Markovnikovrule共腕力口成conjugateaddition消去反应eleminationreaction查依采夫规律Saytzeffrule霍夫曼规律Hofmannrule硼氢化反应hydroboration催化力口氢catalytichydrogenation聚合反应polymerization单体monomer聚合物polymer硝化反应nitration卤化反应halogenation磺化反应sulfonation烷基化反应alkylation酰基化反应acylation酯化反应esterification酯交换反应transesterification脱竣反应decarboxylation氯甲基化反应chloromethylation傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应Friedel-Craftsreaction格利J雅反应Grignardreaction格利雅试剂（格氏试剂）Grignardreagent赖默-梯曼反应Reimer-Tiemannreaction卤仿反应haloformreaction水解反应hydrolysisreaction醇解反应alcoholysisreaction氨解反应ammonolysisireaction皂化saponification插烯作用vinylogy缩合condensation克莱森缩合Claisencondensation安息香缩合benzoincondensation羟醛缩合aldolcondensation列弗尔马茨基反应Reformatskyreaction迈克尔反应Michaelreaction诺文格尔反应Knoevenagelreaction加布里反应Gabrielreaction乙酰乙酸乙酯合成法acetoaceticestersynthesis丙二酸酯合成法malonicestersynthesis威廉逊合成法W川iamSonsynthesis海森堡试验Hinsbergtest重氮化反应diazotizationreaction偶联反应couplingreaction脱氨基反应deaminationreaction维悌希反应Wittigreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction

周环反应pericyclicreaction环力口成反应cycloadditionreaction电环化反应electrocyclicreaction坎尼扎罗反应Cannizzaroreaction齐齐巴宾反应Chichibabinreaction狄尔斯-阿彳惠尔反应Diels-alderreaction斐林试齐【JFehlingreagent沃克还原罗森蒙德还原克莱门森还原托伦试齐ijTollensreagent沃克还原罗森蒙德还原克莱门森还原Wolff-KishnerreductionRosenmundreductionClemmensonreduction考普重排Coperearrangement霍夫曼重排Hofmannrearrangement醺哪醇重排pinacolrearrangement弗里茨重排Friesrearrangement克莱森重刑FClaisenrearrangementdiene亲二烯体dienophile分子轨道对称守恒原理conversationoforbitalsymmetry.有机反应机理均裂homolytic异裂heterolytic活性中间体activeintermediate碳正离子carbocation碳负离子carbanion烯醇负离子enolateanion自由基，游离基freeradical卡宾，碳烯carbene氮烯nitrene速度决定步骤rate-determiningstep哈蒙特假定Hammondpostulate能线图energyprofile过渡状态transitionstate令口基参与neighboringgroupparticipation

动力学控制kineticcontrol热力学控制thermodynamiccontrol离去基团leavinggroup底物substrate亲电试剂electrofphile亲核试齐【Jnucleophile亲电力口成反应electrophilicaddition亲电取代反应electrophilicsubstitution定位规律orientationrule亲核取代反应nucleophilicsubstitutionSN2反应机理SN2reactionmechanismSN1反应机理SN1reactionmechanism亲核加成反应亲核加成-消去反应消去反应机理E1反应机理E2亲核加成反应亲核加成-消去反应消去反应机理E1反应机理E2反应机理nucleophilicadditionnucleophilicaddition-eliminationreactioneliminationreactionmechanismE1reactionmechanismE2reactionmechanism反式消去antielimination重排反应机理rearrangementreactionmechanism自由基反应freeradicalreaction链弓I发chaininitation链增长chainpropagation链终止chaintermination.有机化合物的光谱红外光谱IRInfraredspectra傅立叶变换FourierTransform指纹区fingerprintregion吸收频率absorptionfrequency紫外光谱UVUltravioletspectra电子跃迁elctronictransition吸光度absorbance

摩尔消光系数molarextinctioncoefficient发色团chromophore助色团auxochrome核磁共振NMRNuclearMagneticResonance1HNMR谱1HNMRspectra13CNMRI13CNMRspectra屏蔽效应shieldingeffect化学位移chemicalshift自旋偶合spin-spincoupling自旋裂分spin-spinsplitting偶合常数couplingconstant质子去偶protonspindecoupling质子偏共振去偶protonoff-resonancedecoupling质谱MassSpectra(MS)电子流轰击electionimpact(EI)快原子轰击fastatombombarment(FAB)分子离子峰molecularionpeak同位素峰isotopicpeak基峰basepeak质荷比(m/z)mass-to-chargeratio.分子间作用力色散力范德华力氢键hydrogenbond色散力范德华力dispersionforceVanDerWaalsforce偶极-偶极作用力dipole-dipoleinterractionforce.物理性质熔点meltingpoint沸点boilingpoint密度溶解度偶极矩density

solubilitydipolemoment.有机化合物的酸碱性酸性acidity碱性basicity<HTML>本站材料仅为本院教师与学生教学所用，请勿它用!</HTML>化学用语中英文对照organicchemistry有机化学inorganicchemistry无机化学derivative衍生物series系歹Uacid酸hydrochloricacid盐酸sulphuricacid硫酸nitricacid不肖酸aquafortis王水fattyacid脂肪酸organicacid有机酸hydrosulphuricacid氢硫酸hydrogensulfide氢化硫alkali碱，强碱ammonia氨base碱hydrate水合物hydroxide氢氧化物，羟化物hydracid氢酸hydrocarbon碳氢化合物，羟anhydride酊alkaloid生物碱aldehyde醛oxide氧化物phosphate磷酸盐acetate醋酸盐methane甲烷，沼气butane丁烷salt盐potassiumcarbonate碳酸车甲soda苏打sodiumcarbonate碳酸钠causticpotash苛，性车甲causticsoda苛性钠ester酯gel凝胶体analysis分解fractionation分储endothermicreaction吸热反应exothermicreaction放热反应precipitation沉淀toprecipitate沉淀todistil,todistill蒸储distillation蒸储tocalcine燃烧tooxidize氧化alkalinization碱化tooxygenate,tooxidize脱氧,氧化toneutralize中和tohydrogenate氢化tohydrate水合,水化todehydrate脱水fermentation发酵solution溶解combustion燃烧fusion,melting熔解alkalinity碱性isomerism,isomery同分异物现象hydrolysis水解electrolysis电解electrode电极anode阳极,正极cathode阴极,负极catalyst催化剂catalysis催化作用oxidization,oxidation氧化reducer还原齐Udissolution分解synthesis合成reversible可逆的refining炼油refinery炼油厂cracking裂化separation分离fractionatingtower分储塔fractionaldistillation分储distillationcolumn分裂蒸储塔polymerizing,polymerization聚合reforming重整purification净化hydrocarbon烧，碳氢化合物crudeoil,crude原油petrol汽油（美作:gasoline）LPG,liquefiedpetroleumgas液化石油气LNG,liquefiednaturalgas液化天然气octanenumber辛烷数，辛烷值vaseline凡士林paraffin石蜡kerosene,karaffinoil煤油gasoil柴油lubricatingoil润滑油asphalt沥青benzene苯fuel燃料naturalgas天然olefin烯烧high-gradepetrol,high-octanepetrol高级汽油，高辛烷值汽油plastic塑料chemicalfiber化学纤维syntheticrubber合成橡胶solvent溶剂product化学反应产物flask烧瓶apparatus设备PHindicatorPH值指示剂，氢离子（浓度的）负指数指示剂matrass卵形瓶litmus石蕊litmuspaper石蕊试纸graduate,graduatedflask量筒，量杯reagent试齐Utesttube试管burette滴定管retort曲颈甑still蒸储釜cupel烤钵cruciblepot,meltingpot地喝pipette吸液管filter滤管stirringrod搅拌棒element元素body物体compound化合物atom原子gramatom克原子atomicweight原子量atomicnumber原子数atomicmass原子质量molecule分子electrolyte电用星质ion离子anion阴离子cation阳离子electron电子isotope同位素isomer同分异物现象polymer聚合物symbol复合radical基structuralformula分子式valence,valency价monovalent单价bivalent二价halogen成盐元素bond原子的聚合mixture混；合combination合成作用compound合成物alloy合金metal金属metalloid非金属有机化学常用基团中英文对照CommoncontrolgroupofOrganicChemistryinChineseandEnglish甲基（缩写Me）methyl乙基（缩写Et）ethyl丙基（缩写Pr）propyl丁基（缩写Bu）butyl戊基amyl,pentyl己基hexyl庚基heptyl戊基一一octyl壬基nonyl癸基decyl十一烷基一-hendecyl十二烷基一-dodecyl十六（烷）基/鲸蜡基cetyl十七（烷）基heptadecyl十八（烷）基octodecyl苯基（缩写Ph）phenyl苯甲基/苇基phenmethyl苯乙基phenylethyl十价苯基phenenyl乙氧苯基phenelyl,ethoxyphenyl鲸基naphthyl菲咤基phenanthridinyl乙烯基（缩写Vi）vinyl,ethenyl乙快基ethinyl己烯基hexenyl乙烯基一-heptenyl菲咻基quinolyl吩曝嗪基phenothiazinyl菲基quinonyl,benzoquinonyl甲酸基formyl乙酰基、醋酸基acetyl丙烯酰acryloyl,acrylyl氨基/胺基一-amidocyanogen，菲基carbonyl丙基carboxyl羟基/氢氧基hydroxyl甲烷基一--esteralkyl烷基alkyl环己基cyclohexyl-I基nitroBunsenburner本生灯product化学反应产物flask烧瓶apparatus设备PHindicatorPH值指示剂，氢离子（浓度的）负指数指示剂matrass卵形瓶litmus石litmuspaper石蕊试纸igraduate,graduatedflask量筒，量杯reagent试齐1Jtesttube试管burette滴定管retort曲颈甑still蒸储釜cupel烤钵cruciblepot,meltingpot卅竭pipette吸液管filter滤管stirringrod搅拌棒element元素body物体compound化合物atom原子gramatom克原子atomicweight原子量atomicnumber原子数atomicmass原子质量molecule分子electrolyte电解质ion离子anion阴离子cation阳离子electron电子isotope同位素isomer同分异物现象polymer聚合物symbol复合radical基structuralformula分子式valence,valency价monovalent单价bivalent二价halogen成盐元素bond原子的聚合mixture混合combination合成作用compound合成物alloy合金metal金属metalloid非金属Actinium(Ac)专阿Aluminium(Al)铝Americium(Am)HAntimony(Sb)睇Argon(Ar)氮Arsenic(As)神Astatine(At)破Barium(Ba)钢Berkelium(Bk)铭Beryllium(Be)钺Bismuth(Bi)钿Boron(B)硼Bromine(Br)澳Cadmium(Cd)镉Caesium(Cs)钠Calcium(Ca)钙Californium(Cf)专网Carbon(C)碳Cerium(Ce)铀Chlorine(Cl)氯Chromium(Cr)铭Cobalt(Co)钻Copper(Cu)铜Curium(Cm)铜Dysprosium(Dy)铺Einsteinium(Es)银Erbium(Er)饵Europium(Eu)铺Fermium(Fm)镶Fluorine(F)氟Francium(Fr)钻Gadolinium(Gd)包Gallium(Ga)钱Germanium(Ge)错Gold(Au)金Hafnium(Hf)饴Helium(He)氨Holmium(Ho)钦Hydrogen(H)氢Indium(In)锢Iodine(I)碘Iridium(Ir)钺Iron(Fe)铁Krypton(Kr)氟Lanthanum(La)中第Lawrencium(Lr)镑Lead(Pb)铅Lithium(Li)锂Lutetium(Lu)幅Magnesium(Mg)镁Manganese(Mn)镒Mendelevium(Md)制］Mercury(Hg)汞Molybdenum(Mo)电目Neodymium(Nd)铉Neon(Ne)MNeptunium(Np)键Nickel(Ni)馍Niobium(Nb)铝Nitrogen(N)氮Nobelium(No)偌Osmium(Os)钺Oxygen(O)氧Palladium(Pd)车巴Phosphorus(P)磷Platinum(Pt)钳Plutonium(Pu)钵Polonium(Po)针Potassium(K)钾Praseodymium(Pr)错Promethium(Pm)银Protactinium(Pa)镁Radium(Ra)镭Radon(Rn)氢Rhenium(Re)铢Rhodium(Rh)铐Rubidium(Rb)锄Ruthenium(Ru)钉Samarium(Sm)杉Scandium(Sc)铳Selenium(Se)硒Silicon(Si)硅Silver(Ag)银Sodium(Na)钠Strontium(Sr)锯Sulphur(S)铳Tantalum(Ta)铝Technetium(Tc)得Tellurium(Te)确Terbium(Tb)钺Thallium(Tl)鸵Thorium(Th)itTin(Sn)锡Thul